Experiment No.

5
RADIATION EXPERIMENTS

1. Objective:

To determine the transmission principle for radiation and the different factors affecting on it
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
2.1 demonstrate the inverse of the radiation distance square law
2.2 understand the Stefan Boltzman law.
2.3 observe the influence of different materials in the irradiation
2.4 understand the Kirchoff’s law
2.5 determine the effect of radiation area to the measurement of radiometer.

3. Discussion:

Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to penetrate
various materials. Light, radio, and microwaves are types of radiation that are called nonionizing. The kind
of radiation discussed in this document is called ionizing radiation because it can produce charged particles
(ions) in matter.
Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable atoms because
unstable atoms have an excess of energy or mass or both. Radiation can also be produced by high-voltage
devices (e.g., x-ray machines).
Atoms with unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive. In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or
emit, the excess energy or mass. These emissions are called radiation. The kinds of radiation are
electromagnetic (like light) and particulate (i.e., mass given off with the energy of motion). Gamma radiation
and x rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma radiation originates in the nucleus while x
rays come from the electronic part of the atom. Beta and alpha radiation are examples of particulate
radiation.
Radiation doses are measured in an international unit called a Sievert (Sv). Typically, radiation doses are
so low that they are measured in milliSieverts (mSv) or one-thousandth of a Sievert.
Because exposure to radiation happens every day, it is helpful to understand the average amount of
radiation that people receive from natural and man-made sources.
For instance, the average annual radiation dose that a person receives from food and water is nearly 0.3
mSv. At the same time, the average annual radiation dose that the public receives from nuclear power is
0.0002 mSv.
4. Resources:
Apparatus:
TRTC Software
TRTC Equipment
SCADA System
Plates with the Thermocouples
Radiation Meter
Recipient with some Water
Variable Slit

5. Procedure:
I. Inverse of the Distance Square law of the Radiation

In this case, we place the radiation in the radiometer (SR-1) one in front of each other. Change
the distance “x” and measure the radiation in the radiometer when the system is in stationary state.
1. Connect the SCADA program TRTC.
2. Verify that all the temperature sensors and the heating resistance have been connected.
3. Fix a distance between the radiometer and the heat source of 10 cm.
4. Fix a power for the heating surface of 40% power.
5. Wait until the system is stationary and the temperature in the resistance reaches an stable
value. Take the measurement in the radiometer.
6. Repeat the previous steps for a distance between radiometer and resistance of 15 cm,
20 cm,25 cm, 30 cm,35 cm, and 40 cm.
7. Repeat the experiment for AP-1 = 35%, 30%, 25%, and 20%.
8. Plot the radiation versus distance. Check if the relation is proportional to the inverse of
the square distance.
 II. Stefan-Boltzman’s Law

The purpose of this setup is to increase the temperature of the black plate and measure what is the
value of the emitted radiation from it. To do this, we place the radiometer at a fired distance. In order to
change the temperature of the black body. We approach the plate to the heater.

In this case, the radiometer is in front the black plate. The resistance heats the plate and the plate
irradiates energy. This energy is measured by the radiometer. You can change the temperature value in
the plate. As the distance between the black plate and the radiometer must kept constant during the
experiment, it is recommended to change the temperature of the black plate by changing the power in
the resistance instead of changing the distance between the resistance and the black plate.

1. Connect the SCADA program TRTC.

2. Verify that all the temperature sensors and the heating resistance have been connected.
3. Fix a distance between the black plate and the resistance of 4 cm.
4. Fix a distance between a radiometer and the black plate of 5 cm.
5. Start saving data through the button “save data” in software. Set the time between samples 2
seconds.
6. Set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 20%
7. Wait until the thermocouple measurement is stable. These results will be saved in the software.
8. Then, repeat the procedure set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 25%, 30%, 35%,
40%, 45%, and 50%
9. Plot radiation versus black plate’s temperature (ST-3). Consider the value of ST-3 when it is
stable, after waiting some time. Check if the relation is proportional to the fourth power of the
emission black plate temperature.
III. Emission Power I
This case is similar to the previous practice but now we repeat the experiment with the
materials surface.

1. Connect the SCADA program TRTC.

2. Verify that all the temperature sensors and the heating resistance have been connected.
3. Fix a distance between the black plate and the resistance of 4 cm.
4. Fix a distance between a radiometer and the black plate of 5 cm.
5. Start saving data through the button “save data” in software. Set the time between samples 2
seconds.
6. Set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 20%
7. Wait until the thermocouple measurement is stable. These results will be saved in the software.
8. Then, repeat the procedure set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 25%, 30%, 35%,
40%, 45%, and 50%
9. Plot radiation versus black plate’s temperature (ST-3). Consider the value of ST-3 when it is
stable, after waiting some time. Check if the relation is proportional to the fourth power of the
emission black plate temperature.

IV. Emission Power II

This practice is very similar to the previous one, but now you place two surfaces for studying the
behaviour of the radiation coming from both of them. We will check, bi first knowing the temperature in
both surfaces, if the total emitted radiation corresponds to that coming from each one separately.

1. Connect the SCADA program TRTC.

2. Verify that all the temperature sensors and the heating resistance have been connected.
3. Fix a distance between the black plate and the resistance of 4 cm.
4. Fix a distance between a radiometer and the black plate of 4 cm.
5. Fix the distance between the radiometer and the second plate in 3 cm. Then, the
distance between the emitter and radiometer is 11 cm.
6. Start saving data through the button “save data” in software. Set the time between
samples 2 seconds.
7. Set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 30%
8. Wait until the thermocouple measurement is stable. These results will be saved in the
software.
9. Then, repeat the procedure set a power for the heating resistance AR-1 of 35%, 40%,
45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%

6 Data and Results:

Course: CHE 409 Experiment No: 5

Group No: 2 Section: CH42FB1
Group Members: Mawilat, Kris Marielle Date Performed: 10/04/2018
ABAD, Jacquelyn Marti, Benedick Jayson Date Submitted: 10/08/2018
Bautista, Kim Miranda, Patricia Mae Instructor: Engr. Efren Chavez
Dalawampu, Ian Ortilla, Pauline Marie

Inverse of the Distance Square Law for the Radiation

Resistance power = 40%

1/(distance)2
Radiation (W/m2) Distance (cm) (1/cm)2

3 10 0.01
3 15 0.0044
4 20 0.0025
4 25 0.0016
4 30 0.0011
3 35 0.00082
2 40 0.00063
Resistance power = 35%
1/(distance)2
Radiation (W/m2) Distance (cm) (1/cm)2

3 10 0.01
3 15 0.0044
3 20 0.0025
4 25 0.0016
3 30 0.0011
2 35 0.00082
2 40 0.00063

Resistance power = 30%

1/(distance)2
Radiation (W/m2) Distance (cm) (1/cm)2

3 10 0.01
3 15 0.0044
3 20 0.0025
4 25 0.0016
3 30 0.0011
2 35 0.00082
2 40 0.00063

Resistance power = 25%

1/(distance)2
Radiation (W/m2) Distance (cm) (1/cm)2

3 10 0.01
3 15 0.0044
3 20 0.0025
4 25 0.0016
2 30 0.0011
2 35 0.00082
2 40 0.00063

Resistance power = 20%

1/(distance)2
Radiation (W/m2) Distance (cm) (1/cm)2

4 10 0.01
3 15 0.0044
3 20 0.0025
3 25 0.0016
3 30 0.0011
 2 35 0.00082
2 40 0.00063

Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-3) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C)
20 27.1 4
25 27.2 5
30 27.3 5
35 27.4 5
40 27.5 5
45 27.6 6
50 27.8 6

Emission Power I
Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-1) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C)
20 25.5 1
25 25.5 2
30 25.5 2
35 25.5 2
40 25.5 3
45 25.5 3
50 25.5 3

Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-2) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C)
20 25 1
25 25.1 1
30 25.2 1
35 25.3 1
40 25.4 2
45 25.5 2
50 25.7 2

Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-4) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C)
 20 26.3 6
25 26.5 7
30 26.7 7
35 26.9 7
40 27 8
45 27.1 8
50 27.2 8

Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-4) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C)
20 26.3 6
25 26.5 7
30 26.7 7
35 26.9 7
40 27 8
45 27.1 8
50 27.2 8

Emission Power II
Black plate’s Black plate’s
AR-1 resistance power
Temperature (ST-3) Temperature (ST-4) Radiation (W/m2)
(%)
(°C) (°C)
30 27.5 25.6 2
35 27.6 25.5 2
40 27.8 25.5 2
45 27.8 25.4 2
50 28 25.4 2
55 28.2 25.4 1
60 28.4 25.4 2

Kirchhoff’s Law
AR-1 resistance power Water Temperature
Radiation (W/m2)
(%) (°C)
30 26.7 3
35 26.8 4
40 26.9 4
45 27 4
50 27.1 5
55 27.2 5
60 27.3 5

Area Factors
 Plate’s
Horizontal Dimension
Temperature Radiation (W/m2)
(cm)
(°C)
0.5 27.7 7
1 30.2 12
2 32.2 17
3 34.9 24
4 37.1 29
5 38.6 33
6 40.3 38
7 41.6 41
8 42.6 44

7. Interpretation of Data

Based on the experiment conducted, it was observed that the radiation intensity in a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance to the radiation source surface. It was also observed that the
radiometer shows the intensity of the radiation received but not emitted radiation by the hot surface. The
values we got from the experiment conforms to the graph which was presented in the discussion in the
laboratory manual, the radiation measured is low during the nearest and farthest distances, but it is at its
highest at the middle distance.

8. Conclusion:

Therefore, with this experiment, students are able to see the effect of radiation. Radiation is the emission
of energy as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization. Through
this experiment, we still might not see it but we can see it happening through the measurements read by
the equipment.

9. Questions and Answers:

1. Define the following:
a. absorptivity
- is defined as the fraction of the energy incident on a body that is absorbed by the body.
b. reflectivity
- is an optical property of material, which describes how much light is reflected from the material in relation
to an amount of light incident on the material.
c. transmissivity
- is the rate at which water passes through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient.
d. emissivity
- is defined as the ratio of the energy radiated from a material's surface to that radiated from a blackbody
(a perfect emitter) at the same temperature and wavelength and under the same viewing conditions.
2. What is the view factor F21 of a sphere (1) of diameter D inside a cubical box (2) of length L=D?
Since the sphere only sees the cubical box: view factor F12=1.0

A2=Ac=6Lc2=6D2

𝝅
𝑭𝟐𝟏 =
𝟔

3. A space satellite in the shape of a sphere is travelling in outer space, where its surface temperature
is held at 283.2 K. The sphere sees only outer space, which can be considered as a black body
with a temperature of 0 K. the polished surface of the sphere has an emissivity of 0.1. Calculate
the heat loss per m2 by radiation?
𝑄 = 𝛼𝜀(𝑇𝑆4 − 𝑇𝐴4 )
𝑊
𝑄 = (5.67 × 10−8 2 ) (0.1)(283.2 − 0)𝐾
𝑚 − 𝐾4
𝑾
𝑸 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 𝟐
𝒎
4. A plane surface having an area of 1.0 m is insulated on the bottom side and is placed on the
2

ground exposed to air at 290 K, and the convective heat transfer coefficient from air is 12 W/m 2-
K. The plane radiates to clear sky. The effective radiation temperature of the sky can be assumed
as 80 K. if the plane is a black body, calculate the temperature of the plane at equilibrium.
5. A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD of 0.1683 m has a surface
temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed to air at 297.1 K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat
loss for 0.305 m of pipe from natural convection plus radiation. For the steel pipe, use an ε of 0.79.
1
77.8 4 𝑊
ℎ𝑐 = 1.32 ( ) = 6.121 2
0.1683 𝑚 −𝐾
4 4
374.9 297.1
( 100 ) − ( 100 ) 𝑊
ℎ𝑟 = (0.79)(5.676) [ ] = 6.895 2
374.9 − 297.1 𝑚 −𝐾

𝑊
ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟 = 13.016
𝑚2 − 𝐾
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(0.1683)(0.305) = 0.1613 𝑚2

𝑞 = (ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟 )𝐴∆𝑇
𝑞 = (13.016)(0.1613)(77.8) = 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟑

12. Further Readings

Geankoplis, Christie, Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes
13. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
RUBRIC FOR MODERN TOOL USAGE
(Engineering Programs)
Student Outcome (e): Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering
practice in complex engineering activities.
Program: Chemical Engineering Course: CHE 409 Section: _______ ____Sem SY ________
Performance Unsatisfactory Developing Satisfactory Very Score
Indicators 1 2 3 Satisfactory
4
1. Apply Fails to identify Identifies Identifies modern Recognizes the
appropriate any modern modern techniques and is benefits and
techniques, techniques to techniques able to apply constraints of
skills, and perform but fails to these in modern
modern discipline- apply these in performing engineering tools
tools to specific performing discipline-specific and shows
perform a engineering discipline- engineering task. intention to apply
discipline- task. specific them for
specific engineering engineering
engineering task. practice.
task.
2. Demonstrate Fails to apply Attempts to Shows ability to Shows ability to
skills in any modern apply modern apply apply the most
applying tools to solve tools but has fundamental appropriate and
different engineering difficulties to procedures in effective modern
techniques problems. solve using modern tools to solve
and modern engineering tools when engineering
tools to problems. solving problems.
solve engineering
engineering problems.
problems.
3. Recognize Does not Recognizes Recognizes the Recognizes the
the benefits recognize the some benefits benefits and need for benefits
and benefits and and constraints of and constraints of
constraints constraints of constraints of modern modern
of modern modern modern engineering tools engineering tools
engineering engineering engineering and shows and makes good
tools. tools. tools. intention to apply use of them for
them for engineering
engineering practice.
practice.
Total Score
Mean Score = (Total Score / 3)
Percentage Rating = (Total Score / 12) x 100%
Evaluated by: Engr. Crispulo G. Maranan March 7, 2018
Printed Name and Signature of Faculty Member Date