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Hertz (1887)
“In sum, one can say that there is hardly one among
the great problems in which modern physics is so rich
to which Einstein has not made a remarkable
contribution. That he may sometimes have missed the
targeting his speculations, as, for example, in his
hypothesis of light-quanta, cannot really be held too
much against him, for it is not possible to introduce
really new ideas even in the most exact sciences
without sometimes taking a risk”
A. Pais, “Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein,” New York: Oxford
University Press, 1982, p. 382
pp, Ep
pe = pp + px
px, Ex E e = Ep + Ex
Momentum Conservation
Energy Conservation
pp, Ep
pe = pp + px
px, Ex E e = Ep + Ex
kp, ωp
pe = pp + px
kx, ωx E e = Ep + Ex
Initial
DISPERSION RELATION
For instance, ω = ck for light (photon). Final ke, ωe
Homework…
kp, ωp
pe = pp + px
kx, ωx E e = Ep + Ex
k = wave number = 2 π / λ
ω = angular freq. = 2 π ν = 2 π / T
k = momentum p = h k / (2 π)
ω = energy E = h ω / (2 π)
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 10
Photo-Electric Effect is Cool
• Photon Detectors
Beam Line
End Station
Electron Storage
Ring
Photon In
ARPES
Characterization
chamber
7.6e2 Torr outside, 3e-11 Torr inside Sample transfer chamber
R. P. Feynman : QED
“I must clarify something: When I say that
all the phenomena of the physical world can
be explained by this theory, we don’t really
know that. Most phenomena we are familiar
with involve such tremendous numbers of
electrons that it’s hard for our poor minds to
follow that complexity.”
ccmp1.phys.metro-u.ac.jp/ccmp/simulation/xy.gif
Magnetic Levitation
Devices—Trains
(Superconducting Coil)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
Power Lines
Particle Accelerators
Motors
SQUIDs
Metal
Resistivity
Superconductors
Tc
0 Temperature
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 22
Meissner Effect
http://www.fys.uio.no/super/levitation/
http://www.fys.uio.no/super/levitation/
Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O
1
2
0
Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O
Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
1
0
0
Y-Ba-Cu-O
8
0
6
0
BCS Theory
4
0
La-Ba-Cu-O
N
b3
G
e
N
b
S
n
2
0
3
C60 MgB2
N
b
N
b
N
P
b
H
g
01
9
0
0
1
9
2
0
1
9
4
0
1
9
6
0
1
9
8
0
2
0
0
0
Year of Discovery
Conventional HTSC
SC
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 25
High Tc is Complicated - Work in Progress
Z
hv Electron detector
θ e-
φ Y
X
Crystal
TiTe2
EF EF
k k
kF kF
Low Energy State High Energy State
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 28
ARPES, High and Low Energy
(Bi2212)
“Kink”
∂ E( k)
V∼ 1 * ∼
m ∂k
Momentum
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 29
Qualitative Understanding
“Kink”
Feynman Diagram + +…
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 31
Qualitative Understanding
• Peak is sharp – Stable
• Area Under Curve << 1
(Many body state)
Eigenstates of Low E Effecitve Hamiltonian
GHG et al.,
Nature 430, 187 (04)
GHG et al.,
PRL 97, 227001 (06)
Bound Pair
by Interaction
Binding energy
= SC gap
Intensity
~ SC Condensate Size
Fedorov et al.
PRL ‘99
Intensity
~ SC Condensate Size
Fedorov et al.
PRL ‘99
Electron Fractionalization
High Tc
Low-Dimensional Metals
Quasi-electron ≈ Electron
Opposite of Fractionalization
Fermi Liquid
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 39
Fractionalization?
NOT Fractionalization
Dead Horse cannot move. (Electron cannot be cut.)
Dead Horse
Quasi-1D Metal
Li
O
Mo
No individual particle
motion, but only collective
density wave motion
Quantum world →
Charge and Spin wave
Χ
Y
1 11
K0.3MoO3
“Strangeness”
(K Blue Bronze)
AMo6O17 (A=Na,K)
(Purple Bronze)
SmTe3
Fermi Surface
TiTe2
k EF E
kF
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 46
Signature of Electron Fractionalization
Fermi Liquid Density of States (DOS)
E
k EF E
kF
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 47
Signature of Electron Fractionalization
Fractionalization Density of States (DOS)
Momentum-Integrated PES
E
k EF E
kF
“Pseudo-Gap”
Nov 28, 2006 G.-H. Gweon, Physics 10, UCSC 48
Signature of Electron Fractionalization
Au
Li Purple
E – EF (eV)
A Holon
A peak
B Spinon
edge
kF
kF