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Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
1.1 Introduction
Mung bean, scientifically known as Vigna radiate and commonly known as Monggo in
the Philippines, is considered as one of the cheapest major sources of food and protein in the
country. Aside from its protein content, mung bean also has an abundant amount of
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals (Garde, 2014). According to the Philippine Statistics
Authority, the production of mung bean in the first three (3) months of 2019 increased by 2.6
percent compared to the previous year. Also, Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, the
Philippines, and Indonesia, have developed early mature mung beans over time (World Vegetable
Center, 2010). Moreover, mung bean has many uses; it can be eaten as a vegetable by its tender
pods, a soap replacement derived from its flour, and its ripe seeds are considered an important
diet component.
Soil is the foundation of basic system function in the ecosystem. It gives the plant the
minerals and nutrients it needs for its growth. It also provides air for gaseous exchange between
roots and atmosphere, filters the water and regulates the Earth's temperature. But due to some
natural factors such as climate change, and man-made causes such as land misuse and soil
management, the soil is susceptible to degradation (Lal, 2018). Countries in Asia and Africa,
which depend upon agriculture as the engine of economic growth, are believed to suffer the
greatest impact of soil degradation. In the Philippines, soil degradation is one of the most serious
ecological problems today. The National Action Plan for 2004 to 2010 identified soil degradation
as a major threat to food security in the country (Perez et al. 2010).
Due to some natural factors such as climate change, and artificial causes such as land
misuse and poor soil management, the soil is susceptible to degradation. Taking crops from the
soil and not replacing it can also deplete the soil and its resources, such as nutrients and support
to the root of the plant (Lal, 2018). As a result, plant or crop growth is affected.
Urban area soil has normally been altered and modified mainly because of urban
development that affects the soil profile and soil quality. Urbanization also affects the soil’s
natural functions, such as osmosis (movement of water), ventilation, and it also affects the
number of nutrients of the soil or soil organic matter received (Handayani et al., 2017).
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Despite the pressing issue of soil degradation; its contributions to climate change and
effects on safe food production, healthy soil is still not as accessible. Thus, the researchers of this
study aimed to test whether there is a significant difference in plant growth between those
planted in Urban Area Soil and an alternative milk soil.
Soil pollution, one of the major contributors to climate change, is often found in Urban Area
Soil. With the idea of this alternative soil, urban farmers and normal citizens inclined to home
gardening can now have another option. They are no longer limited to simply commercial soil
they can buy from local shops, such as Cartimar; where the soil’s source, way of production and
nutritional content is questionable.
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1.2.2 Objectives
This study aims to:
Calculate the factors that affect the health of Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil.
Determine the difference between mung bean growth planted in Urban Area Soil and
Milk-Ingested Soil.
Generate an alternative medium to grow healthier plants in urban areas.
2. What is the height in centimetres of the mung bean plants after daily measurement
if planted in
3. How long does it take for the mung bean to produce a leaf if it is planted in
4. Is there a difference between the number of mung beans that sprouted in Urban
Area soil and in alternative milk soil?
5. How much is the height difference between the mung bean planted in Urban Area
soil and alternative milk soil?
6. What are the difference in the time it took for mung bean to grow in Urban Area
soil and the alternative milk soil?
Analyzed soils from some parts of Luzon, Philippines indicated that it has a high clay
content, which hinders the growth of crops. Also, all the soil that was tested has fertility
limitation, mainly soils that have a high acidic content. The prevalence of these constraints
depends mostly on the type of soil, location, and parent substance or bedrock (Michelle
Calubaquib et al., 2016). Additional to this, Iqbal concluded that puddling techniques, especially
in crop cultivation, can cause maximum damage to the soil and its physical quality indicators
(2014).
Applications of milk can positively influence the growth of crops, thus increasing soil
nutrient levels and from adequate to high (Hilshey & Bosworth, 2014). Also, high-concentrations
of milk is an effective alternative in preventing powdery mildew —fungal disease on plants, on
crop production (Bettiol et al., 2014). These studies help prove that milk is one beneficial
ingredient in creating an alternative soil.
Mung beans require slightly acidic soil for best growth because its root growth can be
restricted on heavy clays. Mung beans do not tolerate saline soils and can show severe iron
chlorosis symptoms and certain micronutrient deficiencies on more alkaline soils. (Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2015)
1.6 Hypotheses
To measure the difference between the number of mung beans that sprouted in Urban
Area Soil and in alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no difference between the number of mung beans sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a difference between the number of mung beans sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
To measure the height difference between the mung bean planted in Urban Area Soil and
alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no height difference between the mung beans that sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a height difference between the mung beans that sprouted in Urban Area
Soil and alternative milk soil.
To determine the difference in the time it took for mung bean to grow in Urban Area Soil
and the alternative milk soil, the researchers will test if:
H0 - There is no difference in the duration it took for the mung beans to grow in Urban
Area Soil and alternative milk soil.
H1 - There is a difference in the duration it took for the mung beans to grow in Urban
Area Soil and alternative milk soil.
1.7 Theoretical Framework
Figure 1.1
A study entitled: “Evaluation of natural fertilizer extracted from expired dairy products as
a soil amendment” conducted on January 2018 by Eissa, Nasralla, Gomah, and Osman helped
the researchers to generate the accurate solution for the environmental problem recognized and
prove that the suggested solution is practicable since both studies are related.
The study by Eissa et al focused on the environmental issue of discarding dairy products which
contain a high level of minerals and organic materials that can be the root of pollution in our
environment and loss of resources. To eliminate the problem and achieve an integrated
ecosystem, the solution for environmental pollution and resources loss is through recycling
expired dairy products.
"Greenhouse trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of
natural fertilizer extracted from expired dairy products. Expired dairy
products powder (EDPP) was applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum
vulgar) plants grown on pots filled with sandy soil. The experiment
contained three treatments: (C) control without any fertilization, (IF)
inorganic fertilization (a mixture of inorganic fertilizers at a rate of 500
mg N + 150 mg P + 100 mg K /pot) and (EDPP) at a rate of 1% (10
g/pot)."
Improved
Milk-Ingested Soil Healthier Soil Plant Growth
Dependent
Calcium Height
Time it took to
sprout
The researchers had observed that the soil, the outer layer covering the earth, is degrading
because of the increasing rate of construction projects and activities in urban areas that
vegetation is becoming impracticable. “Urbanization causes the creation of heat islands.
Materials like concrete, asphalt, bricks, etc. absorb and reflect differently than vegetation and
soil“(Bhuvandas, 2012). “In most developing countries, development is attached to land
degradation” (Ibitoye, 2010).
Citizens have a certain amount of nutrition to achieve in order to be functional in the
society. This nutrition is attained by consuming fruits and vegetables which are produced through
vegetation. Because most of the populations are living in urban areas, it is also where different
constructions occur. With the on-going projects, the soil is becoming unhealthy for vegetation.
The variables included in this study are: (1) The growth of the mung bean. The
researchers will use mung beans as the dependent variable because it is fast-growing, therefore,
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fast collection of data. (2) Milk-ingested soil. The researchers will use milk as the main
ingredient for the Milk-Ingested Soil product as an independent variable because milk contains
many of the nutrients needed like calcium and phosphorus to serve as a soil. This variable will be
controlled by the researchers to produce the desired outcome (dependent variable) in
experimenting.
If the Milk-Ingested Soil is formulated properly and obtain the nutrients needed to ensure
the growth of a plant and if the environment is exquisite for vegetation, there is a possibility that
the sprout planted will grow healthy.
Chapter II
Research Methodology
Chapter III
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Mung bean will be used as the dependent variable knowing that it is fast-growing, and
therefore helpful to the study. Furthermore, Urban Area Soil will serve as the independent
variable, while Milk-Ingested Soil is the controlled variable and is purely experimental, which
intends to produce a healthier plant.
In summary, the main objectives of this study are: (1) to emphasize the factors that affects
the health of plants planted in distinct soils, specifically Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil,
(2) to discern the difference of the mung bean planted in Urban Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil,
and lastly, (3) to establish an effective alternative medium of horticulture (small scale gardening)
in urban areas.
3.2 Demographics
As aforementioned, using Slovin's formula, a total of 80 grams of mung beans will be
used as the sample size out of one hundred grams of market-bought mung beans. This indicates
the total grams of mung beans that will be used throughout the experiment. Thus, a total of 80
grams will be divided into two: 40 grams for the Urban Area Soil and the remaining 40 grams for
the Milk Alternative Soil. The 20 grams of soil (3.5 inches deep) and 200 milliliters of Bear
Brand Sterilized Milk were thoroughly mixed together. The mung beans are planted 1.5 inches
deep in to the soil with a 1-centimeter gap in between each bean. After planting the mung beans,
the soil was watered evenly until moist.
Table 1
Z-test for Plant Growth (Height)
On the 10th day of experimentation, there were a total of 37 mung bean sprouts in the
urban area soil while there were 43 mung bean sprouts on the milk-ingested soil. The p value is
0.999. Hence, there is no significant difference in the number of sprouts planted in urban and
milk-ingested soil.
In addition, there is also a significant difference in the number of mung beans that
sprouted in Urban Area Soil (M=33, SD=13.03) and Milk-Ingested Soil (M=24.9, SD=15.26)
conditions; z (18) = 1.27647475822263, p=0.202.
Table 2
Z-test for Plant Growth (Sprouts)
The time it took for the mung bean to produce leaves in the urban area soil is 96 hours.
On the other hand, the milk-ingested soil took 92 hours to generate leaves. The p value is 0.334.
Hence, there is no significant difference in the time it took for the mung beans to sprout.
Lastly, significant difference is also found in the time it took for mung beans to generate
leaves in Urban Area Soil (M=45, SD=63.63) and Milk-Ingested Soil (M=55.5, SD=78.48)
conditions; z (2) = 0.14, p=1.95.
Table 3
Z-test for Plant Growth (Leaf Generation)
Urban Area Milk-ingested
Mean 45 55.5
Known Variance 4050 6160.5
Observations 2 2
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Z 0.14695379
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.441584247
z Critical one-tail 1.644853627
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.883168494
z Critical two-tail 1.959963985
These results suggest that those planted in Milk-Ingested Soil certainly affect plant
growth. Specifically, the results imply that plant growth is more susceptible when milk is
ingested to the soil.
Chapter IV
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
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4.2 Conclusion
The factors used in this study to determine the difference in plant growth between Urban
Area Soil and Milk-Ingested Soil were measured. Those factors include the height of the mung
bean plants after 10 days, the time it took to produce leaves, and the number of mung beans that
sprouted. Tallying the data, the Milk-Ingested Soil did prove to have a positive difference in
contrast with Urban Area Soil. However, in connection with the data gathered, it is implied that
this difference is not statistically significant. Furthermore, certain levels of dairy mixtures were
used in the study of Eissa et al., proving that Expired Dairy Products were effective as organic
fertilizer; while in this study, market-bought milk was used for the convenience of people living
in urban areas but failed to improve plant growth.
4.3 Recommendations
This new data acquired can be utilized by the farmers and gardeners, consumers, and
future researchers.
This research can be used as a supporting study to prove that milk-ingested soil is
effective but it does not give a statistically significant value when it is compared to urban area
soil. To address the knowledge gap, the following statements should be considered. The pot size,
amount of water, soil volume and bean spacing should be proportional to each other. These
factors can contribute to the failure of the experimentation. It is important to identify what can
make the results improve so that it may generate statistically signifacnt differences.
References
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Garde, E. (2014, December 9) Mung bean, the cheapest protein source. Retrieve from:
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/382161.
Perez et al. (2009, January). A review of soil degradation in the Philippines. Retrieve from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259884368_A_review_of_soil_degradation_in_the_Phi
lippines.
Candel et al. (2018, August 29).Physical Properties of Soils Affected by the Use of Agricultural
Waste.Retrieve from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/agricultural-waste-and-
residues/physical-properties-of-soils-affected-by-the-use-of-agricultural-waste.
Chibuike, C. U & Obiora, S. C. (2014, August 12).Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants
and Bioremediation Methods.Retrieve from:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2014/752708/.
Bettiol, et al. (2014, January).Diseases in tropical and plantation crops as affected by climate
changes: Current knowledge and perspectives.Retrieve from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229571860_Diseases_in_tropical_and_plantation_crop
s_as_affected_by_climate_changes_Current_knowledge_and_perspectives.
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Chadha, M. L. (2010).The Mung Bean description of plant.Retrieve
from:https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/MUNGBE
AN.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjUx7KcuZ7lAhUb7WEKHVI3C9kQFjAAegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2
DLaOKHghcltKr3aOKHGNh.
Eissa, et al. (2018).Evaluation of natural fertlizer extracted from expired dairy products as a soil
ammendment. Retrieve from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-
95162018000300694.
Appendices
A. Research instruments
Measuring instrument – for controlling the amount of water and powdered milk
Weighing scale – to determine the quantity of mung bean planted on the two different
pots of soil
B. Data Analysis
C. Gallery
Day 1
Day 2
20
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
21
Day 6
Day 7
22
Day 8
Day 9
23
Day 10