Neglecting the vapor density compared to the liquid density, the quantity in the right bracket in the

equation for the heat transfer coefficient is

4
 (9.81m/s2 ) (958 kg/m 3 ) 2 ( 0.68W/(mK) ) 3 (2.265 × 106 J/kg)  4 2
  = 18,355 W/(m K)
 ( × −4
(8) (0.0127 m) 2.78 10 kg/(ms) (2 K) ) 
so
hc = (0.728)[1 + (0.2)(7)(0.00373)][18,355] = 13,432 W/m 2
The tube surface area is
NπDL = (64)(π)(0.0127 m)(1.22 m) = 3.12m2
The rate of heat transfer is therefore
q = hc A (Tsv – Ts) = (13,432 W/m2K)(3.12m2)(2K) = 83,688 W
(a) The flow rate of condensate is then
q 83, 688 W
m c = = = 0.03695 kg/ s
h′ fg 2.265 × 106 (Ws)/kg

The heat transfer per tube is 83,688/64 W = 1308 W and this must equate to the increase in sensible
heat in the cooling water, giving for the water temperature rise
(b)
1308W
ΔTw = = 6.8K
( 0.0454 kg/s ) ( 4211 J/(kgK) )
PROBLEM 10.32
Show that the dimensionless equation for ice formation at the outside of a tube of radius
ro is

T∗ =
r *2
2
ln r∗ +
1 1
(
2R * 4
(r∗2 – 1) )
where
ε + ro ho ro ∗ (T f − T∞ ) kt
r∗ = R∗ = t =
ro k p L ro2
Assume that the water is initially at the freezing temperature Tf, that the cooling medium
inside the tube surface is below the freezing temperature at a uniform temperature T∞,
and that ho is the total heat transfer coefficient between the cooling medium and the
pipe-ice interface. Also show the thermal circuit.
GIVEN
• Water freezing on the outside of a tube
• Tube radius = ro
• Cooling medium temperature = T ∞ (uniform)
• Heat transfer coefficient between the cooling medium and the pipe-ice interface = ho
FIND
• Draw the thermal circuit and show that the dimensionless equation for ice formation is as shown
above

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