The Contemporary World
7 Main Reasons for the Decline of
Nation State System
(1) Increased Interdependence
The age of mass production resulting
from advances registered in
scientific, technological and
industrial spheres, the consequent
possibility of meeting the increased
demands for socio-economic
welfare of the people, the
communications revolution,
increased mobility of the people all
over the globe, etc. have all
combined to provide for increased
and ever increasing international
interdependence.
(2) Nationalistic Universalism
In this age of internationalism, the
nation-state finds it essential to
formulate the goals of its national
interests in such a way as can help
the achievement of universally
recognized objectives of
international relations.
(3) Trends towards International
(regional) Integration:
The national boundaries are no
longer regarded absolutely sacred
and essential for human well-being.
Such a feeling has played an
important role in diluting nationalism
in favor of internationalism or at least
universalistic nationalism.
(4) The Nuclear Age and its Impact:
• The emergence of the nuclear
weapons has seriously affected
the nation-state. A modem
nation-state finds itself incapable
of providing security to its people
from a possible nuclear war.
(5) Limitations on National Power:
• Rise of World Public Opinion,
codification of International Law
and its increased role; a strong
movement in favor of
disarmament and arms control
etc. have been a source of big
limitation on the national power
of a state in contemporary era of
international relations.
(6) The Erosion of the concept of
sovereign Equality of the Nation-
states:
In contemporary times the U.S.A.,
Russia, Britain, France and China
as nuclear powers holding the
veto power in the U.N. Security
Council, Japan and Germany as
the two new economically and
technologically advanced states
and other four or five local
leviathans are the main actors.
(7) Rise of several powerful Non-
state Actors:
• The rise of several powerful non-
state actors like the Multinational
Corporations, has still adversely
affected the nation-state system.
These non-state actors, called as
transnational, non-government,
or multinational actors, are
formed by private companies or
people living in different parts of
the world for carrying out a
particular trade or production
and distribution of goods and
services.
• Since the beginning of the 1990s,
globalization has become a high
frequency word in our daily life.
• In 21st century, globalization has
become more and more
 common in the whole world, no
matter people, organizations, or
government, both can see the
changes which globalization
brings them.
• Globalization has deeply
influence people’s life and
working style, globalization make
world integrity closely and makes
people’s life become more and
more convenient, it brings many
benefits to people.
• Satellite broadcasts make
people become globally
audience; they can hear
different kinds of
information through
different countries. The
world is becoming a single
place, people sharing the
common understanding of
living together in one
place (Lechner, F.J.& Boli,
J, 2000).
• In economics, globalization refers
to internationalization of
economic, and expands of the
market. The appearance of some
international institutions intended
to supervise the process of
globalization, these international
institutions includes International
Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, and the
International Monetary Fund
(IMF). It keeps the balance in the
international trade.
• In international relations, the
importance is the increasing
consistency of the relations
between nations and their global
politics.
• In cultural aspect, it is
focus on global
communications and
cultural homogenization,
like the spread of the
American culture and
McDonald’s culture, those
culture both the symbol of
the cultural globalization.
• As for nation-state, it can
be defined as “a certain
form of state that derives
its political legitimacy from
serving as a sovereign
entity for a nation as a
sovereign territorial unit
(en.wikipedia.org)” The
nations is refers a cultural
and ethnic entity, and the
state is for political and
geopolitical entity.
• REGIONALISM AND GLOBAL CIVIL
SOCIETY
Regionalism The theory or practice
of coordinating social, economic or
political activities within a
geographical region comprising a
number of states.
• Growth of norms, rules and
structures in this specific region
REGIONALISM HAS BOTH NEGATIVE
AND POSITIVE CONNOTATIONS
- In negative sense, it denotes
excessive preference to one’s region
over nation
- In positive sense, it denotes one’s
love for his/her region, culture,
languages, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONALISM
Local Identity
- One of the main characteristics of
regionalism is its strong local identity
and a loyalty to the region.
Regionalist politicians and many
residents feel pride in the local
culture and its people.

Politicians try to exploit that identity

to gain supporters for their proposals.
The regionalist agendas often claim
that the regional interest should
always come before the national
interest.
• Association of Southeast Asian
Autonomy Nations (ASEAN)

The search of greater autonomy is • Asia-Pacific Economic

usually a priority of regionalism; it
can be economic or political
PHASES OF REGIONALISM
• First phase 1945 – 1960s
OLD REGIONALISM
• Old regionalism was created
“from above” (often through
superpower intervention). It was
inward oriented and protectionist in
economic terms. It was also specific
with regard to its objectives (some
organizations being security
oriented, others economically
oriented). The old regionalism was
concerned only with relations
between nation states.
Second phase 1980s
NEW REGIONALISM
The emergence of new regionalism
coincided with the end of the Cold
War and a period of increasing
global economic integration. Its
development ultimately led to
regional organizations that were
more open with respect to trade
than those that had formed in the
era of old regionalism.
Cooperation (APEC)
• European Union (EU)
• North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) Southern
African Development Community
(SADC)
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
- refers to networks of citizens and
non-governmental, non-profit
organizations (NGOs) and
associations that combine efforts to
engage in social, political, and
economic reform on the local,
national, and international levels
with the intent advancing societal
interests and the quality of life
through non-violent practices.
Global Civil Society Actors:
 International Non-Governmental
Organizations
 Private Foundations
 Private Voluntary Organizations
 Corporate foundations
 Coalitions and Committees
 Professional Associations
 Global Civil Society Roles:
- to provide social services
- to increase public awareness
- to support marginalized
populations
- to promote civic values
- to monitor elections and human
rights violations, etc.
Global Civil society today
- International non-government
organizations (INGOs) have been
the most visible part of the global
civil society movement. Their
numbers have grown dramatically in
the last few decades, up from 1,083
in 1914 to about 13,000 in 1981 to
over 47,000 by 2001 (UNDP 2002).
NGO’s IN THE PHILIPPINES
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CIVIL
SOCIETY
 Lack of Funds
 Poor Governance
 Poor Networking
 Limited Capacity
GLOBALIZATION
1. Definitions of Globalization
Globalization refers to a
multidimensional set of social
processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide
Social interdependencies and
exchanges while at the same
Time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening
Connections between the local and
the distant.
2. When did Globalization Begin?
Social scientists (esp. sociologists of
globalization) see it as a very recent
phenomenon, something that might
go back to the period following the
major economic crisis of 1973-74,
perhaps to 1945.
2. When did Globalization Begin?
1. Pre-1500
Andre Gunder Frank in his well-
known Re-Orient (1998) argued that
globalization was there well before
1500. This is because:
- Single world economy before 1500
- trade (Silk roads and later
European trade in Asia)
- Centrality of China
2. In the Sixteenth Century
Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
claims that globalization begun in
1571 when the Spaniards settled
down in Manila in the Philippines and
opened up trade :
- Manila to Acapulco
- Importance of the Pacific
- Importance of Silver
3. in the Early 19th Century: Bayly
- Christopher Baily claims that
globalization started with the
collapse of 18th century regimes
C. PRESENT 1950 - Business and
- corporations
- Personal
communicatio
n
4. 1820-1913: The Great Phase
Williamson and O’Rourke describe
the period from 1820 to 1870 as :
- age of ‘free trade’
- liberalization of the state –
- Increased commodity trade
Critiques:
- issues of power forgotten

- This he defines as ‘modern - gunboat diplomacy

globalization’
- colonial control
- and sees it as a process based
on: - Post 1870

- colonialism and imperialism - Mass migration

- and the concept of free trade. - infrastructure (railroads and

steamships, and cables
Type of time features
globalizatio 5. 1914-1945: De-globalization?
n
The interwar period saw:
A. PROTO 1500 - European - economic protectionism
- exploration
1750 - Role of silver - economic and monetary
Importance of instability
slavery
- stagnation of the economies
B. MODERN 1750 Revolutions - moribund empires, and the
- (political and confrontation between the US
1900 economic) and the Soviet Union
Colonialisms
and - lack of innovation
imperialism
Free trade 6. 1945-2013: Contemporary
Globalization
The key force of globalization after
1945 was the action of institutions
and governments Movement Integration Global
issues
And of markets after 1973:

- Liberal economic policies People migration Communication Population

and regimes cities and and
geographies inequality
- Growth of world trade and
financial transactions Things Trade and transport Resources
commodities and the
- Advances in Information environment
Technologies
Actions Capitals Business and Economic
and easier access to information
organisations crises
- Performance of services
remotely Values Ideas and States and Human
ideologies institutions Rights
- New business organizations:

- A high degree of convergence

in
consumer culture
7. Post 2014: A second de-
globalization?
Is it possible that we are going
towards de-globalization once
again?
- the 2008 financial crisis
- the US is overstretched
- great power rivalry (US-China)
and a sclerosis of Europe
NATION–STATE
STATE
In the broadest terms, the state is
a body of government. All the rules
and laws, the government officials
and their titles, the physical
boundaries and those who define
them - these make up the state. The
state is what makes a country run
from a political, practical standpoint.
BASIC TERMS:
• Sovereign State

- global alliances not working; • Non-Sovereign State

and rogue regimes • Sovereignty Dispute\
- revolutionary terrorism • Multistate

• Stateless Nation

• Four Elements of State:

Citizen/Population, Territory,
Government, Sovereignty
 Citizen/Population:
The inhabitants/ people living in a
state.
• Enough Population
There’s no specific number of
population required to be a state
but it must have an enough
population to execute some
functions needed for the growth of
the state
• Self-perpetuating
Must have a population that can
pursue or continue the life in a state
Territory:
An administrative division, usually
an area that is under the jurisdiction
of a state.
Aerial, Terrestrial, Fluvial and
Maritime are all considered as part
of states’ territory.
Acquisition of Territory:
• Discovery- oldest way to expand
or have a territory
• Prescription- through governing
the state
• Conquest- forced procurement
• Cession- agreement between
states
• Accretion- caused by
geographic/geologic process
Government:
A government is the system or
group of people governing an
organized community, often a state.
Functions of Government:
• Constituent- includes peace and
order (Mandatory)
• Ministrant- social welfare: helping
the needy etc. (Non-Mandatory)
Take note: There can be a
government even without a state
Sovereignty:
Sovereignty is the full right and
power of a governing body over
itself, without any interference from
outside sources or bodies. In political
theory, sovereignty is a substantive
term designating supreme authority
over some polity.
Aspects of Sovereignty:
• Internal Sovereignty- the ability of
the state to implement laws or
policies
• External Sovereignty- the right of
a state to be free from external
forces of interference that would
challenge, disrupt, or remove its
rights & freedom.
NATION
Group of people who shares the
same culture but do not have
sovereignty.
Created by a shared belief that
the people inside a country are
connected to each other.
“Nationalism”
The idea that people of a nation
are connected to each other
NATION-STATE
When a nation of people has a
sovereign state of their own, it is
 called a nation-state. Populations
living in nation-states share a history,
language, ethnicity, and culture
(though, of course, most nation-
states now include populations of
immigrants who do not share the
local culture). Places like Iceland
and Japan are excellent examples
of nation-states: the vast majority of
people born in those nation-states
share the same ancestry and
culture.
Feudal System
The feudal system had been used
in France by the Normans from the
time they first settled there in about
900AD. It was a simple, but effective
system, where all land was owned
by the King. One quarter was kept
by the King as his personal property,
some was given to the church and
the rest was leased out under strict
controls.
• The King: Leader of the Feudal
System
• Barons: Executors of the Feudal
System
• Knights
• Villeins
Japan is considered a nation as it has
defined territories, government and the
residents share a common culture.
Japan is also seen as a state due to the
limited authority powers of the Emperor
he is seen as a ceremonial figurehead,
he is defined by the constitution as “the
symbol of the state and of the unity of
the people”. Power is held chiefly by the
Prime Minister of Japan and other
elected members of the Diet, while
sovereignty is vested in the Japanese
people (National Diet of Japan, 2007)
Japan traditionally seen as an example
of a nation-state and also the largest of
the nation states, with population in
excess of 120 million. It should be noted
that Japan has a small number of
minorities such as Ryukyu peoples,
Koreans, and Chinese, and on the
northern island of Hokkaido, the
indigenous Ainu minority.
What is ideology
 Ideology is the study of beliefs of
a society within the basis of
political or economic systems.
 “An ideology is a system of
collectively held normative and
reputedly factual ideas and
beliefs and attitudes advocating
a particular pattern of social
relationships and arrangements,
and/or aimed at justifying a
particular pattern of conduct,
which its proponents seek to
promote, realize, pursue or
maintain.” (Hamilton, 1987)
Origin of the Term
 The term was created during the
French revolution by Antione
Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) and
was first used in public in 1796
meaning “science of ideas”
 from French idéologie, from
Greek idea ‘form, pattern’ + -
logos (denoting discourse or
compilation)
 Originally "philosophy of the mind
which derives knowledge from
the senses" (as opposed to
metaphysics), from French
 idéologie "study or science of
ideas,"
 In the sense defined by French
Marxist philosopher Louis
Althusser, ideology is "the
imagined existence (or idea) of
things as it relates to the real
conditions of existence"
Karl Marx and Ideology
 it is derived from the notion of
“superstructure “
 distinguishes two levels of reality
to the conscience of the
individual: the infrastructure,
which means the real world, that
of matter, means of production
and
 superstructure, which returns to
the world of ideas, the world of
illusions dominated by the ideas
of the ruling class, the capitalists
Characteristics
An ideology is composed of four basic
characteristics:
 it must have power over
cognition.
 it must be capable of guiding
one's evaluations;
 it must provide guidance towards
action; and.
 it must be logically coherent.
Ideology in Society
 Ideology is the study of beliefs of
a society within the basis of
political or economic systems.
 Therefore one could argue that
Ideology is plays a huge role as a
function within society. To better
understand how things effect
one another you have to look at
the ideology of that society.
 Each society has different
ideologies and to understand
issues within the society so must
look at the ideologies.
Function of Ideology
 Ideology today is generally taken
to mean not a science of ideas,
but the ideas themselves, and
moreover ideas of a particular
kind.
 Ideologies are ideas whose
purpose is not epistemic, but
political.
 Daniel Bell (1960) dubbed
ideology ‘an action-oriented
system of beliefs,’ and the fact
that ideology is action-oriented
indicates its role is not to render
reality transparent, but to
motivate people to do or not do
certain things.
Elements of Ideology
Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements
1. Hatred
 “Mass movements can rise and
spread without a God, but never
without belief in a devil”
2. Imitation
 “The less satisfaction we derive,
from being ourselves, the greater
is our desire to be like others …
the more we mistrust our
judgment and luck, the more we
are ready to follow the example
of others.”
Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

3. Persuasion

 “a passionate search for

something not yet found more
than a desire to bestow
something we already have”

4. Coercion

 Hoffer asserts that violence and

fanaticism are interdependent.
“It takes fanatical faith to
rationalize our cowardice”

Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

5. Leadership

 The skill required to be a leader

include: audacity, brazenness,
iron will, fanatical conviction;
passionate hatred, cunning, a
delight in symbols; ability to
inspire blind faith in the masses
and a group of able lieutenants

 Charlatanism is indispensable. He
will not lead followers towards the
“promised land” but only “away
from their unwanted selves”

6. Action

 Original thoughts are suppressed,

and unity encouraged.

Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

7. Suspicion

 “There is prying and spying, tense

watching and a tense awareness
of being watched.”

 Encourages conformity, not

dissent