UNIT – II

PART - A

1. Write any two indicator’s of Positive Individual Behaviour at a work

place?

In a work place the behaviour of an individual is positive when,

 Complete his task within the stipulated time.

 Does not waste time during working hours.

 Accept and carry out any assignment with enthusiasm.

2. Write any two indicators of Negative Individual Behaviour at a work

place?

In an work place the behaviour of an individual is Negative when,

 There is always undue delay in carrying out his/her duties.

 Irregular for work.

 Shows resistance to any proposal.

3. Write personal factors which influence the Individual Behaviour?

Personal factor’s which effect’s the individual behavior are,

 Age.

 Sex.

 Education.

 Marital Status.

 Potentials

4. Write the Psychological factors which Influence the individual

Behaviour?

The psychological factors which influencing the individual behavior are,

 Personality.

 Perception.

 Attitudes.
  Values.

 Learning

5. What are the Organizational factors influencing the Individual

behaviour?

 Nature of Job.

 Job Security.

 Work Environment.

 Pay Benefits.

 Leadership style.

6. Mention the environmental factors influence the individual

behaviour?

The environmental factors which are influencing the individual

behavior are,

 Economic conditions.

 Technological changes.

 Government policies.

 Cultural environment.

7. Define Personality:

According to Stephen P. Robbins personality is the sum total of ways in

which an

Individual react’s and interacts with others.

8. State the determinants of personality?

The major determinates of personality are generally grouped by

researchers under the following heads;

 Biological factors.

 Personality factors.
  Cultural factors.

 Family and Social factors.

 Situational factors.

9. Write any five personality traits influencing behaviour?

 Communication skills.

 Inquisitiveness.

 Tolerance.

 Self-esteem.

 Desire of nomination.

10. Define Extroverted and Introverted?

Extroverted:

Extroverted persons are dependable, friendly, outgoing, sociable, and

assertive. They are pragmatic, methodical and like jobs that involve active
human interaction and public relations.

Introverted:

A personality dimension describing someone who is quiet,

introspective, shy and unexpressive.

11.What is meant by locus of control?

Locus of control is a personality characteristic manifested in individuals

who attribute causes of their behaviour to either external (environmental) or
internal (themselves) sources. Externalisers believe that outside forces and
events control their decisions and lives. Internalisers believe that they control
their decisions and lives.

12. What is Machiavellianism?

The tendency to direct much of one’s behaviour towards the

acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain.

13. Define Type A and Type B personality?

Type A Behaviour:
 Behaviour pattern characterized but extreme competitiveness,
impatience aggressiveness and devotion to work.

Type B Behaviour:

Behaviour pattern characterized by a casual, laid-back style; the

opposite of the type a behaviour pattern.

14. Name the different theories of personality?

The theories are:

 Psycho analytic theory of personality.

 Trait theories.

 Self concept theory.

 Social learning theory.

15. Define Perception?

Perception can be described as “a person’s view of reality”.

Perception can be defined as, “the process of receiving, selecting,

organizing, interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli on data.”-
Udai Pareek.

16. Name the stages in the process of perception?

Perception is the process of interpreting and understanding one’s

environment. It is

a complex psychological process, but it can be boiled down to four steps:

 Observation.

 Selection

 Organization.

 Interpretation.

17. What is meant by principal of similarity and proximity?

Similarity:
 The principle of similarity states that the greater the similarity of the
stimuli, the greater the tendency to perceive them as a common group.

Proximity:

This is the tendency to perceive sensory data as related because of

close physical location.

18. What is meant by principle of closure?

People when faced with incomplete information have a tendency to fill

in the gaps themselves. When presented with a set of stimuli that are
incomplete, people fill in the missing parts and make it more meaningful. The
tendency to organize perceptual stimuli so that they form a complete
message is known as ‘closure’.

19. What do you mean by stereotyping?

Judging people on the basis of the characteristics of the group of which

they belong, is called stereotyping. It is the belief that all members of a
specific group’s share similar traits and behaviours.

20. What is Halo effect?

Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single

characteristic or trait is called ‘Halo effect’.

It occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is use to develop

on overall impression of the individual or situation.

21. What are the determinants of Perception?

 Qualities of the perceiver:

• Value system.

• Attitude.

• Personality traits.

• Experience.

• Needs.

 Qualities of the perceived:

• Physical stamina.
 • Mental qualities.

• Level of commitment.

 Environmental conditions.

22. Define Learning?

Learning can be defined as “the process by which a relatively enduring

change in

the behaviour occurs as a result of practice”.

The term ‘relatively enduring’ means that change in behaviour is more

or less permanent.

23. What are the determinants of Learning?

 Motivation.

 Qualities of the trainer and trainee.

 Feedback.

 Reinforcement.

 Environment.

 Practice.

 Meaning fullness of the subject.

 Time schedule.

24. What is meant by Reinforcement?

Reinforcement is the process of modeling. The learner must have some

motivation to learn from the model. Obviously, we don’t emulate every
behaviour we observe. Instead, we concentrate on those behaviours for
which we have some reason or incentive to match such as actions where
others were praised and rewarded profusely.

25. Name the important theories of learning?

 Classical conditioning theory.

 Operant conditioning theory.

  Cognitive learning theory.

 Social/ observational learning theory.

26. What do you mean by classical and operant conditioning

theory?

Classical condition:

A form of learning through association that involves the manipulation

of stimuli to influence behaviour.

Operant conditioning:

The process of controlling behaviour by manipulating or ‘operating’ on

its consequences.

27. What do you mean by cognitive and social learning theory?

Cognitive learning:

Cognition refers to an individual’s ideas, thoughts, knowledge,

interpretations, understandings etc, about himself and environment.

According to cognitive theory – proposed by Tolman and kohler –

Learning is considered to be the outcome of deliberate thinking about a
problem or situation both intuitively and based on known fact’s and
responding in an objective and goal oriented way.

Social learning:

People can learn through observation and direct experience. Social

learning is nothing but acquisition of knowledge through processing of
information.

28. Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning?

Features Classical conditioning Operation

conditioning
1.Type of association Between the stimuli Between a response and
its consequences active.
2. State of the subject Passive Active
3. Focus of attention on what produces On what follows

4. Type of response
typically involved.
5. Rang of responses.
6. Responses learned
response response.
Involuntary response. Voluntary response.
Relatively simple. Simple to highly
complex.
Emotional responses: Goal – Oriented
Fear, likes & dislikes. responses.

29. Define Attitude?

An individual’s behaviour is also a function of attitudes. An attitude is a

learned predisposition, an evaluative statement – either favourable or
unfavourable – toward a given object, a person or an event.

30. How are attitudes formed? (or) Write the factors influencing
the formation of attitudes?

Attitudes are acquired and not inherited. The following factor’s

influences the formation of attitude.

 Personality traits.

 Direct experience.

 Socio-economic background.

 Learning.

 Family.

 Peer groups.

 Media.

 Association.

31.Write the functions of Attitude?

According to Katz, attitudes serve four important functions,

 Adjustment function.

 The Ego-defensive function.

 The value – Expression function.

 The knowledge function.

32.What are the different ways of changing attitude?

  Filling-up information gap.

 Threat.

 Peer influence.

 Co-opting.

33. Define ‘Values’?

A value is defined as “a concept of the desirable an internalized

criterion or standard of evaluation a person posses. Such concept’s and
standard’s are relatively few and determine or guid an individual’s evaluation
of many object’s encounted in everyday life”.

34. What is ‘terminal value’ and ‘Instrumental value’?

Terminal value:

Terminal value is the goal an individual would like to achieve during his
life time.

Instrumental value:

Instrument value is the tool for achieving terminal value.

35. Write the types of values?

 Terminal value.

 Instrumental value.

36. What do you mean by co-opting?

Co-opting is a method of bringing together all those who are

dissatisfied with a

Condition and involving them in making things better.

37. Write two characteristics of Attitudes?

 Attitudes may be positive or negative.

  Attitudes are acquired through learning over a period of time.

 Attitudes are subject to change.

 Attitudes influence behaviour.

38. Write any two characteristics of learning?

 Learning result’s in change in behaviour.

 Learning is a continuous process.

 A mean change in one’s thought process or attitude is not learning.

39. What do you mean by contextual influence?

The context in which the stimulus arises in another factor influencing

it’s

interpretation.

40. What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation:

Sensation is the response of a physical sensory organ. E.g. eyes – sees,

ears – hear and so on. It is essentially a physical process.

Perception:

Perception is the process of receiving, selecting, organizing,

interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli or data.

41. What do you meant by Type and Trait theory?

Type Theory:

The type theory classifies personalities based on.

 Body build/ structure and

 Psychological factors.

Trait theory:

The trait theory explains personality on the basis of the trait’s of a

person. Traits are the distinguishing characteristics of an individual.
42. What is psychoanalytical theory? (or) What is Freud theory on
personality?

The theory is based on the assumption that human behaviour is

influenced more by unseen or unconscious forces rather than conscious and
rational thoughts.

The unconscious framework comprises of three elements. They are:

 Id.

 Ego and

 Super ego.

43. What is social learning theory?

A person acquires certain behaviour or modifies his behaviour by

learning. He learns to behave by observing the actions of others and the
consequences of such actions.

44. Define self theory?

Carl Rogers is given credit for developing the self theory. It is based on
what a person says about himself. It focuses on the following four factors.

 Self-image.

 Ideal-self.

 Looking glass-self.

 Peal self.

45. What is meant by principle of figure-ground?

According to this principle, the perceiver tends to focus attention on

some phenomena leaving others in the background. If what is kept in the
background get’s focus or what is focused is kept in the background,
perception changes.

46. What do you mean by mindset and attribution?

Mindset:

The opinion that one has developed about someone or something

influences perception.

Attribution:
 Attribution is the process by which the cause for behaviour is
determined.

47. Define Motivation?

Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to

accomplish desired goals. –W.G. Scott.

UNIT- II

PART- A

1. Define organizational Behaviour?

Adtag & Brief defines organisational behaviour as, “A branch of the

social sciences applied to predicting, understanding and controlling and
controlling behaviour in work organisation”.

2. What are the key elements of organizational behaviour?

The important elements of OB are as follows,

a. People.
 b. Structure.

c. Technology.

d. Environment.

3. What are the disciplines contributing to OB?

Organinsational behaviour is multidisciplinary in nature.

 Psychology.

 Sociology.

 Social psychology.

 Anthropology.

 Economics.

 Political science.

4. Name the four OB models?

The four organizational behavioural models developed by ‘Davis’ are

as follows.

 Autocrative.

 Supportive.

 Custodial.

 Collegial.

5. What are the basic objectives of OB?

The basic objectives of OB are as follows,

 To describe human behaviour in workplace.

 To understand behaviour.

 To predict behaviour.

 To influence behaviour.
6. Write importance concepts relevance to OB?

 Individual differences.

 Perception.

 The concept of ‘whole person’.

 Motivation.

 Involvement/Empowerment.

 Dignity of labour.

 Social system.

 Mutuality of interest.

7. What are the Nature/ Scope of OB?

 Three levels of analysis.

 Distinct field of study.

 Interdisciplinary in nature.

 Use of scientific methods.

 Focus on application.

 Contingency thinking.

 Subset of management.

 Positive and optimistic.

 Integrative in nature.

 It focuses on the behaviour of individuals.

 It is an art as well.

8. Write the importance of OB or needs?

 To secure better labour-management relationships.

 To identify individual differences.

  To overcome resistance.

 To understand group behaviour.

 To provide counseling.

 To manage conflicts.

 To introduce change.

 Explain and predict behaviour.

9. Write the peculiar problems in the study of OB?

 The behaviour of an individual cannot be studied going by the

happenings in the workplace alone.

 The behaviour of an employee as an individual may be different from

his behaviour in a group.

 Conflict between personal goal and organizational goal.

 Perceptions, values, beliefs, etc., are not static.

 Not possible to prescribe a particular style of leadership for all

managers.

 Not possible to offer a solution, to a certain behavioural problem.

10. What is Autocratic model?

Under the autocratic model, the manager uses his authority and directs
the subordinates to do the work as per his specifications. The subordinates
are not given the freedom to act.

11. Explain custodial model?

In custodial model he has to depend on the organization. The organization

takes care of all the needs of the employees. This is done by the introduction
 of a number of welfare measures. Welfare measures make the employees
dependent on the organization that becomes their custodian.

12. What is meant by supportive model?

In supportive model the manager supports his subordinates in the

performance of their tasks. The focus here is on managerial leadership rather
than on the exercise of authority or fulfillment of the subordinates needs. The
manager does not make unilateral decisions but involves his subordinates in
the decision making process.

13. Explain collegial model?

In the collegial model the manager participates in the process of task

performance by the subordinates. In other words, the manager and the
subordinates work as a team.