Islam: Jingsdang bad Nongrim

Jingsdang
Ha kylleng ka pyrthei ka niam Islam ka lah kylla long kum u mawjynthut ia ka shongsuk ka shongsain, bad ki
Muslim ki lah kylla long kum ki nongshun ia ka imlang ka sahlang. Don shibun ki jingshisha bad ki
jingbymshisha ha kane ka jingsngewthuh, hynrei ngim lah ban iakren ia ki hangne. Ha kane ka jingthoh, ka
jingthmu kam dei ban pynrem lane pynksan, ban ianujor ia ka/ki jingduna jong ka jingngeit Islam da ka jingngeit
Kristan, lane ban kdew kti pyrshah iano iano, hynrei ka jingpyrshang ka long tang ban sngewthuh khyndiat ia
ka tynrai jong ka jingmih, ka jingsdang bad ka nongrim jong ka Islam.
Nangno ka wan?
Ban sngewthuh ia kano kano ka phang, ka donkam ban ngin leit phai sha ki mynnor jong ka por ban peit bad
bishar ia ki daw kiba pynlong ia kaei kaei ban mih. Katkum u Ira M. Lapidus, u ong ban ianujor bad kiwei [ki
jait niam], ki tyllong (sources) ban tip shaphang U Muhmmad [Islam] ki don shibun kynthup ia ka Koran (Ka
Kotbah jong ki Muslim), Hadith1 (Ki jingong bad jingleh jong U Muhammad) bad ka jingthoh shaphang ka
jingim U Muhammad (biography).2 U R.B. Smith ruh u ong “ba ha ka Mohammedanism [Islam]… ha ka jaka
jong ka jingmaian bad syrngiew ngi don ia ka History. Ngi tip shibun shaphang U Muhammad kumba ngi tip
ia U Luther bad Milton”3 Hynrei, kine ki tyllong jan baroh kidei kiba wan na shlem jong ka jingngeit Islam
(Islamic sources)4, bad kumba ka long ki don shibun ki jingeh kiba iadei bad ki.5

Katkum ka jingiathuh pateng (tradition), ka Islam ka mih pyrthei ha ka spah snem kaba Hynniew ha Arabia 6.
La sdang ia kane ka kynhun da u Muhammad uba la ngeit ba U dei U Prophet jong U Blei. U sdang ia kane ka
kynhun namar ka hukum ba U la ioh na U Blei ha ka dur jong ka Jingithuhpaw (revelation) ha krem jong u lum
Hira uba don hajan Mecca. La kha ia U Muhammad ha ka snem 570 C.E na ka kur ka jait Banu Hashim.7 U dei
u khunswet bad la pynheh pynsan ia u da u Abu Talib uba long u mama jong u. La iathuh ba naduh ba u dang
khynnah u don ka jinglong kaba sngur bad babha, bad namar ka jinglongkhuid jong u u la ioh ka jingshaniah
bad nam bha na baroh ki briew.8 Namar u long u Nongkhaii (caravaner), u la shongkurim ia ka Khadeejah kaba
long ka riewkynthei bad ka nongkhaii kaba riewspah.9 Ha ka rta kaba 40 snem eiei, U Muhammad u la ioh ia
ka jingithuh paw kaba nyngkong katba u dang puson (meditate) ha ka krem jong u lum Hira. Ha ka jingithuh
paw, u Angel Gabriel u la wan mihpaw bad sam/ai (dictate) ia ka Ktien jong U Blei ha u. Kane ka jingithuhpaw
ka lah neh haduh 23 snem kata naduh ka snem 610 C.E haduh ka jingiap jong u ha u snem 632 C.E., bad ia ka

1
Ki don da ki hajar tylli ki Hadith, hynrei tang hynriew tylli la niew ba ki long kiba shisha (authentic) ha ka nongrim
jong ki jingthoh (body of text) bad jinghiar pateng ki nongbatai (chain of narrators). Bad na kine ki Hadith la ioh ia
jingiathuh pateng (tradition) kiba pher ha ka jingngeit Islam. Edward Sell, The Faith of Islam (New Delhi: Mittal
Publications,2004), 113-124.
2
Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 21-22.
3
R. Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London: Smith, Elder & Co., Waterloo, 1876), 17.
4
G.R. Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1-2.
5
Jonathan P. Berkey, The formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003), 39-40.
6
Arabia ha ki sngi ba mynta ka kynthup ia ka Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen bad United Arab
Emirates. Hynrei, kane ka jingthoh ka kren tang shaphang ka Arabia kaba kynthup ia ka Mecca bad Madina ha Saudi
Arabia. J.E. Peterson “The Arabian Peninsuala in Modern Times: A Historiographical Survey” The American Historical
Review Vol. 96, No. 5 (Dec., 1991), https://www.jstor.org/stable/2165280?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (la sot 2-11-
2019).
7
Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities, 23.
8
M.A. Salahi, Muhammad: Man and Prophet (Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1995), 35-39.
9
U Muhammad U la shong kurim biang hadien ka jingkhlad noh jong ka Khadeejah. Katkum ki jingthoh U don haduh
12 ngut ki tnga. Abdul-Munim Hashimi, The Days of Prophet Muhammad with His Wives Book.
Koran (Kotbah jong ki Muslim) la sam/ai pyndep ha kine ki 23 snem.10 Hynrei, ka don ka jingbym-iamynjur
hapdeng ki nongthoh shaphang ka jingithuhpaw kaba nynkong jong U Prophet. U Aslan da kaba ianujor ia ki
jingthoh jong Ibn Hisham bad al-Tabari u pyni ia kine ki jingiapher.11 Ka kyntien banyngkong kaba u
Muhammad u ioh kadei “Iqra” kabamut ‘kren/pynsngew’ (recite) kaba lah ban shem na ka sura (lynnong) ba
96 jong ka Koran.12 Bad, la pdiang da kiba bun ki Muslim ba kane ka kyntien Iqra ka dei ka kyntien banyngkong
kaba U la ioh, lehse ban pynshisha ia ka jingbym nang thoh nang tar (illiteracy) jong U Mohammad bad kane
kan pynshisha ia ka jinglong kyrpang (divine) jong ka Koran. Hynrei, katkum u Aslan kane ka jingsngewthuh
kam don jingshisha (Historical facts).13 Da kaba shim ia ki jingthoh jong u Kenneth Cragg bad kiwei, “an-nabi
al-ummi” kam mut “U Prophet bym nang thoh nang tar” (unlettered prophet) hynrei “U Prophet na ka bynta ki
bym nang thoh nang tar” (the Prophet for the unlettered), kaba mut ki bym don ki jingthoh (sciprtures) ba la
pynshong nongrim na ka Koran 34:44.14 Namar ha kane ka por lait na ka Islam, ki kristan, ki jew bad ki
zorastrian ki don la ki jong ki jingthoh (scriptures). Nalor ka jingbymshai ia ka jingmut banyngkong, ka don ka
jingbymshai wat ia ka snem bad por ba U Prophet Muhmmad u ioh ia ka jingithuhpaw, bad don ki nongthoh
jingkynmaw (chroniclers) kiba ong ba ka kyntien banyngkong kam dei kren/pynsngew hynrei “Ieng bad
Maham” (Arise and Warn).15 Tang ban shu bynrap shuh shuh, ka jingeh jong ka jinglong sngur (authenticity)
jong ka Koran ka dei haba ngi phai sha ka history jong Ka. Katkum ki nongthoh, ki ong ba Ka Koran lah lum
lah lang bad thoh (compiled) hadien ka jingiap U Muhammad. U Abu Bakr16 ha ka thma Yemana u iohi ia ka
jingma hadien ba shibun nongrwai/nongkynmaw (reciters) jong ka Koran ki la shah pyniap, bad u la ai hukum
ba dei ban thoh noh ia ka Koran (shuwa jong kane la shu sam/kynmaw tang da ka ktien). Ka jingkitkhlieh ban
thoh ka la hap ha u Zaid ibn Thabit ia kaba la ong ba u la lum “na ki sla dieng bad ki maw, bad na ka dohnud
jong ki briew”17 (date leaves and tablets of white stone, and from the hearts of men). Kane ka copy banyngkong
ka la neh tang 23 snem. Hadien 23 snem hapoh ka jingsynshar jong U Uthman lah thoh biang (revised) namar
ka don ka jingpher ha ki jingthoh (readings). La ong ba hadien ba u Zaid u lah dep ban thoh biang (revised) ia
ka Koran bathymmai, ia ki jingthoh (copies) barim baroh la thang noh.18 Namar kane ngi ioh mynta tang kawei
ka jait (version) jong ka Koran ha baroh ka pythei. Kane ka jingleh jong U Uthman ka wanrah shibun ki
jingartatien ha ki nongthoh ka juk thymmai, bad ka jingkylli banyngkong ka dei: hato ka Koran kaba mynta ka
dei shisha ne em ki kyntien jong U Muhammad ne ki dei ki kyntien jong ki nongbud jong U?

Hadien kane ka jingiohipaw la iathuh ba la pyndap ia u da ka jingsheptieng bakhraw, hynrei ka kurim jong U
kaba la long ruh ka nongbud banyngkong ia ka jingngeit jong U, ka la ai jingkyrmen bad kyrshan da kaba ong
ba ka dei kaba wan na U Blei. Ha ki lai snem jong ka jingsdang ia ka Islam la don 40 ngut ki nongbud. 19 Ban
ianujor ia ka jingkhraw bad jingiar jong ka Islam kumba long mynta ha Arabia bad kylleng ka pyrthei, ka long
kaba eh ban pyrkhat ba kane ka Jingngeit ha kawei ka por la kynthup ha ka niam rit paid (minority). Namar ka
jingrit paid, ka Islam ha ki snem ba nyngkong ka hap ban iakynduh shibun ki jingeh wat ka jingshah pynshitom
bein (persecution) na ka jaitbynriew Quraysh kiba bat ia ka bor ha Mecca. Balei pynshitom? Ha kaba nyngkong
ka jingialap jong U Prophet Mohmmad lah ban phiah ha ki ar bynta: Nyngkong, ka long pyrshah ia ka
jingbymhok, leh thok, leh shiliang, jingsniew ha ka imlang ka sahlang (social injustice). Ar, ka long ha ka
jingngeit. Ka shahada (jingphla)20 “la ilaha illa llah muḥammadun rasulu llah” (Ym don U Blei hynrei U Allah

10
Reza Aslan, No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam (New York: Random House, 2005), 34-35.
11
Aslan, No God but God, 35.
12
Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities, 23.
13
Aslan, No God but God, 35.
14
Aslan, No God but God, 35.
15
Aslan , No God but God, 36.
16
Uwei na ki saw ngut (Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan bad Ali ibn Abi Talib) ki nongialam (Caliph) hadien ka
jingiap U Muhammad.
17
L. Bevan Jones, People of the Mosque (London: Student Christian Movement Press, 1932), 60.
18
Edward Sell, The Faith of Islam, 12-14.
19
Salahi, Muhammad: Man and Prophet, 79.
20
Ka dei kawei na ki san tylli ki nongrim/paia jong ka Jingngeit Islam.
bad U Mohammad U Prophet jong U) ka don ar bynta. Nyngkong, ka phla shaphang ka jingdon tang Uwei U
Blei (monotheism) bad kane kam dei kaei kaei kaba phylla ia ki jaitbynriew Quraysh namar shuwa jong ka
Islam katto katne ka jingsngewthuh ia kane ka phang ka lah don lypa lehse lyngba ka jingngeit bad jinghikai
jong ki Jew, Kristan, Zorastrain bad kiwei. Bad kane kam lah ban dei ka daw jong ka jingpynshitom. Ar, ka
jingphla ba U Mohammad U dei U Prophet jong U Blei ka lah ban dei ka daw kaba kongsan jong ka jingshah
pynshitom, namar ym tang ba U kam ba U long U Prophet jong U Blei hynrei U pyniahap kyrdan ialade bad
kiwei ki prophet kum U Abraham uba ki nong Arabia ki khein ba U dei U prophet jong U Blei. 21 Katkum ki
nongwad bniah, la ong ba kane ka dei ka daw kaba pynlong ia ka jingiashun hapdeng jaidbynriew Quraysh bad
ka Jingngeit U Muhammad. Kane ka jingiashun ka poi haduh ka por ba U hap ban phet rieh naka shnong trai
na Mecca bad leit buhai shnong sha Madina ha u snem 622 C.E bad ia kane ka jingleit buhai shnong lah tip
kum ka Hijra bad dei naduh kane ka snem baka Almanak (Islamic Calendar) ka sdang. Ha ki snem kiba bud ka
la don ka jingialeh markylliang hapdeng U Muhammad bad ki nongshun jong U22 bad hadien phra snem jong
ka jingialeh U la ioh ka jingjop bad wan phai pat sha Mecca.23 Hapoh ka jingialam jong U bad ki nongbud jong
U ia ka Arabia baroh kawei lah wanrah lang hapoh kawei ka Jingngeit bad ka Synshar Khadar.
Balei ka Ka mih?
Ka long kaba eh ban ai ia ka jubab, hynrei ngin phai khyndiat sha ka mynnor jong ka jinglong jingman, jingioh
jingkot, ka niam ka rukom jong ka ri Arabia hashuwa ka jingmih jong ka Islam.
Imlang ka Sahlang bad Jingioh Jingkot
Kam long kaba suk ban wanrah ia ka jinglong jingim ba man ka sngi jong ki briew ha Arabia shuwa ka jingmih
jong ka Islam. Ka jingeh ka nang bun haba hap ban pule bad wad bniah (analyze) ia ka Arabia ym tang kawei
ka jaitbynriew (monotonous culture) hynrei ka Arabia kaba pharia (diverse). La jan baroh ki nongshong shnong
jong ka Arabia ki dei ki dkhot jong ka kynhun/jaitbynriew (tribe), bad kata ka jinglong dkhot ka long kaba jan
haduh kata ba ka jingim bad jingiap ka shong ha ka jinglong shisha iala ka kynhun/jaitbynriew.24 Kine ki
kynhun/jaitbynriew kim don u Syiem lane Kynrad ban synshar bad kim mon ruh ban shah synshar, hynrei ki
don ia u “Shaik” uba long kum u Nongialam hynrei ym bat pat ia ka bor.25 Ki jingiakajia bunsien la pyndep da
ka jingiapynhiar kphut, bad kane kam long phylla.26 Ka shongkha shongman ka ju long barabor tang hapoh ka
kur ka jait wat lada ki don ki khep jong ka jingiashongkha shabar.27 U shynrang u kham jan sha la ka kur ka jait
ban ia la ka kurim, bad ka kynthei ka long hapoh ka jingpiet jong ki shynrang (ki hymen/para shynrang).28
Hynrei, kane kam mut ba ki Kynthei kim lah ban leh eiei namar ki don shibun ki nuska ba pyni ia ka jingiashim
bynta jong ki Kynthei kaba iahap kyrdan bad ki Shynrang.29 Katkum u Jones u ong ba ia ka Arabia la phiah
hapdeng ar kynhun: Bedioun30 bad ki briew kiba sah ha ki jaka sor.31 Kane ka jingpyniapher ka long khamtam
ha ka kam ba ki trei ban ia ka riti ka dustur. Kine ki kynhun/jaitbynriew (Bedioun) ki khih na kawei ka jaka sha

21
Aslan, No God but God, 42-44.
22
Ka kyntien Jihad (thma bakhuid) ka mih na kane ka jingjia
23
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 22-31.
24
Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam (London: Routledge, 2001),
113 -114. ; Karen Armstrong, A History of God the 4000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (New York:
Ballantine Books, 1994), 71-72.
25
Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs, 117. ; Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities, 14.
26
Armstrong, A History of God the 4000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, 72.
27
Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs, 128-130
28
Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs, 129
29
Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam, 130-132.
30
Ki dei kiba shong basah ha ri shyiap bad khih na kawei ka jaka sha kawei pat (nomadic people) katkum ki
jingdonkam.
31
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 5.
kawei pat katkum ka jingdonkam jong ka por, bad namar ki jingeh jong ka ri shyiap ka jingiashun bad jingialeh
thma kam long phylla.32 Kawei ka kynhun/jaitbynriew (Bedioun) ka im bad ka jingsheptieng ia ka jingshah hiar
thma bad jinglute na kawei pat, bad lehse kane ka lah ban long ka daw ba ka jingong “Islam ka saphriang da ka
wait” ka dei halor kane ka nongrim. Ka Mecca namar ka dei ka jaka kaba kham long sor kam don satia kata ka
jingkhih namar ka dei ka jaka pdeng jong ka khaii ka pateng. Ki Quraysh kiba bat ia ka bor bad ki nongpeit
nongkhmih ia ka, ki dei ruh ki nongkhaii bapaw.33
Ka Niam ka Rukom
Ka Arabia hashuwa jong ka jingmih jong ka Islam ka dei ka ri kaba don bad mane shibun ki Blei bad Bleithaw
(polytheism and paganism). Wat lada ka jingsngewthuh shaphang Uwei U Blei (monotheism) ka “lah don/lah
ban don”, hynrei baroh ki nong Arabia ki don la ki jong ki Blei. Man la ka snem na sawdong ki briew ki ju wan
iaid pilgrim sha Mecca namar ka jingdon jong ka “Ka’ba”. Ka “Ka’ba”la ngeit ba ka dei ka Iing jong U Blei
(God’s Sanctuary) ba la thaw da u Abraham bad u Ismail.34 Bad kane ka jingiaid Pilgrim ka ju long man la u
snem, bad ha kine ki bnai ka don ka jingiateh hapdeng ki nong Arabia ba ym shah ban ialeh/pynlong thma
badno badno hajan bad sawdong ka “Ka’ba”.35 Kine ki bnai ki dei ki bnai ha kaba ka don ka jingshongsuk
shongshngain ha Arabia khamtam ha Mecca. Ka History jong ka “Ka’ba”ka long kaba eh ban tip hynrei kaba
donkam ban kynmaw ka dei ba ka “Ka’ba”ka long ka jaka rieh tngen jong ki Blei. Katkum ki nongpule, la ong
ba ka “Ka’ba”ka don haduh 360 ngut ki Blei kiba kynthup ia u Hubal, Isis, Aphrodite, Jisu bad ka Mary bad
kiwei.36 Hynrei nalor kine ki Blei, don sa uwei u “Blei Bakhraw” (High God) uba la tip da ka kyrteng “al-ilah”
U Blei (The God). Bad katkum ki jingthoh jong u Wellhausen ba la shim da u G.R Hawting, Joseph Henninger,
bad kiwei u ong ba “Allah” ka lah ban long ka jingshim bad jingpynwan (abstraction and contraction) na ka
kyntien “al-ilah”.37 U pynshongnia ia ka jinglap da kaba ong ba baroh ki kynhun/jaitbynriew ha Arabia (tribe)
ki pynithuh ia ki Blei jong ki kum “U Blei” (The God) bad kane “lehse” ka lah ban wanrah ia ka jinglong kawei
ka jingsngewthuh (common concept) shaphang U Blei.38 Haduh katno kane ka lah ban long shisha ka shitom
ban tip, hynrei kiba bun ki nongthoh (scholars) ki pdiang ia kane. Hynrei ha kawei ka liang pat u W.
Montgomery Watt u ong, ba ka don lypa ka jingithuh (recognition) hapdeng ki nongmane Bleithaw ia U Allah
kum U Blei Bakhraw (High God).39 Katba u Jones pat u ong ba “ilah” (Blei) ka dei ka kyntien ba la pyndonkam
da ki kristan lane nongmane bleithaw ia kino kino ki Blei, bad “al-ilah” ia “U Blei Bakhraw”. Hynrei, hashuwa
kane ia ka “Ka’ba”la khot “Bait-Allah” (Iing-Allah) bad “ilah” ka lah ban long tang kawei pat ka kyrteng
(variant) jong ka kyntien Hebrew “EL” (Blei).40 U Aslan pat u ong ba U Allah Udei u ‘lei Slap/Suinbneng
(rain/sky deity) Uba la kyntiew (elecvated) sha ka kyrdan jong U Blei Bakhraw (High God) bad u pyni shuh
shuh ba wat la U Allah Udei Uwei na ki Blei ha “Ka’ba” hynrei Um dei pat uba kongsan.41 Ka lah ban long ba
lehse kane ka jingsngewthuh ba don U Blei uba kham halor (High God) ka dei ka jingsngewthuh kyllum
(general understanding) khlem kano kano ka jingpynshongnia, lane ka lah ban long na kata ka jingphiah
(hierarchy) ia ki Blei katkum ki kynja (tribe) kiba mane ia kine ki Blei. Kaba mut ba Ki/U Blei bakhraw U dei
Ki/U Blei jong ka kynja bakhraw. Kine ki lah ban long tang ki jingpyrkhat (theory) kiba eh ban kam ia ka

32
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 6.
33
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 7-8.
34
B. Lewis The Encyclopedia of Islam 318
35
Armstrong, A History of God the 4000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, 73.
36
Aslan, No God but God, 3.
37
Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam, 27.
38
F.E. Peters, ed., The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (London: Routledge, 2017), 118.
39
Peters, ed., The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam, 311.
40
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 98.
41
Aslan, No God but God, 7-8.
jingshisha bad ngim lah ruh ban batai lut hangne. Hynrei, kaba ngi kwah ban twad jingmut kadei ba kumno
kane ka jingngeit tang ha Uwei U Blei (monotheism) ka suh thied ha U ki nong Arab.
Ka Jingngeit ha Uwei U Blei
Nalor kiwei ki pop bad ki jingleh kiba la khein kum ka pop ha ka jingngeit Islam, kawei ka pop kaba khraw
tam ka dei ka pop “Shrik”42 ka jingpyniasnoh ‘lok (partners) bad U Blei. Kane kam dei tang ka jingmane
bleithaw hynrei ka jingpyniahap kyrdan ia U Blei (Allah) bad kiwei pat ki blei.
“… haba ki kiew ha ka lieng, ki khot ha U Blei, shisha ha ka jingngeit namar jong U, hynrei haba u la
wanrah ia ki sha ryngkew da ka jingsuk ki sdang ban pyniasnoh ‘lok (patners) bad U.43(Koran 29:61-
65)
Namar kane ka daw ki Muslim kim lah ban pdiang ia ka Jingngeit Kristan namar ba ngi khein ia U Jisu kum U
Khun jong U Blei. Wat lada ka Koran ka kren shaphang U Jisu kum U Prophet jong U Blei, kam ong pat ba
Udei U Khun jong U Blei.44
Ka jingngeit Wei Blei ka dei ka nongrim jong ka jingngeit Islam. Ka Jingngeit Wei Blei ka dei ka daw bah jong
ka jingmih jong Ka katkum ki nongthoh. Ngin sa iapeit bha kham sharum. Kumba lah batai, ka bynta
banyngkong eh jong ka “Shahada” ka dei ka jinglong Blei jong U Allah bad ba tang ma U hi. La tip ruh ia kane
ka jinghikai shongtynrai (doctrine) kum ka “Tawheed/Tawhid”. Ban ianujor bad kiwei Ki Jingngeit kiba mane
tang ia Uwei U Blei, Ka Jingngeit Islam ka long kaba pyrkhing haduh katta.45 “Tawhid” ka don lai tylli ki
jingmut: (i) Allah U dei Uwei khlem mano mano kaba long pyrshah ia ka jingngeit jong ki Kristan ia Ki “Lai
ha Uwei U Blei” (Trinity) (ii) Ka kyrteng46 (Names) bad jinglong (Attributes) jong U Allah kadei ka bym lah
bad bym dei ban ianujor badno badno (iii) Tang U Allah ba dei hok ban mane.47 Ka daw jong ka ka jingpyrkhing
ka dei namar ka jingsheptieng ia ka jingpyniasnoh ia kaei kaei bad U Allah (“Shrik”). Ki Saw tylli ki kynhun
ain (Islamic law school) kiba don mynta ki mih namar ka jingiapher jingmut halor kane ka phang.48 Ki don kiba
sngewthuh ba ki jinglong (essence and attributes) ki long na bymjukut (eternal), bad kane ka wanrah ka jingeh
namar mynta don ar tylli ki bymjukut: Allah bad Ki Jinglong (essence and attributes). Bad kane ka long pyrshah
ia ka jingsngewthuh shaphang ka “Tawhid”. Tang ban shu wanrah hangne, kajuh ka jingeh ngi lah ban shem
haba ngi shim ia ka nongrim jong ki Muslim kiba bat ia Koran ba ka dei ka “Ktien U Blei bym shym la thaw”49
(Uncreated Word of God) kane ka jingsngewthuh ka don ka jingeh bakhraw, namar, kumba long ki Jinglong
(essence and attributes) mynta ruh ngi ioh ar tylli ki bymjukut: U Allah bad Ka Koran. Ngi lah ban sngewthuh
tang na ine ki nuska barit shaphang ka jinglong phikir ki Muslim ban weng ia kano kano ka jingartatien
shaphang ka “Jinglong Kawei” jong U Allah. Bad, kane ka long ka jingkop kaba khraw ia ka jingngeit Kristan
ban pynskhem ia ka jingsngewthuh jong ka jinglong “Lai ha Uwei jong U Blei”. Ka Nongrim jong ka Jingngeit
Kristan kan khyllem lada ka jinghikai shongtynrai shaphang ka “Jinglong Uwei jong U Blei” ka shong syier.

42
Koran 4: 36, 48, 116; 5:72; …
43
La pynkylla khasi da u Nongthoh. The Quran 29:61-65 (Translated by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan and Farida
Khanam)
44
Koran 5:17; 6:85; 3:44-51; …
45
Abdurezak A.Hashi, “Between Monotheism and Tawhid: A Comparative Analysis,” Revelation and Science Vol. 03,
No.02 (1435H/2013) 23-29, http://irep.iium.edu.my/34502/1/between_monotheism_and_tawhid-the_article.pdf (la sot 3-
11-2019).
46
Ki don haduh 99 ki kyrteng baitynnad/sngewtynnad (Beautiful Names) jong U Allah.
47
Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Fundamentals of Tawheed (Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, 2015), 18.
48
https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/attributes-god-islamic-
concepts (la sot 3-11-2019).
49
Jones, The People of the Mosque, 57-58.
Kumno ka mih?
Bun ki nongthoh ki ong ba ka jingiarung iamih hapdeng ki Jew, ki Kristan bad ki Nong Arab ka lah don lypa
naduh ki spah snem shuwa ka jingmih jong ka Islam, bad lyngba kane ka jingiarung iamih khlem artatien kan
don ruh ki jingiaphylliew jingmut halor shibun ki phang kynthup ia ka jingngeit. Ka jingsngewthuh shaphang
ka jingngeit Wei Blei (monotheism) ruh lehse kan dei kawei ka phang. Ha kiwei pat ki kyntien, ka jingngeit
Wei Blei (monotheism) ka sdang ban suh thied hapdeng ki nong Arab lehse ka dei na ka jingshah kthah
(influence) jong ka jingngeit jong ki Jew, ki Kristan bad kiwei.50
Ha kawei pat ka liang, ka Karen Armstrong ka ong ba ka lah don ka jingpyrshang hapdeng ki katto kattne ki
nong Arab ban wad ia ka “Niam U Abraham” uba ki ngeit u mane ia U Blei bashisha shuwa jong U Muhammad,
bad katkum ki tyllong (Islamic Sources) la ong ba lai ngut51 na ki saw ki dei kiba paw bha ha ka jingngeit Islam.
Hynrei kiwei pat ki nongthoh ki ong ba kane ka lah ban dei tang ka khana (fiction) bym tikna.52 Kiwei ruh ki
ngeit ba ka jingngeit Wei Blei ka dei kaba lah don naduh hyndai namar ka dei ka jingngeit bad jinghikai kaba
hiar pateng naduh U Abraham. Ka jinghikai pateng (tradition) ka ong ba U Abraham haba u wan buh ia ka
Hagar bad u Ishmael, u la tei ruh ia ka Ka’ba. Ka jingwan jong u Abraham ka dei ka jingsdang ia kata ka
jingngeit Wei Blei ha ki briew kiba don hajan bad sawdong ka mecca.53 U Ishmael u lah heh lah san bad don ki
khun ki kti ha Mecca ia kaba ki Muslim ki ngeit ba ki hiar pateng. Ka jingiaid jong ka por bad ka jingroi jong
ki briew ha ka khaii ka pateng ka lah pynlong ia ka jingkhih jong ki briew na Mecca sha kiwei pat ki jaka. Kine
ki nong Mecca haba ki mih na la shnong la thaw ki ju rah ia ki maw na Ka’ba ban pynkynmaw ia kata ka
jingngeit ha Uwei U Blei. Hynrei, katba ki sngi ki nang iaid ka jingngeit jong ki ka sdang ban synjor bad sarang.
Ki sdang ban phai biang sha kiwei pat ki Blei bad ki Blei thaw, bad dei na kane ka daw ba U Blei U phah ia U
Muhammad ban ialap pyrshah ia ka jingmane Bleithaw, ka jingngeit ha kiwei pat ki Blei bad ban pynphai pat
ia ka dohnud jong ki briew sha U Blei.
Kiba bun ki nongthoh (Islamic Scholars) ki pdiang bad ngeit bad ka jingialap ‘wei Blei (monotheism) jong U
Muhammad ka dei ka jingialap ban pynphai biang ia ki briew sha U Blei jong U Abraham Uba baroh lai ki
jingngeit ki pdiang ba ki hiar pateng. Hynrei, hato U Blei jong U Muhammad bad Abraham U dei Ujuh? Namar
ka jingsngewthuh ki Muslim ka long ba wat U Abraham, U Jisu, U Adam bad kiwei ki nongiathulypa (prophet)
ki dei ki Muslim namar Islam kamut “pyndem lane aiti” (submission, surrender) ha ka mon U Blei, bad kine
baroh ki pyndem ialade ha U Blei.54
Wat la ka jingbatai ban pynshisha (theory) ba U Abraham u wanrah ia ka jingngeit Wei Blei ha Arabia ka long
kaba paw (popular) hapdeng ki Muslim, hynrei ki nongthoh (non-Islamic scholars) kim pdiang ia kane. Ha ka
jingbatai ka jong ki don ar tylli ki jingbatai ban pynshisha jong ka jingmih jong ka jingngeit Wei Blei
(Monotheism):
a. Evolutionary (Heh bad San hi)
Ia kane ka jingpyrkhat lah sdang da U Julius Wellhausen ha kaba u ong ba ka jingkylla (evolution) na ka
Jingmane ‘Bun Blei’ (Polytheism) sha ka Jingmane ‘Wei Blei’ (Monotheism) ka dei namar ki jingkylla
(development) jong ka riti dustur jong ki nong Arab. Ka niam ha ka por U Muhammad ka la sdang ban duh ia
kata ka jingithuh kynhun/jaitbynriew (ethenic and tribal identity) kaba pharia, bad katto kattne ki blei bad jaka

50
Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities, 19. peit ruh Berkey, The formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near
East, 61-69.
51
Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh, Waraqa ibn Nawfal, Zayd ibn Amr.
(http://www.metaphysicspirit.com/books/A%20History%20of%20God.pdf)
52
Armstrong, A History of God the 4000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, 74.
53
Salahi, Muhammad: Man and Prophet, 4-7.
54
Koran 29:46
mane blei ki sdang ban shim ia ka jingithuh kyllum (pan-tribal identity). U Allah U sdang ban paw bad ban
mane da ki briew baroh. Katkum U Wellhausen kane ka jingkylla ka lah ban suhthied ha ki jingmut jingpyrkhat
jong ki briew ha ki por jong ka jingiaid pilgrim sha Mecca ha kaba ka lah ban don ka jingiakren bad
jingiaphylliew jingmut shaphang ka niam ka rukom bad U Blei. Kumba la batai ha ki bynta ba lah dep, lehse
ka jingsngewthuh ba “al-ilah” (U Blei) uba baroh ki jaitbynriew/kynhun ki khot ia ki blei jong ki ka lah ban
wanrah ia kata ka jingsngewthuh ba ki mane ia Uwei U Blei.55 U Ira M. Lapidus ruh u pynpaw ia kajuh ka
jingsngew. Ka jingiakynduh lang bad ka jingiasam/jingpyndonkam lang ia kajuh ka Jaka Mane ka lah ban
wanrah ia ka jingsngew long kawei (collective identity).56
Nalor u Wellhausen, U Eric R. Wolf u pynshong nia ia ka jingsan bad jingsdang jong ka jingmane Wei Blei
halor ka khaii ka pateng. Katkum ka jingbatai jong u, ki nongialam ha Mecca ki pyndonkam ia ka Iingmane
Blei (Ka’ba) ban pynskhem ia ka bor jong ki. "Ka jingpynlong kawei (centralization) ia ka jingmane bad ka
jingmih jong U Blei Uba iadei bad ki briew kiba shabar (bym dei kur dei jait) kum ‘U Blei ba halor’, ka iaid
ryngkat ryngkat bad ka jingpynlong kawei (centralization) ia ka khaii ka pateng bad ka jingpait jingpra jong ka
jinglong kur long jait.”57 Kaba mut u/ki blei jong tang kawei ka kur ka jait ki sdang ban duh noh, bad mynta
tang Uwei U Blei U sdang ban ieng halor baroh. U Allah.
b. Primaeval Monotheism (Wei Blei na Kulong Kumah)
Ka nongrim jong kane ka jingbatai (theory) ka dei ka jingsngewthuh ba ka jingmane Wei Blei ka dei ka jinglong
tynrai ha ki briew (natural and original religious condition of mankind). Wat ki riew hyndai kiba mane ia ki
maw ki dieng (totemism and animism) ki don ka jingsngewthuh ba ka don ‘Ka Bor Bahalor’ lane ‘U Blei’ Uba
long ka tyllong jong ki jingthaw baroh.58 Ka don ka jingsngewthuh hapdeng ki nongthoh kiba pynpaw ia kane
ka jingmut ba hashuwa bad ha ka por u Muhammad ha Arabia ka don ka jingngeit ha Uta ‘U Blei Bakhraw’
(High God). Bad kane ka jingsngewthuh kam dei kaba wan na shabar hynrei kaba lah don ha Arabia naduh
hyndia. U Montogomery Watt ruh u batai ba ka don ka jingngeit ha ki nong Arabia ba ki blei barit (lesser
dieties) ki lah ban iasaid ba U Allah.59 Kaba mut ba ka don lypa kata ka jingsngewthuh ia U Allah kum U Blei
Bakhraw.
Hato U Blei jong U Abraham bad Muhammad Udei Ujuh? Ka dei ka jingkylli kaba jingjylliew bad iar. Bad, ka
jinglyngkot jong kane ka jingthoh ngin ym lah ban leh hok ia ka phang. Hynrei, lada donkam ban jubab, ka
jubab bunsien kan long ha ki lai bynta: Hooid, Em bad Hooid bad Em. Kin don kiba ong Hooid namar ka
Koran60 ka kren shai ba ngi mane ia U juh U Blei.61 Kiwei kin ong Em namar ka jingiapher jong ka jinglong
jong U Allah bad U Yaweh (bad ka jinglong Blei U Jisu ha ki kristan).62 Ka jubab kaba lai ka kynthup ia ki
briew kiba don hapdeng, kiba ka jingthmu kam dei ka niam hynrei ka jingshongsuk shong shngain lyngba ka
niam. Ka jingthmu jong kane ka kynhun kam dei ka jingpynkylla niam hynrei ka jingsuk lyngba ki jingiakren
bad jingiaphylliew jingmut (dialogue). Ka jingsoi ia ka jingiateh ba la ai kyrteng “Human Fraternity for World

55
Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam, 26-27.
56
Lapidus, A History of Islamic Soceities, 18.
57
Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam, 29.
58
Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam, 30.
59
Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam, 31.
60
29:46
61
Philip C. Almond, “In spite of their differences, Jews, Christians and Muslims worship the same God,” The
Conversation, http://theconversation.com/in-spite-of-their-differences-jews-christians-and-muslims-worship-the-same-
god-83102 (la sot 9-11-2019).
62
Nabeel Qureshi, “Do Muslims and Christians Worship the Same God?,” RZIM, https://www.rzim.org/read/rzim-
global/do-muslims-and-christians-worship-the-same-god (la sot 9-11-2019).
Peace and Living Together” hapdeng U Pope Francis bad U Ahamad al-Tayyib (Grand Imam of Al-Azhar) ka
dei ka nuska.63
Ka jingwad ia ka jubab halor kane ka phang kan nang iaid bad ki jingwad bniah (research) na ki liang bapher
bapher kiban nang wan kin nang ai jingshai shibun. Hynrei, kaei kaba nga kwah ban pynphai khyndiat lyngba
kine ki jingiakren kadei shaphang ka jingpyrkhat halor ka jinglong trai ia U Blei. Mano ba long trai (monopoly)
ia U Blei/ba lah ban kam trai (monopolized) ia U Blei? U Blei Udei jong no? Ka jingiania (debate) halor ka
jinglong trai ia U Blei ka la wanrah shibun ki jingbymsngewthuh jingmut, ki jingiashun, ki jingialeh markylliang
bad kumta ter ter. Wat lada ngam lah ban kren na ka bynta kiwei, hynrei kum U Kristan nga ngeit ba ka
jingsngewthuh ba ngi long halor baroh, ba ngi kham bha kham hok ia kiwei, ngi don ia U Blei bashisha, ngi lah
kam trai (monopolized) ia U Blei bad pynksan/ai ka hok (licence) ban pynrem, bein, isih, niew poh ia kiwei.
Ka jinglyngkot ki jingmut jingpyrkhat jong ngi ki briew kam lah ban sngewthuh (comprehend) ia ka jingkhraw
bad maian jong U Blei. Kaei kaba ngi sngewthuh shaphang U Blei kadei tang kaei kaba U la pynpaw ha ngi.
Ka jingngeit bad jingphla jong nga ha U Jisu kadei ban long kaba janai bad shisha, hynrei ka bym kdew kti ia
kiwei. Namar, lada ha khmat jong ngi kiwei ki dei ki bym ngeit; hakhmat jong kiwei pat ngi dei ki bym ngeit
kiba donkam ban kylla. U Blei Un pynkup ia ngi da ka jingieid bad jingsngewrit.
Jingpynkut
Ka jingjlan jong ka History jong ka jingmih bad jingsan jong ka Islam ka long kaba shitom ban puson tang ha
ki katto kattne ki sla jong kane ka jingthoh. Bad kumba ka long ka jingpynshai halor ka jingmih, ka jingsdang
bad ka nongrim jong ka Islam ka long tang ka jinglamphrang kaba khot ia ki nongpule ban tih bniah ia ki daw
kiba bun kiba don ha lyndet jong ka. Ka long ruh ka jingkop ia ki nongpule ban ym rai pynrem/pynksan khlem
pat lap ia ka daw tynrai. Ka jingwad ia U Blei jong U Abraham bad U Muhammad ka dang don shibun ki jubab
kiba donkam.

63
The Holy See, https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/04/190204f.html (la sot 9-
11-2019)