SOLUTIONS and ELECTROLYTES

Suzette B. Doctolero

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 Solutions
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the
components are uniformly distributed

• The substance present in the largest amount is called

the solvent

• The other substances are called solutes.

• Aqueous solutions ______________________

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 Solubility
• Solubility is the property of solid, liquid or gaseous
chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid,
liquid or gaseous solvent.

• Factors that affect solubility

– Physical and chemical properties of both solute and solvent
– Temperature
– pH of the solution
– pressure

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 Solubility
• Water also dissolves many nonionic substances.
• Ethanol (C2H5OH) is very soluble in water.

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 Solubility
• Many substances do not dissolve in water. Petroleum,
for example, does not mix with water.

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Solubility

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 Solubility
• “Like dissolves like”

• Water dissolves most polar solutes.

• A nonpolar solvent is required to dissolve a nonpolar

solute. “Grease” is composed of nonpolar molecules
and requires a nonpolar solvent to dissolve it, or to
remove a grease stain from clothing.

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 Concentration of Solutions

• Concentration is ___________________
dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
• Qualitative expressions of concentration
–_____________ – higher ratio of
solute to solvent
–__________ - smaller ratio of solute
to solvent

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Comparison of a Concentrated and Dilute Solution

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 Solution Composition
• Even for soluble substances, there is a limit as to how
much solute can be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent.
• When a solution contains as much solvent as can be
dissolved at that temperature, it is __________.
• A solution that has not reached the limit of solute that
will dissolve in it is said to be _______.
• A relatively large amount of solute is dissolved in a
_____________ solution.
• A relatively small amount of solute is dissolved is a
___________ solution.

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– ___________: substance that dissolved in
water produces a solution that conducts
electricity
• Contains ions

– ___________: substance that dissolved in

water produces a solution that does not
conduct electricity
• Does not contain ions

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• ________- ionic compounds separate into
constituent ions when dissolved in solution

• ___________- formation of ions by

molecular compounds when dissolved

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• Ionization

• Dissociation

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• Strong and weak electrolytes
– ________________: 100% dissociation
• All water soluble ionic compounds, strong
acids and strong bases
– _________________
• Partially ionized in solution
• Exist mostly as the molecular form in solution
• Weak acids and weak bases

Assignment: determine the strong acids and the their

ionization equation

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• Examples of weak electrolytes

– Weak acids
HC2H3O2(aq) C2H3O2 (aq) + H+ (aq)‫‏‬

– Weak bases
NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + OH (aq)

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 Method to Distinguish Types of Electrolytes

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

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 Precipitation Reactions
• Precipitation (formation of a solid from two
aqueous solutions) occurs when product is
insoluble
• Produce insoluble ionic compounds
• Solubility is the maximum amount of a solid that
can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
specified temperature
• Prediction based on solubility rules

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• Hydration: process by which water
molecules remove and surround individual
ions from the solid.

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