iuld,Sk o¾Yk iïm%odhkag miqìu ieliQ tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ(

od¾Yksl úu¾Ykhla'
fca'tï'w¾' pdu,S chisxy

ye|skaùu(-
hq.m%j¾;lhd hehs kï ,nkafka tjlg f,dj isá Wiia;;u od¾Ykslhd ldkaÜ nj
mejiSug fndfyda od¾Ykslhka ue,s fkdjqKq ksidu fkdj" ldkaÜhdkq wjêfhau fndfyda
Ñka;lhska yd o¾Ykjd§ka isáh o TjQyq lsisúgl;a ldkaÜf.a od¾Yksl;ajhg fkdmeñKs
ksid úh yel'

ldkaáhdkq ú{dkjdoh(Kantian Idealism) iu`.ska úlis; jQ kQ;k o¾Ykh(Modern

Philosophy) ;=< muKla ldkaÜ fkdkejf;k nj;a miqj meñfKk iuld,Sk o¾Yk
iuqm%odhka jk"

 iuld,Sk úYaf,aIs o¾Ykh(Contemporary Analytical Philosophy)

 uydoaùmsl o¾Ykh(Continental Philosophy)

hk iïm%odhka iu`.o w;aje,a ne|.;a;d jQ iqúfYaIs od¾Yksl moaO;shla ldkaÜ i;=jQ

nj;a i|ykalsÍu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ'

oywg jk Y;j¾Ifha isg úistla fjks ishji olajd ld,h ;=< m%ldYhg m;a jQ
úYaf,aIs - uydoaúmsl od¾Yksl .eg¨j idlÉPd lsÍug ldkaÜf.a o¾Ykh w;HdjYHh'

ls%'j'1724 wfm%a,a 22" kef.kysr m%ishdfõ lks.aian¾.a ys Wmka fudyq c¾uka

iNH;ajfha uqÿkau, f,i ms<s.;a c¾uka wdf,dalh keu;s hq.fha cSj;aúh' m%xY úma,jfha
m%Odk;u wkq.dñlfhl= jQ w;r" kefmda,shdkq yuqodjka úiska mejiq ksoyi" ifydaor;ajh yd
iudkd;au;dj b;d wf.afldg i,ld we;' úpdrd;aul nqoaêhla .fõIKYS,S ukila ;snQ
ldkaÜ 1755 § muK wdpd¾h Wmdêh ,nd" 1770 § muK lks.aian¾.a úYaj úoHd,fha o¾Yk
úIh ms<sn| uydpd¾h moúh ,nd.;a w;r 1804 fmnrjdß 12 fjks Èk fuf,dúka iuq.kakd
f;lau o¾Ykfha Wkak;sh Wfoid l< lemùu buy;ah'

od¾Yksl m%fõYh
ldkaáhdkq Ñka;khg úreoaOj l;dlrkafkl=g jqj o fudyqf.a od¾Yksl odhl;ajh
wu;l lrñka iuld,Sk ngysr o¾Ykh ;=< mekkef.k o¾Yk iïm%odhka ms<sn| idlÉPd
l< fkdyel'

- 36 -
 ngysr o¾Yk b;sydifha kQ;k wjêh ksfhdackh lrkakdjQ m%Odk Ñka;k Odrd 03
kï"

 nqoaêjdoh
 wdkqN+;sjdoh
 ldkaáhdkq úfõpl o¾Ykh hs'

ñksid ±kqu ,nd.kafka flfia o@ hk od¾Yksl m%Yakh uq,alr.ksñka bÈßm;ajQ

nqoaêjd§ka ms<s.;af;a iyc ixl,amhka u; mqoa., {dkh f.dvkef.k njhs' m%d.dkqN+;sl
f,i ±kqu wmf.a ukfia ks,Skj mj;sk nj mjik fälaÜ" iamsfkdaid" ,hsìksÜia hk
od¾Ykslfhda fuh ksfhdackh l<y' ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh" .;sluh idOlhka" m%d.dkqN+;s
úYaf,aIKhka ish,a,u wdkqN+;sfhka f;dr nj;a fïjd u; f.dvkef.k {dkfha nqoaêjdÈ
moku i;Hg fyda h:d¾:hg jvd im%udKjk nj;a ms<s.;ay'

Wod(- iEu jeys Èkhlau f;;ukh we;s Èkhls'

fï ;=< we;af;a ks.dñ úYaf,aIs ß;shlska f.dvkef.kakd jQ Ñka;k moaO;shls'

fuh m%;sfCIam lrñka f.dvke.=Kq wdkqN+;sjd§ka ms<s.kafka Woa.dó ;¾lhhs" mYapd;a

wdkqN+;sl;ajhhs' ±kqfï W,am; bkaøSh m%;HCIh jk w;r fuys wdrïNlhd jk fcdaaka f,dla
mjikafka ñksia uki iajdNjfhkau zzmsßisÿ ysia mqjrejla˜^Tabula Rasa) jeks njhs' fï
;=< ±kqu f.dvke.Sug kï mxfÉkaøshka u.ska ,nd.kakd wruqKq ukig m%fCIamkh úhhq;=
nj;a f,dla mjihs' fcda¾ca n¾laf,a" fäúâ yshqï fuys wkq.dñlhkah' ixiaÓ;sl wdkqN+jd§
od¾Ykslfhka jk yshqï miqld,Sk ldkaáhdkq od¾Yksl u;j,g fnfyúka n,md we;'
úoHd;aul {dk mokuo bkaøsh m%;HCIh uq,alr .kakd w;r tys mßCIK" ksÍCIK"
iïmßCIK ish,a, bksøshdkqN+; WmkHdi uq,alrf.k isÿjk nj fudjqkaf.a ms<s.ekSuhs'

ldkaáhdkq úfõpl o¾Ykh ^{dkúNd.h/Epistomology&

by; ±lajq idïm%odhsl {dkúNd.d;aul iïm%odhka folgu mCI fkdjQ ldkaÜ ta
foflau ,CIK Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka {dkh iïnkaOfhka kj;u od¾Yksl woyilg m%fõY
úh'

ksõfgdakshdkq úoHdj" m¾ishdkQ ixialD;sh yd iNH;ajh" rEfidaf.a woyia fukau

fäúâ yshqï keu;s ì%;dkH wdkqN+jd§ od¾Ykslhd ldkaÜf.a od¾Yksl woyia Wfoid
fnfyúka u n,md ;sfí' ldkaÜf.a lD;Ska j, úoHdjla jYfhka bÈßm;a l<yels ´kEu
wkd.; mrfN!;sl úoHdjlg m%ia:djkdjla ys úuiqfï ;udf.a wdodk.%dyS kskafoka ;udj
wjêlf<a fäúâ yshqï úiskehs ldkaÜ u mjid we;' yshqïf.a fya;=M, úYaf,a IKh fudyqg
;Èkau n,mE w;r yshqï úiska m%Yak lrkq ,enQ fya;=-M, ixl,amh" Woa.ukh" ld,-
wjldYh" frfka fäldÜia ksh;Ska f,i .;a wd;auh" úYajh" foúhka jykafia wdÈ ish¨

- 37 -
ixl,am o uOHld,Sk foajO¾uh" ksÜfgdakshdkq úoHdj wd§ ish,a,u o ksidfjka
tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ g o¾Ykhg msúisug isÿjqfha .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhlh'

tfia meñKs ldkaÜ úiska yshqï neyerl<djQ Wla; ish¨ ixl,amkhka ms<s.; yels
kj od¾Yksl moku;a we;s lrk ,§' tjka ixl,am wdkqN+;slj mj;sk njg ;yjqre l<
fkdyelsjQj;a m%d.dkqN+;slj mj;sk njg ldkaÜ ;¾l lrhs'

úêu;a njlska hq;a {dkúNd.h (Epistomology) ;=< ldkaÜ {dkh f,i woyia lf<a
i¾jidOdrK úoHd;aul {dkhhs' wm úIh jia;+ka olskafka tAjd mj;sk f,iska fkdj"
yqfola wm mj;sk wdldrfhka nj mjik ldkaÜg ksõfgdakshdkq fN!;sl úoHdj yd
,hsìksÜia" fjd,a*a jekakkaf.a we;eï ,CIK o n,md ;sfí' ;jo ndysr fN!;sl f,dj
mj;akd lsisu fohla tf,iskau oel.; fkdyel hk u;h ldkaÜg ,eî we;af;a úoHd;aul
Ñka;kfhks' fufia úúO wxYhkaf.ka fmdAIKh ,eî ;snqK o ldkaÜf.a úfYaI;ajh jkafka
idïm%odhsl u;su;dka;r yd ms<s.ekSï m%;sfCIam lr tAjd úfõpkd;aulj fmdaIKh lrñka
;udgu iqjfYaIS jQ kj o¾Ykhla bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

kso(-

uki

ixfõokSh wdlD;s wjfndaOkSh mod¾:

ld,h wjldYh .=Kh" m%udKh" m%ldrh" iïnkaOh

{dkúNd.fha moku ielfikafka ld,h yd wjldYh keu;s m%d.dkqN+;l

s ixfõok
wdlD;s yd m%udKh" .=Kh" m%ldrh" iïnkaOh hk wjfndaOkSh mod¾: ;=< bkaøsh
m%;HCIfhka nj ldkaÜ mjik w;r {dkh f.dvke.sug wjYH wuqøjH ,efnkafka
wdkqN+;sfhkah' fuh miqj úêu;a ±kqula njg m;alrkafka wjfndaOkh fyj;a nqoaêh u.sks'
{dkuh wuqøjH wNsixialrKh lsÍu i|yd wm;+< iajdNdjfhka u mj;sk m%d.dkqN+; ±kqula
we;' tkï ld,h yd wjldYhhs'

mYapd;a wdkqN=;sl ±kqu" m%d.dkqN+; ld, yd wjldY rduq ;=<g we;=,;alr tu.ska
ixialrKh lrk ,o ±kqula ´kEu fohla (Any objects/Any things) ms<sn|j wmg we;'
tfia ixialrKh jkafka wjfndaOkSh mod¾: fod<ila Tiafiah'

kso(- 01'm%udKh - tal;ajh" úúO;ajh" iuia:h

02'.=Kh - h:dN+;h" m%;sfIaOkh" iSudj
03'iïnkaOh - ffki¾.sl;ajh" fya;=M,;ajh" iuQy;ajh
04'm%ldr;dj - i;aNdjh" i;a;ajh" wdjYHl;ajh

- 38 -
 fuu mod¾:hka yd ld, wjldYh hk wdlD;Ska tlla wfkl u; hefmñka
wfkHdakH iïnkaOfhka ls%hdlrhs' ta wkqj wmg ,efnkakd jQ bkaøSh ixfõokhka w¾:j;a
lrkafka nqoaêSfhks' tfiau nqoaêhg {dkh mqnqÿjd,kakg ixfõok wjYHuh' ixcdkkh
úrys; Ñka;kh ysiajk w;r wjfndaOk úrys; ixl,am wkaOh'

fujka m¾fhaIKhkays,d ldkaÜ fufyhùu i|yd úúO fya;=idol n,mEjo ta

ish,af,ka fjkiaj fudyq ;u {dkúNd.h kjdldrfhka f.dvke.=fõh' fï iïnkaOj Tyq
,shQ jeo.;a .%ka: lsysmhls' tkaï"

01' Y=oaO úpdrfha mßCIdj (Critique of pure Reason-1781)

02' m%fhda.sl úpdrfha mßCIdj (Critique of Practical Reason-1787)
03' úksYapfha mÍCIdj (Critique of Judgement-1970)
jYfhks'

m<uq lD;sh b;d jeo.;ajk w;r fuys kshdul m%Yakh jQfha ±kqu flfia ìysjkafka
o@ hkakhs' m<uq úpdrh jYfhka fuhg fnfyúkau wdl¾IKh ù we;af;a úYaf,aIs
o¾Ykhhs'

fojk úpdrh jk m%dfhda.sl úpdrfha mÍCIdj ógjvd fjkiah' fuys iodpdrfha

Wodr;ajh ms<sìUq fõ' iodpdr cSú;h o¾Ykfha uQ,h nj fuysÈ myod fok w;r fuu lD;sh
o iñm ù we;af;a úYaf,aIs od¾Ykslhka iu`.h'

kuq;a fudyqf.a f;jk lD;sh jk úksYapfha mÍCIdj .kqfokq lrkafka

fi!kao¾hhd;aul fCIa;%h iu. jk w;r thska úYaf,aIs od¾Ykslhka neyerù we;' fuu
woyi iu`. iñm ù we;af;a uyoaúmsl od¾Ykslhkah' fudjqkaf.a o¾Ykhg fuu lD;sh
jeo.;a ù we;s w;r fuh jkdys m<uq yd fojk úpdrhkaf.a ^Y=oaO yd m%dfhda.sl fya;=j&
iqixfhda.hls'

fï wkqj tïuekqfj,a ldkaÜ keu;s hq.m%j¾;l od¾Ykslhd úYaf,aIs yd uydoaúmsl

hk iuld,Sk o¾Yk iïm%odhka ygo uy`.= odhl;ajhla iemhq nj lsjyelsh'

ldkaÜ ;=< we;s úYaf,aIs od¾Yksl wka;¾.;hka'

úúO woyia udOHfha wjidk jYfhka úYaf,aIs yd uydoaúmsl od¾Yksl iïm%odhka
folgu fmdÿ woyia ±lajQfha c¾uka ú{dkjdofha fmr.ukalre jk tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ h'
fuu iïm%odhka foflys mej;s m%Odk fjkialï mjd ;SrKh jkafka hful= úiska ldkaÜj
lshjk wdldrh wkqjh' kQ;k o¾Ykfha fYa%IaG;uhd f,i ie,flk fudyqf.a woyia
úYaf,aIs o¾Ykh Wfoid flfia odhl jkafka o@

m%d.dkqN+; {dkhla wmg we;ehs m%;HCI lsÍu;a {dkúNd.fha od¾Yksl jeo.;alu;a

hk m%Odk lrKq foflka ldkaÜ ,nd .;af;a f.!rjkSh ia:dkhls' ldkaáhdkq o¾Ykh
wrUk úg wikakdjQ Y=oaO .Ks;h we;súh yelafla flfiao@ hkak is;w
a okd" ÿIalr tlla
- 39 -
nj úYaf,aIs od¾Yksl n%¾g%kaâ ri,a mjid we;' fujka m%Yak yd ldkaÜf.a wdkQN+;s-W;a;r
o¾Ykh úisjk Y;j¾Ifha úYaf,aIs o¾Ykhg úYd, n,mEula lr we;' tmuKla fkdj
fudjqka ;¾l lf<a ldkaÜ Tjqkaf.a iajNdúl úoHdjka" .Ks;h" ;¾l Ydia;%h flf¾ o n,mE
njhs'

nqoaêjd§ iïm%odh fj;ska bf.kqu ,enQ ldkaÜ fâúâ yshqïf.a ixYhjdofhka ii,j
Bg ms<s;=re fiúug fhduqfõ' ldkaÜ fya;=-M, iïnkaOh muKla fkdj wxl .Ks;fha yd
cHdñ;sfha ish¨ m%ia;=; o ixiaf,aIs hehs mejiqfõh'

Wod(- 7+5=12

nqoaêjdÈ wkqN+;sjd§ woyia foflkau fmdaIKh jQ ldkaÜ nqoaêjdoSkaf.a m%ldY

wdkqN+;sjdÈkaf.a ;¾l u; iqixfhda.s lsÍug W;aiy lrhs' kuq;a fuys§ ri,a mjikafka
ldkaÜ ksjerÈ kï fyg 2+2=5 jk wkaoug wmf.a iajNdjh fjkia úh yels njhs' m%mxpfha
we;s ld, kshduh ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka m%mxph msgqmi we;s foa ;=< mj;sk .;s,CIK
u.ska hehs Tyqg ;jÿrg;a ie,lSug isÿfj;ehs o ri,a mjid we;' wmf.a ;¾lfha yrh
i|yd fuh m%udKj;a h' fï ksid ldkaÜf.a úi÷u m%d.dkqN+;sl m%ia;=;j, ksYaÑ;;dj
ú.%ylsÍug wiu;a fukau tajfha úIh m:h o isud lrhs' fufia úfõpk t,a, l< o"
m%d.dkqN+;l
s {dkh ms<sn| l;dlsÍug ;jÿrg;a fudjqka fhduqjQfha ldkaÜ ksidh'

ldkaÜ úiska o¾Ykh ;=< we;s l< fldm¾kslka úma,jh jeo.;ah' fï;a iu`.
úpdrd;aulj iïnkaO jQjka w;r ri,a muKla fkdj úYaf,aIs o¾YKfha m%OdkSka jQ f*%ca"
uqj¾" úÜ.kaiaghska" ;d¾lsl h:dkqN+;jdÈka fukau weußldkq Wmfhd.s;djdÈka o m%Odk fõ'
ldkaÜf.a m%:u úpdrh jk Y=oaO úpdrfha mßCIdfõ yd fojk úpdrh jk m%dfhda.sl
úpdrfha mßCIdj hk lD;Ska iu`. tys {dkúNd.d;aul lrKq ms<sn| fudjqka fnfyúka
ie,ls,su;aj we;' fuu iuld,Sl o¾Ykfha jeo.;a fldg i,lk {dkúNd.h"
wêfN!;sjdofha kshu iajrEmh" foúhkaf.a meje;au" m%ia;=; úNd.h wd§ ixl,amhka fuys
Ndú;djk wkaoñka uq,ajrg mÍCIdlr we;af;a tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ jk w;r tu mÍCIdj,ska
iuld,Sk o¾Ykhg m%dKj;a wdf,dalhla o ,eî we;'

wmf.a m%cdkkh jia;k

+ a iu. wkql+,jk nj;a" m%d.dkqN+;sl foa iïnkaOj wmg
±kqula ,nd.; fkdyels nj;a" tfiau wmg ixYaf,aIs úksYaphka f.dvke.sh yels nj;a
hkdÈ ldkaÜf.a m%fõYhka iu. úisjk úhji mqrdjgu úYaf,aIs od¾Ykslhka .eà we;'
fuys § ldkaÜ olajk by; lreKq;a" ixYaf,aIs úksYaphka m%d.dkqN+;sl f,i mj;sk
wdldrh;a" wdkqN+;sfha jdia;úl moku ixl,amhka jk wdldrh;a jeks lreKq ms<sn|
fudjqka .eà we;s w;r" ldkaÜf.a úpdrd;aul ú{dkjdoh yd m%mxpuh yd ksIam%mxpuh
f,dalh;a ms<sn| woyia iu. o úYaf,aIs od¾Ykslhka .kqfokq lrhs'

ldkaÜg wkqj m%d.dkqN+;sl úpdrd;aul m%cdkkhg <.dúh yelafla oDYHudkhkalrd

ñi foaj,aj, h:d¾:hg fkdj' ld,h-wjldYh ;=< mj;sk m%mxpuh f,dj ixfõok
weiqfrka ±k.; yels w;r" wmf.a wdkqN+;sfhka úhqla; f,djla o we;' fuu lreKq ms<sn|

- 40 -
úuik n%¾g%kaâ ri,a jeks wh úfõpkd;aul ±laula fhduqlr we;' .Ks;uh ;¾l
Ydia;%{hka jYfhka ri,a yd f*aca hk fofokdu ldkaÜf.a uQ,O¾uhka jk hï hï fCIa;%
iïnkaOfhka ixYaf,aIs m%d.a- wdkqN+;sl ±kqula ,nd .; yel hkakg úreoaO fkdúK'
ri,af.a The problems of philosophy(1912) yd f*%ca(Frege) f.a Foundations of Arithmetic
hk lD;Ska fuysÈ jeo.;ah' f*%ca tysÈ lshd isáfha ldkaÜ ixYaf,aIs yd úYaf,aIs úksYaphka
tlsfkl fjkalr .ekSug w.kd fiajhla lrwe;s njhs'

ldkaÜf.a cHdñ;sl m%ia;=; iïnkaO woyia jk" iuia: Y=oaO .Ks;uh m%d.dkQN+;sl
jqjo" tajd úYaf,aIs fkdj" ixYaf,aIsh hkak f*%ca w.h lr we;' kuq;a ri,a óg fjkiaj
ldkaÜhdkq {dkúNd.h m%Yak lrhs' fudyq mjikafka ldkaÜf.a úiÿu m%d.dkqN+;sl
m%ia;=;j, ksYaÑ;dj úia;r lsÍug wiu;a jkjd fukau tAjdfha úIhm:h o iSud lrk njhs'
fudyqf.a m%d.dkqN+;sl {dkh neyer lrñka ri,a mjikafka m%d.dkqN+; {dkh jerÈ fkdfõ
kï th yqfolau wmf.a ukfia ixhq;sh ms<sn| {dkhla fkdj" f,dalfha udkisl yd udkisl
fkdjk yeufoaug u wod< jkakls' ri,ag wkqj ixYaf,aIs m%d.dkqN+;slhka u.ska i;H
m%d.dkqN+;l
s uQ,O¾uhka ,nd fkdfoa" i;H h:d¾:hla thska fkd,efí" ksYaÑ; hula
fkdlsh fõ' úc.Ks;fha ;sfnkakd jQ jeks i;Hhla ldkaáhdkq ixl,amfha ke;s nj;a" ld,-
wjldYfha oDYHudk iajNdjh o wisñ; m%udKhl foaj,a ;sîfï wjYH;djh o w;r
úixjdohla we;ehs o ri,a mjihs'

wjldYh yd ld,h ms<sn| is¥jq foa m%Yak lrñka m%d.dkqN+;sl uQ,O¾u u.ska úYajfha
iajNdjh úia;r lsÍfï m%h;akh ì|fy,s we;' ri,a bÈßm;a lrkafka ukfika fjkajQ
ld,fha n,mEug yiqfjk maf,af;daksl id¾j;%slhka jeks ùc.Ks;uh iodpdruh
i;Hhkah' ri,af.a Platonic Logical Realism ixYaf,aIs m%d.dkqN+;slhkag m%fõY ùfuka ri,a
w;ska ldkaÜj úfõpkh fõ' flfia fj;;a fuu lrKq j,g wkqj ri,a yd f*%ca hk
fofokdu ixYaf,aIs Ndjhla o f.k we;'

ldkaÜ ;==< jQ uydoaúmsl od¾Yksl wka;¾.;hka

uydoaùmsl yd úYaf,aIs iïm%odhkays fjki fukau ldkaÜf.a iïnkaO;d f;areï.;
yelafla hfula ldkaÜ lsjhk wdldrh u;h' uydoaùmsl o¾Ykh yd iïnkaOj Wiia
wNsu;d¾:hkaf.ka hq;a ldkaÜf.a f;jk úpdrh (Cririque of Judgement) ;=< fmrg jvd
fndfyda m%Yk lsßï ;snqKs' fïjd od¾Ykslj idOdrKslrKh l< yelsso@ fkdyelso@ hkak
úúO uydoaúmslhkag m%Yakhla ú we;snj;a fmfka' Tjqkag wjYHh jQfha ldkaÜhdkq oaffj;h
fjkqjg tlai;anj;a f.k taugh'

fï wkqj ldkaáhdkq n,mEu mYapd;ald,sk hqfrdamSh o¾Ykhg wh;a úúO wxYj,

fmfka' th c¾uksh" ì%;dkH" m%xYh hk rgj,o m%p,s; úh' tksid ldkaÜ jkdys úYaf,aIs yd
uydoaúmsl o¾Ykhkag fmdÿ wjika c¾uka Ñka;lhdh' ldkaÜ f.a Y+oaO úpdrfha mßCIdj
Tiafia m%fõY jqjfyd;a wmg uqK.efikafka {dkúNd.d;aul m%Yakhhs' úksYapfha mÍCIdj
- 41 -
Tiafia .shfyd;a uqK.efikafka fi!kao¾hhjd§ m%Yakhkah' ±kqu yd m%{dj w;r mr;rh
W.kajñka iodpdrh ±kqug fkdj" m%{djg iïnkaO hehs fmkajñka jákd woyia iuQyhla
ÿka uydoaúmsl o¾Ykh jvd;a csjudk m%Yak iu. isák ksid fuysÈ jeo.;a jkafka ldkaÜf.a
úksYapfha mÍCIdj (Cririque of Judgement) lD;sfha wka;¾.;hkah' fuu lD;fhaÈ ldkaÜ
W;aidy lf<a wjfndOkfha mod¾:hka yd wdpdr O¾u fCIa;%fha§ l;dlrk ksoyi ms<sn|
wjOdkh hk fCIa;%hka fol w;r md,ula ±óughs' ñksidg ysñ úksYaph lsrSfï mSGh u.ska
fuu md,u oud we;' úksYaph jkdys iajNdjoyu kï h:d¾:h yd ksoyi kï h:d¾:h w;r
tl.;ajhhs' fjk;a f,ilg lshkafka kï Y=oaO úpdrh yd fojkqj olajk m%fhda.sl úpdrh"
f;jk úpdrh ;=< tlg taldnoaO lrwe;'

ldkaÜf.a fuu woyia ±laùuhs" c¾uka ú{dkjdofha m%OdkSka jQ *SIafÜ" fya.,a"

fI,ska iy c¾udkq frduekaála jdofha od¾Ykslhkag n,md ;sfnkafka'

Wod(-

Kant

Critique of Pure Reason Critique of Practical Reason

(Nature/Theory) (01) (Freedom/Practical)
(02)
(Dualisms)
Critique of Judgment
Fichte (03) Marx
Hegel Feuerbach
Schelling

ldkaÜf.a f;jk úpdrfha uq,a fldgfia wjika Nd.fha ±lafjk ufkdargdj yd

ixfla;hka (Schema and Symbols) ms<sn| idlÉPdj ^uki úiska lsishï jia;=jla ukigu
kej; bÈßm;a lrk wdldrh ms<sn| m%Yak iuQyh& úisjk Y;j¾Ifha isÿ jQ uysoaúmsl
o¾Ykfha j¾Okhg uq,a fõ'

i;HjYfhka u c¾uka ú{dkjdoh f;areï .ekSug isÿjkafka uydoaúmsl od¾Yksl

m%fõYhla yd ldkaÜ úiska újD;l< od¾Yksl m%Yakhkag fkdfhla f,i ms<s;=re ÿka
m%jdohla f,i;ah' ldkaÜf.a úma,ùh jHdmD;sh iïmQ¾K lf<a Fichte, Hegle, Schelling jeks
mYapd;a ldkaáhdkq od¾Ykslhka h'

ldkaÜ úiska o¾Ykh ;=< msßúh fkdyels wdldrfha ysvila we;s lf<a oaffj;h
u.sks' fuh úIu oaffj;hls'

- 42 -
Wod(- 01' ixfõokh- wjfndaOkh
02' rdcHh-wka;¾.;h
03' nqoaêh-w;a±lSï
04' iajNdjh-ksoyi
05' Y=oaO-m%dfhda.sl
06' m%mxph-ksIam%mxph
07' ±k.; yels-±k.; fkdyels
08' m%.dkqN+;sl-mYapd;a wdkqN+;sl
09' ;¾l nqoaêh-wdkqN+;sh
jYfhka fuh isÿ ù we;'

fujka fn§ï ms<sfkd.kakd miq ú{dkjd§ka th blaujd .shy' thg fya;=j Ñka;kh
NdIdj u; mokï fkdùuhs' NdIdj fkdue;sj Ñka;kh we;súh yel'^fvdïials&

fuysÈ ldkaÜf.a n,mEug ,la jQ m%Odk;u od¾Ykslhd jQfha Johan Georg Hamann
(fcdaka fcda¾ca yuka) h' fudyq 1784 § Meta Critique of the Purism of Reason hk lD;sh
;=<ska m%;snqoaêjdohla u;=l, c¾udkq frduekaálajdÈfhls' fudyqf.a ixl,amh jQfha
wêúpdrh (Meta Critique) hkakhs' fuys wvx.= jQfha fi!kao¾hh yd ixialD;sl jHdmD;Skah'
fudyq ldkaÜf.a wdlD;sh yd wka;¾.;h tlsfkl fjk ù ;snQ o¾Ykh úfõpkh lf<ah'
yuka mjikafka w;a±lsfuka nqoaêh fjkal, fkdyels njh' fuh o¾Ykfha NdId;aul
yerjqulg wod< úh'

óg wu;rj ldkaÜf.a oaffj;h talrdYs lsÍfï wjYH;dj ÿr;shd ÿgqfõ ldkaÜf.a

n,mEug ,lajQ *SIafÜ h' fudyqf.a 1797 § The Doctor in Seience keu;s lD;sfha È
ldkaáhdkq oaffj;h tla;eka lrkafka cSjYla;sh (force of life) keu;s ixl,amfhks'
*SIafÜf.a m%Odk uQ,O¾uh jk iaj;ka;%;dj (freedom) m%Njh ù we;af;a ldkaÜf.a
wdkqN+;sfha tallfha n,mEug wkqjh' fï wkqj m%Odk fmf<a wdkqN+;s -W;a;rjdÈfhla jQ
fudjqg ldkaÜf.a iodpdr o¾Ykh fnfyúka n,md we;'

uydoaùmsl o¾Ykh iu. ldkaÜf.a iïnkaOh l;dlsßfï§ wmg yuqfjk ;j;a

jeo.;a od¾Ykslfhls fcda¾ca fya.,a' c¾uka o¾Ykfha uqÿkau,alv fya.,ag n,md we;af;a
ldkaf.a ksIam%mxphhs' ldkaÜj fydÈka wOHhkh lrñka Tyqf.a wvqmdvq olsñka Tyq iu.
wdorh yd oafõIh uqiq ne§ula we;s lrf.k we;' ldkÜaf.a Y=oaO úpdrh ;=< we;s Odk-
m%;sOdk ixl,amh fya.,ag ;Èkau n,md we;' kuq;a fndfyda úg ldkaÜj úfõpkh o lrhs'
;jo ldkaáhdkq iodpdr o¾Ykfhka .uHjk Ñka;k kshu" ;od;auHnj" i;a;dfõ kshuo
fya.,a ms<s.ks' fudyqf.a woyia f.k tAjd wNsnjd hk fya.,a ldkaÜf.a ksIam%mxphg kj
mKla ,nd fokafka Tyqf.a m%dK bkaøSh ixl,amfha icSúnj yrydh' —ldkaÜ ;uqfia
b;sydih .;af;a ke;af;a wehs@˜ hkqfjka fy.,a ldkaÜf.a woyia j, ÿ¾j,;d o olajd ;sfí'

- 43 -
 ;jo wd;añh ksoyi uydoaúmsl o¾Ykh ;=< iqjfYaIs jQ w;r" ldkaÜ úiska we;sl<
fn§ï j,g ms<s;=re jYfhka fya.,a yd fI,Ska hk fofokdu iajNdjoyu jkdys ukfiau
j¾Okhla f,i ms<sf.k we;' ldkaÜf.a fndfyda m%Yakhkag fufia ms<s;=re ,enqKq w;r"
fyaf.,shdkq o¾Ykh fldfcõ ^ Kojeve ) jekakka yryd m%xYfha od¾Yksl m%fndaOhla we;s
lsßug úYd, n,mEula lr we;'

c¾udkq od¾Yksl wd;¾ fIdm¾yj¾ i|ydo ldkaáhdkq wdNdih ,eî we;s w;r" Tyqf.a
,shk lurfha ldkaÜf.a Wvqlfha rEmhla fukau nqÿms<suhlao úh' Tyqg uy;a f.!rhjhla o
olajd we;' m<uq úpdrfha-wdkqN+;s f,dalh jkdys ukqIH nqoaêfhka ieliqKq m%mxp f,dalhhs
hk Ñka;dj fIdmkayj¾ o ms<s.ks' ta nj Tyqf.a uQ,sl b.ekaùï jk f,dalh jkdys udf.a
wNsm%dj yd ixl,amh u.ska cks; flfrk m%fCIamKhls hkafkka .uH fõ' ;jo ñksia nqoaê
wdh;k ;=< ksi.fhka u msysá wúoHd -udhd iajrEmhla we; hk woyi o ldkaÜf.a jk
w;r" tho fudyqg n,md we;ehs laf,ukaÜ fjí (Klement Webb) mjihs'

;jo uydoaùmsl o¾Ykh ;=< jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kakd m%mxp úoHdj wdrïN l<
tâukaâ yQi¾,a flfrys o ldkaÜhdkq Ñka;kh n,md we;s nj fmfkaa' fudyq ldkaÜhdkq
lD;s uy;a ´kElñka mßYs,kh lrñka mqoa., ú{dkhg f.dÿrejk foa uekúka úuid we;'
ldkaÜf.a m%flaj,;ajh keue;s ixl,amh ms<sfkd.;a; o úYaf,aIl o¾Ykfha tk wdkqN+;s-
W;a;r l%uh fudyq ms<s.ks' fudyq iajlSh wdkqN+;s-W;a;r l%uh ÈhqKq lrkafka fuu.sks'
;jo yQi¾,a úiska fn%kagdfkda yd f*%ca hk fofokdf.a Ñka;do ldkaáhdkq mokula u;
bÈßm;a lrhs'

ud¾áka yhsfv.¾ o fuysÈ jeo.;ah' ±kSu we;sùfuys,d mßl,amkh jeo.;a fõ hk

ldrKh ldkaÜ m%:ufhka mjid we;' yhsfv.¾ o fuu woyi ms<sf.k we;' tfiau ldkaÜ
ms<sn`o Kant and the problem of metaphysics hk lD;shla o ,shhs' tysÈ Y=oaO mÍCIdj
.eko olajd we;' fudyqf.a úuqla;sh ixl,amh o ldkaÜg iudkh'

wmf.a iodpdr ls%hd yqfola wm úiskau f;dard fírd .; hq;=h hkak i;ajdofha ys
m%Odk ixl,amhla jk w;r fuh uekúka lemS fmfkkafka fcdaka fmda,a idf;%a f.a
o¾Ykfhysh' fudyq úiska iodpdr ls%hd ms<sn|j bÈßmla flfrk id¾j;%SlrKh
(universalization) ldkaÜ úiska mq¾jfhka u bÈßm;a lr we;s id¾j;s%l kshuh keu;s
b.ekaùfï n,mEula nj fmfka'

;jo 18 jk Y;j¾Ifha w.Nd.h .;fyd;a c¾ukafha wd.u iïnkaOfhka od¾Yksl

m%Yak lsym
s hla u f.dvke.=Ks' fuys m%Odksfhls" fykaßÉ cdfldaì' ful, we;sjq wd.ñl
.egqug ldkaÜ" yhsfv.¾" yuka" .f;a hk who iyNd.s úh' ldkaÜf.a o¾Yfha wd.ñl
úYajdihka ;¾l nqoaêh u.ska m%Yak lrk iq¨ o¾Ykhla bÈrsm;a lr ;snqKs' nqoaêm%fNdaofhka
bÈßm;a jQfha nqoaêjd§ wfoajjdohls' fïjd Tiafia miqld,Sk uydoaúmsl o¾Ykhg wjYHh
mokï iïmdokh úh' *sIafÜf.a ú{dkjdoh kdia;sljdofhka tlla f,i fudyq i,ld we;s
w;r" fudyqf.a o¾Ykh u.ska ldkaÜ úiska m%Yak l< idïm%odhsl mdrfN!;slhka

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iïNkaOfhka kdia;sljdÈ woyia bÈßm;a lr we;' fuu woyia o uydoaúmSl o¾Ykh ;=<
ie,ls,a,g .kS'

óg wu;rj flá lreKq lsysmhla ioyka lrkjdkï" uydoaùmsl o¾Yk iïm%odh

.kqfokq lrkakd jQ i¾jkdu wLKav;ajhka mgka.;af;a o ldkaÜf.ks' ldkaÜ ;=< we;af;a
m%Yak wNsuqL lr.;a o¾Ykhla fkdjk w;r uydoaùmslhka o m%Yak miqmi fkdhhs'
uydoaùmsl od¾Yksl fvßvd" yn¾udia tl, mj;akd ;;ajfhka ñÈ tu ;;ajh úpdrhg
,lalsÍu yd úuq;alsh ms<sn| ldrKh f.kyer ±lajQy' fuyÈ ldkaÜf.a m<uq yd fojks
úpdrhka w;r bÈjq md,ula jk f;jk úpdrh u.ska idldÉPd jQ l,dúpdrh yryd
bÈßml;a l< ksoyi ms<sn| woiy o jeo.;a h' tfiau ldkaÜf.a mdrfN!;sl úpdrh iu.
1789-m%xY úma,jfha úuqla;sldñ wd;auh tla;eka ù iEÿ fi!kao¾hh m%ldYkh u.ska lshejqKq
iqkaor;ajh ;=< muKla i;Hh yd idOq;ajh ifydaorhka jk nj ±lafjk lreKq o fuysÈ
jeo.;ah'

;jo" uydoaùmsl o¾Ykh ;=< f*%âßla kSÜfIa o ixlS¾K" .eg¨iy.; pß;hls'

mYapd;a ldkaáhdkq mdrfN!;sljdofha ish¨ wdkqN+;s -W;a;r we.hqï ysiafoaj,a njg m;aj
we;ehs ksÜfIa mjihs' ldkaÜf.a we.hqug ,ndÿka ku jQfha Transvalnation/ Revalution
lshdh' ksÜfIaf.a kdia;sljdoh" mdrfN!;sljdoh iïnkaOfhka ldkaÜf.a úpdrh ;=< fmr
fkdÿgq md¾Yjhls' kuq;a ldkaÜf.a uQ,sl woyia fï ish,a,g u iïnkaO jk nj fmfka'

iuia:hla jYfhka ldkaÜ mjik" wmf.a uki ueÈy;aj ixYaf,aIs lghq;a;l

ksr;jk nj uydoaúmsl o¾Ykh ;=< o wvx.= jk ixYaf,aIs l%uh iu`. iïnkaOh' ldkaÜ
{dkfha moku f,i .kakd m%d.a-wdkqN+;l
s ixl,am uyoaùmsl o¾Ykho wkq.ukh lr we;'
uydoaùmsl od¾Ykshla yg kej; tal;ajhg .ekSug bvla ie,iQ o¾Ykhla bÈßm;a lf<a
wkaljfrl=j;a fkdj" tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜh' fuh ir,j ±lajqjfyd;a fya.,af.a - mrud;auh
;=<;a" fIdmkayj¾f.a - wêIaGdkh ;=<;a" ksÜfIaf.a - n,h ;=,;a" is.auka fm%dahsâf.a -
wú{dkh ;=<;a" *sIaÜf.a - cSj Yls;sh ;=<;a ldkaÜ bÈßm;a l< oaffj;h taldnoaO lsÍfï
W;aiyhla ;sî we;' fï ksid uydÈùmsl o¾Ykh ye±Ífu§ b;du jeo.;a od¾Ykslfhla f,i
tïudkafj,a ldkaÜ j yÿkd.; yelsh' tu ksid ldkaÜ jkdys úYaf,aIs fukau uydoaùmsl
o¾Yk iïm%odhka folgu fmdÿ wjidk od¾Ykslhd hehs mejiSu idodrKh'

fï hq.h jkdys úpdrfha hq.hhs" f,i mjik ldkaÜf.a {dkúNd;aul"

iodpdrd;aul" úpdrd;aul fndfyda woyia f.k ;u o¾Ykhka Èh;a lrkakg;a" jeäÈhqKq
lrñka tajd úfõpkd;aulj bÈßm;a lrkakg;a" tu.ska ;u iïm%odhka fmdaIKh lr
.kakg;a úYaf,aIs yd uydoaùmsl foamd¾Yjhgu fya;= jqfha tïudkqfj,a ldkaÜ nj
ksielfhkau lsj yelsh' ta wkqj ldkaÜ keue;s fYa%IaG od¾Ykslhd ngysr o¾Ykh ;=<
ia:dms; lr" uydoaúmsl yd úYaf,aIs iïm%odhkag Tyqf.ka ,o odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lr.; yel'
tA Tiafia fuu iïm%odhkaf.a msìÈu isÿ jQ w;r" ldkaÜ jkdys fuu iïm%odhka foflysu
/õfok fmdÿ" wjika c¾uka Ñka;lhhs'

- 45 -
wdY%s; .%ka:
isxy,

1) wNhjxY"lms,(bïuEkqfõ,a ldkaÜf.a {dkúNd.h' 1997"md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk

mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh"le<Ksh úYajúoHd,h'
2) l,kaiQßh"ta'ã'mS( n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh' 1975" wdßh m%ldYlfhda"
jrldfmd,'
3) ch;s,l"fla(o¾Ykjdo winäka' 2005"m%§m m%ldYlfhda" fld<U 12'
4) rdcmCI fikr;ak" rdks(o¾Ykjdofha .eg¨-n¾g%kaâ ri,a' 1993"l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
5) úodk.uf.a"l=,fiak(iuld,Sk NdIduh o¾Ykh-¨âú.a úÜ.kaiaffgka' 1993"l¾;D
m%ldYkhls"úydr.u"kdrïu,'
6) ùrisxy"tia'cS'tï( ldkaáhdkq o¾Ykh ms<sn|j úpdr mQ¾jl wOHhkhla' 1988"
úoHd,xldr m%ldYk" le<Ksh'

English

1) Critchley Simon;Continental philosophy-A very short Introduction.2001,Published in

the United States,by Oxford University press Inc,New York.

Internet

1) http//: www.wikipedia.org/Critique of Judgement.

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