Welcome to

Nsanotes.com
We Provide Educational Material for Students & Teachers. A gateway for the

om
students to get help by Professionals to appear themselves best in the
examination. Our Services are given below:

.c
Sr # Services Sr # Services
1
3
Educational Notes
Past Papers
2
4
t es Chapter Wise Test Papers
Guess Papers
5 Paring Scheme 6 Alou Stuff
no

7 Online Result 8 Online Test System

9 Jobs News 10 Articles
sa

11 Educational News
.n

Notes Biography
w

Subject Physics
w

Syllabus / Content Chapter No 03 Notes

w

Text Book Punjab Text Book

Standard Part I
Content By Nsanotes’s Team
Provided by Nsanotes.com
Prepared by Naveed Noor
For more related stuff to your Studies visit
www.nsanotes.com
FSc ICS Notes Physics XI Short Questions & Definitions
Chapter 3 Motion and Force

Dynamics: The branch of Mechanics which deals with the motion of bodies under the influence of
one or more forces.

Motion: Continuous change of location of a body with respect to its surroundings.

Linear motion: Motion in a straight line.

Translational motion ( or Rectilinear motion): A body moves with translational motion if each
particle of the body undergoes the same displacement in a straight line in a given time.

Rotational motion: A body moves with rotational motion if each particle of the body moves in a
circle about a straight line called the axis of rotation.

om
Vibratory motion: If the motion is back and forth over the same path about a mean position, it is
called vibratory or oscillatory motion.

.c
Rest: The position of the body with respect to its surroundings when it does not change.
es
Relative motion: The difference of two motions.
t
no

Relative velocity: The vector difference of the two velocities.

sa

Trajectory: The path of a moving particle.

SR-71(reconnaissance jet): The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the world’s fastest airplane.
.n

Originally designed for high-altitude military spy missions. Now used by NASA [National
Aeronautical and Space Administration] for scientific research.
w
w

Falcon: Fighter-bombers aircraft. They are dual purpose aircraft that can drop bombs and also fight
enemy planes. e.g. F-16 fighting Falcon.
w

Leopard: A large catlike beast of prey, with a beautiful spotted skin of yellow and black.

Cheetah: An animal of the cat family, resembling the leopard, found in Pakistan, Persia, India and
Northern Africa, often tamed and trained to hunt gazelles.

Porpoise: Any of several small friendly whales from 5 to 8 feet long; commonly the dolphin.

Displacement: Distance moved from a reference point in certain direction.

Speed:

 The distance covered in unit time.

 When a body moves, the rate of change of its position.
Velocity: The distance covered in unit time in a particular direction.

Acceleration:

 Rate of change of velocity.

 Change of velocity in unit time.

Average speed: Total distance covered divided by total time.

Instantaneous Speed: The speed of a body in a particular instant.

Uniform Speed: If a body moves over equal distances in equal intervals of time, however small, it is
said to move with uniform speed.

Variable Speed: When a body traverses unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to
move with variable speed.

om
Uniform Velocity ( or Constant Velocity ): If a body moves over equal distances in equal
intervals of time, however small, in a particular direction, it is said to move with uniform velocity.

.c
Variable Velocity: When a body traverses unequal distances in equal intervals of time, or when its
es
direction of motion changes, it is said to move with a variable velocity.
t
Gradient: The degree of inclination of a slope. Mathematically, it is the ratio of vertical distance to
no

horizontal distance.
sa

Average Velocity: Total distance covered divided by total time taken in a particular direction.

Root mean square velocity: Square root of average of the square of molecular velocities.
.n

Instantaneous Velocity: Velocity of a body in a particular instance. Symbolically it is defined as :

w

V = limΔt→ 0 ΔS/Δt
w

Average Acceleration: If the change in velocity of a moving body during the time interval Δt is ΔV ,
w

then the average acceleration is defined as :

a(av) = ΔV/Δt

Instantaneous Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity in a particular instant, symbolically,

a(inst) = limΔt → 0 ΔV/Δt

Uniform Acceleration: If the velocity increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of

time, it is said to be uniform acceleration.

Variable Acceleration: If the velocity increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be variable acceleration.

Deceleration ( or Retardation ): Rate of change of decrease of velocity; negative acceleration.

Wobble: To move unsteadily as a top (children’s toy) while rotating at a low speed.
First Law of Motion: A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it
is compelled to change that state of motion by a force impressed upon it.

Inertia:

 The resistance of matter to any acceleration of its state of rest or motion.

 The mass of the object is a quantitative measure of its inertia.

Second Law of Motion: The effect of an applied force on a body is to cause it to accelerate in the
direction of the force. The acceleration is in direct proportion to the force and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the body.

Third Law of Motion: To every action ( force ) there is always an equal and opposite reaction
(force).

Impulse: The product of force and time for which it acts on a body.

om
Impulsive force: A large force but acts for a short time; it is time rate of change of momentum of a
body.

.c
Crumple: To press into wrinkles. es
Skull: The bones forming the head and the face.
t
no

Cranium: The skull especially the bony part enclosing the brain.
sa

Momentum: In a moving body, the product of its mass and velocity.

Linear momentum: In a body moving along a straight line, the product of its mass and linear
.n

velocity.
w

Isolated system: A system for which there is no transfer of mass and energy across the boundary.
w

Law of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear momentum of an isolated system
w

remains constant.

Wind shield: Front transparent screen of a motor car.

Elastic collision: The collision in which the momentum and the kinetic energy of the system is
conserved.

Inelastic collision: The collision in which the momentum of the system is conserved and not the
kinetic energy.

Dimension: A measurement of any sort; especially length, height and width.

One dimension: A measurement which needs a single reference point; e.g. a point on a line.

Two dimensions: Measurement which needs two references; e.g. a point on a plane (x-y plane).
Three dimensions: Measurement which needs three references; e.g. a point in space (x-y-z
coordinate system).

Four dimensions: Measurement which needs four reference; e.g. a point in space + time
coordinates (relativistic frame of reference).

Missile: A thing thrown to injure another; a projectile.

Rocket: A missile or space vehicle powered by ejecting gas that carries both its own fuel and oxidant.
They are independent of the earth’s atmosphere and are the power system used in space flights.

Chamber: An enclosed space, such as, of a rocket, containing the explosive chemicals.

Fuel: Inflammable material for supplying a fire or explosion.

Liquid oxygen: Condensed gaseous oxygen to a pale blue liquid that is strongly magnetic.

om
Liquid hydrogen: Condensed gaseous hydrogen. It is colourless in small amounts but light blue in
thick samples.

.c
Propeller: Such thing which drives forward especially a device with blades for causing an airplane or
a ship to progress. es
Rocket propulsion: Rocket driving or pushing obtained from thrust of hot gases from engine
t
exhaust.
no

Thrust: The forward reaction force of a jet or rocket engine.

sa

Helicopter: A flying machine lifted and held up by horizontal propellers (rotating wings).

Aeroplane: An aircraft or flying machine, kept aloft by the reaction of motor-propelled planes upon
.n

the air also moves to wing borne flight.

w

Jet: Abbreviation for Joint European Torus.

w

Jet propulsion: Propulsion of aircraft or other vehicles in which one or more jets of hot gases are
w

ejected at high speed from backwardly directed nozzles.

Rocket motion: The motion due to jet propulsion, i.e. due to thrust of hot gases from backwardly
directed nozzles.

Aeroplane motion: The motion due to aeroplane’s wings designed to deflect the air and the
propellers for causing the plane to move forward.

Helicopter motion: The motion due to the moving fans at the top of a helicopter.

Projectile motion: Projectile motion is two dimensional motion under constant acceleration due to
gravity.

Projectile:
  An object launched in an arbitrary direction in space with the initial velocity having no
mechanism of propulsion is called a projectile.
 Any particle in the gravitational field of the earth, whose trajectory is assumed to be sufficiently
short to consider the earth flat, and the effects of air resistance and the rotation of the earth are
neglected.

Propulsion: A mechanism for driving forward with the mixture of fuel, engine or some shaft.

Simultaneously: Happening, done, or existing at the same time..

Trajectory: The path of a projectile.

Height of the projectile: The highest point a projectile attains during its flight.

Time of flight of projectile : The time taken by body to cover the distance from the place of its
projection to the place where it hits the ground.

om
Range of the projectile: Maximum distance which a projectile covers in the horizontal direction.

Parabola: It is the locus of all points whose distance from a fixed point equals their distance from a

.c
fixed line.
es
Ellipse: A smooth oval curve as followed by planet Mars round the Sun.
t
Circle: It is the locus of points whose distance from a given fixed point (centre) is constant, (constant
no

distance is called radius).

sa

Ballistic: Of an instrument. Designed to measure an impact or brief flow of charge.

Ballistic motion: A motion in which a projectile is given an initial push and is then allowed to move
.n

freely due to inertia and under the action of gravity.

w

Ballistic missile: An un-powered and un-guided missile is called a ballistic missile.

w

Ghori Missile: On 25 May 2002, Pakistan marks the third successful test fire of surface-to- surface
w

ballistic Ghori Missile with a range of 1,500 km and the Shaheen Missile with 800 km range. On May
28 1998, Pakistan successfully tested its nuclear capability.

Abdali: Short range domestically developed surface-to-surface missile having a range of 180
kilometers, and would be able to reach most border positions in India.

Ghaznavi: The missile capable of carrying warheads accurately up to a range of 290 km.

Aerodynamics: The study of the motion of gases (particularly air) and the motion and control of
solid bodies in air.

Aerodynamic forces: Forces exerted upon a body when it moves in air, such as, air friction.

Parallel: Having a like course, lines lying in the same direction and being equidistant at all points
from another.
Anti-parallel: Lines lying in the opposite direction and being equidistant all points from another
line.

Plausible: Seeming to be true without necessary being so; having the appearance of truth.

Amoeba: A one-celled, microscopic animal found in ponds; one of the simplest forms of life.

Propel: To drive onward; push as a bicycle.

SLBM (Submarine launched ballistic missile): Ballistic missile submarines carry up to 24

SLBMs tipped with nuclear warheads. These missiles are stored in vertical launch tubes within the
submarine, and can be launched while the sub is hidden underwater.

FSc ICS Notes Physics XI Chapter 03 Motion and Force

Exercise Short Questions

om
Question 3.1 What is the difference between uniform and variable velocity? From the
explanation of variable velocity, define acceleration. Give SI units of velocity and

.c
acceleration.
Answer 3.1 Uniform Velocity: The velocity of a body is said to be uniform if its direction and
es
magnitude does not change with time. e.g. i) velocity of earth ii) velocity of satellites.
Variable Velocity: The velocity of a body is said to be variable if its direction or magnitude or both
t
changes with time. A motion with variable velocity is called accelerated motion. In this case velocity
no

may be increasing or decreasing. For e.g. motion of a car on road.

Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration. When velocity is increasing
sa

acceleration is positive and when velocity is decreasing acceleration is negative.Units: The SI units of
velocity is m/s and that of acceleration is m/s-2
.n

Question 3.2 An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due
w

to gravity, relative to velocity, while the object is in air.

w

Answer 3.2 When an object is thrown upward its velocity is +ve and its acceleration due to gravity is
–ve, as the object is moving against the direction of gravitational force. But at maximum height its
w

velocity becomes zero and then it starts moving downward. Now its acceleration and velocity is +ve.

Question 3.3 Can the velocity of an object reverse the direction when acceleration is
constant? If so, give an example.
Answer 3.3 Yes, velocity of an object can reverse direction when initially acceleration and velocity
are opposite in direction. For e.g. when a body is thrown vertically upward its velocity goes on
decreasing due to gravity, becomes zero at maximum height, and then the direction of the body is
reversed.

Question 3.4 Specify the correct statements:

1. An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing.

2. An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing.
3. An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero.
 4. An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity.

Answer 3.4 All statement are true expect: 1).

2) Circular motion.
3) When body is thrown upward, at maximum height.
4) Vertical motion.

Question 3.5 A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial
velocity vi and at the same time throws a second ball straight downward with the same
speed. Which ball will have larger speed when it strikes the ground? Ignore air friction.
Answer 3.5 Both the balls will have same speed when striking the ground. The ball thrown upward
will pass from the same path with the same velocity while moving down and gains the same velocity as
that of the ball thrown vertically downward, until it reaches the surface of the ground.

Question 3.6 Explain the circumstances in which the velocity v and the acceleration a of
a car are:

om
1. Parallel
2. Anti-Parallel

.c
3. Perpendicular to one another
4. v is zero but a is not zero es
5. a is zero but v is not zero.
t
Answer 3.6 Circumstances in velocity v and acceleration a of a car are given below:
no

1. When v and a are parallel the velocity of the car is increasing.

sa

2. When v and a are anti-parallel the velocity of the car is decreasing.

3. When v and a are perpendicular, the car is moving in a circular path. Here velocity is along the
tangent and acceleration is along the radius.
.n

4. v is zero when car comes to rest but acceleration is –ve but not zero or when there is a hurdle in
front of the car it cannot move in the passage of car.
w

5. When car move on a straight road with uniform speed (neglecting friction).
w
w

Question 3.7 Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant
acceleration, Is this statement true? Discuss.
Answer 3.7 Yes, motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration.
In this case the acceleration of the object is zero and velocity is uniform.

Question 3.8 Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for
a given time and state law of motion in terms of momentum.
Answer 3.8 Consider a body mass m moving with an initial velocity vi. Suppose an external force F
acts upon it time t after which velocity becomes vf the acceleration a produced by the force is given by:
a= vf – vi /t
by second law on Newton a=F/m
comparing two equations F /m = vf – vi /t or F x t= mvf – mvi
where mvf is the final momentum and mvi is the initial momentum. F = (mvf – mvi )/t
“Time rate of change of momentum of a body equals the applied force”
Question 3.9 Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?
Answer 3.9 Impulse is defined as the product of force and time i.e.
Impulse = Force x Time
I=F x t= mvf - mvi
I = pf - pi= p change in momentum
I= p

Question 3.10 State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the
importance of isolated system. Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful
even through the system is not completely isolated?
Answer 3.10 Law of conservation of linear momentum: Total linear momentum of an
isolated system remains constant. An isolated system is a system of bodies free from external force.
This law holds good only for an isolated system. But under certain circumstances where external force
is very small as compared to mutually interacting forces, the law can be applied to good
approximation.

om
Question 3.11 Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions. Explain
how would a bouncing ball behave in each case? Give plausible reasons for the fact that

.c
K.E is not conserved in most cases?
Answer 3.11 es
A collision in which K.E remains constant after and before collision is called elastic collision.
In a collision where K.E does not remains constant is called inelastic collision.
t
Ideally the bouncing ball will rebound to some height in case of an elastic collision, but if it rebounds
no

to nearly to the initial height, the collision is considered elastic one. In case of inelastic collision the
ball will rebound to a small height as compared to dropping point.
sa

Question 3.12 Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive expressions for
.n
w

1. the time of flight

w

2. the range of projectile.

w

Show that the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of
45 degree with the horizontal.
Answer 3.12 Projectile Motion: It is a two dimensional motion under constant
acceleration due to gravity

1) The time of flight:

The time taken by the body to cover the distances from the place of its projection to the
place where it hits the ground at the same level is called the time of flight. This can be
obtained by taking S=h=0, because the body goes up and comes back to the same level, thus covering
no vertical distance. If the body is projecting with velocity v making angle with a horizontal, then its
vertical components will be visinθ
We have S = 0 ; vi = vi sinθ ; a = -g
Using S = vi t + ½ a t2
⇒ 0 = vi sinθ t – ½ g t2
or t = 2 vi sinθ/g
t= 2vi sin/g

where t is the time of flight of the projectile when it is projected from the ground.

2) Range of the Projectile:

Maximum distance which a projectile covers in the horizontal direction is called the
range of the projectile.To determine the range R of the projectile, we multiply the horizontal
components of the velocity of projection with the time taken by the body after leaving the point of
projection thus. We have
S = R , vx = vi cosθ, t = 2vi sinθ
Using S = v t g
⇒ R = (vi cosθ x 2 vi sinθ)/g = (vi2 2 sinθ cosθ)/g
or R = (v sin 2θ)/g

om
for maximum range, sin 2θ should have maximum value ( i.e.) = 1
sin 2θ = 1 ⇒ 2θ = 90 ⇒ θ = 45

.c
Question 3.13 At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum
es
speed, its maximum speed?
Answer 3.13 A projectile has its minimum speed at the maximum height where vertical component
t
of the velocity becomes zero. A projectile has its maximum speed at its minimum height if air friction
no

is neglected.
sa

Question 3.14 Each of the following questions is followed by four answers, one of what
correct answer.
.n

Identify that answer.

1)What is meant by a ballistic trajectory?
w
w

1. The paths followed by an un-powered and unguided projectile.

w

2. The paths followed by the powered and unguided projectile.

3. The paths followed by an un-powered but guided projectile.
4. The paths followed by an powered and guided projectile.

2)What happens when a system of two bodies undergoes an elastic collision?

1. The momentum of the system changes.

2. The momentum of the system does not change.
3. The bodies come to rest after collision.
4. The energy conservation law is violated.

Answer 3.14 i) The statement (a) is correct as ballistic trajectory follows an un-powered and
unguided projectile.
ii) The statement (b) is correct as momentum of the system does not
change.

om
.c
t es
no
sa
.n
w
w
w