EXERGY ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF CO2 ABSORPTION PROCESS

RESEARCH PROJECT

BY

AKIGBOGUN OLUWAFEMI

11CF011905

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COVENANT UNIVERSITY, CANAAN LAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMUNT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

B.Eng. DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

MAY 2016

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 CERTIFICATION
I hereby declare that the contained report on “Exergy Analysis And Simulation of CO2

Absorption Process” was researched, and the results thoroughly analyzed under the

supervision of the project supervisor and approved having satisfied the partial requirements

for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering (B.Eng.), Covenant

University, Ota.

AKIGBOGUN OLUWAFEMI DATE

Prof ANOZIE A.N. DATE

Supervisor

Dr. EFEOVOBOKHAN DATE

Head of Department

EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR DATE

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to The Almighty God, who is greater than the greatest, and also to my
caring and wonderful parents Mr. & Mrs. Akigbogun who always want the best for me.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to acknowledge my project supervisor, Professor A. N. Anozie for his
support and guidance in the course of this project.

I would also want to sincerely appreciate the teaching staff of the Department of Chemical
Engineering for taking interest in my project and for their support throughout the course of
the project work.

AKIGBOGUN OLUWAFEMI.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE

CERTIFICATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.0: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2. AIM 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES 2
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 2
1.5 METHOD AND SCOPE 3
1.6. RELEVANCE OF STUDY 3
CHAPTER 2 4
2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1: INTRODUCTION 4
2.2: COMBUSTION 4
2.3. ENERGY 5
2.4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY 7
2.5: EXERGY 7
2.6. EXERGY ANALYSIS 8
2.7. EXERGY DESTRUCTION 9
2.8. COMPARISON OF EXERGY AND ENERGY 10
2.9. EXERGY EFFICIENCIES 11
2.10. METHANE 12
2.10.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANE 13
2.10.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANE 13
2.10.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION OF METHANE 14
CHAPTER THREE 16

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3.0 METHODOLOGY 16
3.1 Process Analysis Procedure 16
3.2 Case Studies 17
3.2.1 Case Study One 17
3.2.2 Case Study Two 17
3.3 Process Flow Diagrams, Process Data and Thermodynamic Properties 20
3.4 Exergy and Energy Analysis of CO2 Absorption Process 20
3.5 PROCESS ECONOMICS 24
3.6 Plant Equipment Capital Cost Estimation 24
CHAPTER FOUR 27
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27
4.1 PROCESS SIMULATION 27
4.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS 27
4.3 ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PLANT COSTS 42
CHAPTER FIVE 47
5.0: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 47
5.1. Conclusion 47
5.2: Recommendation 48
LIST OF REFERENCES 49
APPENDIX 51

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 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

2.1 EXERGY VS ENERGY 16

4.1 General Results for Base Case Simulation 37

4.2 General Results Table For Case Two 38

4.3 Exergy and Energy Efficiencies for Base Case Simulation 40

4.4 Exergy and Energy Efficiencies for Base Case Simulation 41

4.5 Equipment Factored Estimation for Case Study One 49

4.6 Equipment Factored Estimation for Case Study Two 50

4.7 Cost Estimation Summary 51

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE

3.1 Process Flow Diagram for Case One 24

3.2 Process Flow Diagram for Case Two 25

4.1 Aspen Hysys Simulation for Base Case 35

4.2 Aspen Hysys Simulation for Base Case 36

4.3 Plot of Irreversibility against Unit Operations for Base Case 42

4.4 Plot of Irreversibility against Unit Operations for Case Two 43

4.5 Chart Showing Specific Exergy At Each Unit Operation for Base Case 44

4.6 Chart Showing Specific Exergy At Each Unit Operation for Case Two 45

4.7 Comparison of Efficiencies of Each Unit Operation for Base Case 46

4.8 Comparison of Efficiencies of Each Unit Operation for Case Two 47

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 ABSTRACT
This research project is the simulation of CO2 absorption, exergy and process economic analyses of

the CO2 plant.

The simulation was carried out using software Aspen HYSYS v8.4 (Hypotech System Simulator) by

selecting the fluid package and components and specifying mass flow for each component.

Microsoft EXCEL Spread sheet (Microsoft Office 2010) was used for exergy analysis and process

economic analysis. Property shifting method was used to shift negative enthalpies to positive values

in order to obtain positive exergy values, quantify the efficiencies and thermodynamic

irreversibilities in each unit and the overall process. Optimization of the absorption plant was carried

out in order to reduce energy loss and increase efficiency. This would be done by simulating two

design cases. The exergy efficiency for case 1 was 85.62%%. For case 2, in which the matrix stripper

configuration was used, was 81.57%.

Also, when the costs of both process plants were compared, the profit of the base case was

observed to be better than that of case 2. The profit of the base case was 1.00751 times higher than

that of case 2.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.0: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The rate at which energy is consumed is a very vital indicator of the level of development

which a particular area, be it a country or a community, has attained. It is also an important

indicator of the standard of living in that area. Phenomena such as population increment,

urbanization, industrialization, and technological advancements result directly in an increase

in power consumption. This quick growing trend brings about environmental problems such

as pollution of land, water and even air and also the greenhouse effect. In today’s world, 80%

of the electricity in the world is produced by direct combustion of fossil fuels (coal,

petroleum, natural gas) in power plants. In recent times, exergy analysis, which is based on

the second law of thermodynamics, has been discovered to be a useful tool in the design

evaluation, optimization and improvement of power plants. The modern day analysis uses the

exergy analysis because while energy analysis is based upon the first law of thermodynamics

only, exergy analysis is based on both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Thus,

exergy analysis is a more accurate indicator of the energy efficiency of a process. (Khila

Zohour, Vivian Renaudin and Ammar Houas, 2013).

Exergy is a measure of the amount of work obtainable when some matter is brought to a state

of thermodynamic equilibrium with the common components of its surrounding nature by

means of reversible processes. The exergy of a system at a particular state with regard to

thermodynamics is the maximum amount of work that can be derived from the movement of

the system from that initial state into a state of equilibrium with the environment. Exergy

analysis, which may be considered as accounting of the use of energy and material resources,

provides information on how effective a process takes place towards conserving natural

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resources. Using exergy analysis in determining how efficiently energy is being utilized

would lead to an acceleration in technological advancement and development of a nation

especially as it would help in saving resources. Therefore, plants running on old

configurations should be reconfigured using the exergy analysis method as this would help in

the long run with resource management.. (Saidur R., 2015)

1.2. AIM
The aim of this research project is to understand the process of CO2 absorption from the

combustion of natural gas and to optimize the process so as to generate maximum yield by

expending the minimum required energy.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
• Perform simulation of the CO2 absorption on Hysys

• Identify the unit operations which have potential for significant impovement

• To suggest appropriate operating condition and other measures for improvement

in performance of the absorption plant

• Evaluate the exergy efficiency for each component of the absorption plant

• Optimize the plant design

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Natural gas, due to its ability to burn without leaving much of a hazardous residue behind,

has become a widely used fuel for the generation and production of power. In the recent past,

most electric generators made use of large amounts of coal as their fuel of choice. However,

because of the financial constraints incurred and also the technological and economics

problems created by the use of coal, natural gas was then adopted in the early 90’s in place of

coal (magnets-energy.info, 2015). In addition to producing power from burning of natural

gas, CO2 can be absorbed from the flue gas obtained.With the ratio of generated energy to

required energy dropping with every passing second, the rapidly increasing demand for

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energy has become a major point of scientific interest. The major problem is that most plants

which are running today were built with old configurations on the energy performance factor

alone. In quantifying the energy loss of a plant, one cannot focus solely on the first law of

thermodynamics due to its inability to differentiate between the quality and quantity of

energy. This study deals with the exergy analysis of configurations of CO2 absorption plants.

This review will help to identify the major sources of exergy loss in the absorption plants

which have been configured. (www.ijert.org, 2015)

1.5 METHOD AND SCOPE

This method involves sending the flue gas effluent of a combustion reactor through a series

of operations so as to absorb CO2 gas which is a component of the effluent flue gas.

The scope of this work includes evaluating the efficiency in terms of energy usage of the

power plant and also evaluating the physical exergy

1.6. RELEVANCE OF STUDY

 This study will help expose the society to the usefulness of exergy analysis over

energy analysis as a tool in determining the efficiency of a plant.

 To encourage efficient use of energy in plants

 To serve as a reference material for other studies and advancements in the area of CO2

production.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: INTRODUCTION

2.2: COMBUSTION
Combustion is a compound procedure in which a substance reacts quickly with oxygen and

emits heat. The original substance being burned is known as the fuel, and the oxygen supplier

is known as the oxidizer. Combustion can equally be defined as a high temperature, heat-

emitting redox reaction which occurs between a fuel and an oxidant which produces oxidized

products in a mixture which can be known as smoke.

TYPES OF COMBUSTION

Combustion can either be

1. Complete; or

2. Incomplete

COMPLETE COMBUSTION

This occurs when a fuel has an infinite supply of oxygen and the combustion reaction can

continue to completion. For combustion to proceed to completion, a large and virtually

endless supply of air is required so that all components of the initial fuel fully react with

oxygen.

Fuels like natural gas and also petrol contain hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a compound

which consists of carbon and hydrogen only. When they burn completely:

 the carbon is oxidized to give carbon dioxide

 the hydrogen is oxidized to produce water (i.e. H2O)

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Therefore, the general reaction for complete combustion is as shown below

Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

Incomplete combustion is what results when there is insufficient supply of air/oxygen due to

low quantity or low quality. Although water is still produced, carbon monoxide (CO) and

carbon (C) are also produced alongside the carbon dioxide.

The general reaction for incomplete combustion is:

Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water

The carbon produced is released as soot. Carbon monoxide is a very poisonous and toxic gas

and for this reason, incomplete combustion should be avoided at all costs. Therefore,

processing equipment must be serviced and cleaned regularly to avoid incomplete

combustion. (antiessays.com, 2016)

2.3. ENERGY
The concept of energy was first brought up by Sir Isaac Newton when he made a proposition

about the concepts of kinetic and potential energy. The concept of energy was however not

adopted until mid-19th century and this was considered a major scientific achievement in that

century.

Energy is a scalar quantity that cannot be observed directly but can be recorded and evaluated

for indirect measurement. The energy of an object, or of a system, is a measure of how much

work which the object can do on any other foreign object or system.

In other words, energy measures the ability of an object or system to do work on another

system or object (web.pdx.edu, 2016).The total energy make up of a system can be classified

5
in many different ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic

energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy,

which is a function of the position of an object within a field (thevisualmd.com, 2016). It may

also prove rather easy to differentiate various other forms of energy such as gravitational

energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy and also magnetic energy. Many of

these classifications usually take the same form of energy into consideration, for instance,

thermal energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy.

Some types of energy consist of simply potential energy and kinetic energy. One basic

example is the mechanical energy which is the sum total of the potential and kinetic energy of

a system. Elastic energy in materials also depends on electrical potential energy as does

chemical energy, which is kept and discharged from a store of electrical potential energy

between electrons and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them.. Whenever physicists

discover that a certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new

forms are typically added that account for the discrepancy. (thevisualmd.com, 2016)

Heat and work are two unique aspects in that they are not classified as system properties, but

instead as properties of processes that transfer energy. So speaking, we cannot measure the

quantity of work or heat which is possessed by a body but we can only take a measure of how

much energy is transferred by the stated objects to other objects during a process. Heat and

work are measured as positive or negative depending on which side of the transfer we view

them from. If we choose to view from the side of the body which is supplying heat, then they

are negative, but if viewed from the side of the body to which heat is transferred or which has

work being done on it, they are positive entities. (thevisualmd.com, 2016)

Potential energies are often measured as positive or negative depending on whether they are

greater or less than the energy of a specified base state or configuration such as two

interacting bodies being infinitely far apart. The law of conservation of energy principle is

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one of the cornerstones and most fundamental of the principles of nature. The principle states

that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transformed or transferred

into its various forms. (thecoursehero.com, 2016)

2.4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Efficiency is one of the most commonly and one of the most widely used terms in the field of

thermodynamics. It refers to how well a process has been able to occur or take place or how

well a transfer process has occurred. Efficiency is also one of the most frequently misused

terms in thermodynamics and a source of misunderstanding. The performance or efficiency,

in general, can be expressed in terms of desired output and the required input.

Desired output
Efficiency = ⁄𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (worldwidescience.org, 2015)

2.5: EXERGY
Exergy analysis has sparked interest in the society in general to begin to take a more critical

look at the energy conservation mechanisms which are already in place. The first law of

thermodynamics deals with the quantity of energy which is in circulation at all times and

propounds the theory that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be

converted from one form to another. The law is rather useful as an instrument in the ‘profit &

loss” accounting of energy usage in a process. The second law, however, talks about the

importance of not just the quantity of energy available, but also the quality of energy. More

specifically, it is more bothered about the reduction in quality of energy over the course of a

process. It is also concerned about the entropy generation during a process, and the misused

or squandered chances to perform work. The second law of thermodynamics has been proved

to be extremely useful in the energy optimization of a process plant (thecoursehero.com,

2016). The second law of thermodynamics has proved to be a very powerful tool in the

optimization of complex thermodynamic systems.

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The exergy of a system can be defined as the maximum shaft work that the system can do due

to its energy make-up and the environment in which it is. The reference environment is

assumed to be in equilibrium with and also to encompass all other systems. Typically, the

environment is specified by stating its physical properties, its chemical properties and also its

chemical composition. Exergy is not only a thermodynamic property, but is instead a

property of both the system and also the environment in which it. The exergy of a system can

be increased if exergy is added to it (e.g., work is done on it)and can also reduce if exergy is

lost by it (i.e. work is done by it). (I. Dincer, 2007)

2.6. EXERGY ANALYSIS

Exergy is a property with the characteristic such that it is conserved so far as all processes

which are taking place in a system or an environment are reversible. On the other hand,

exergy is destroyed whenever an irreversible process takes place. When an exergy analysis is

performed on a plant such as a power station, a chemical processing plant or a refrigeration

facility, the thermodynamic imperfections can be quantified as exergy destructions, which

represent losses in energy quality or usefulness. One characteristic which energy and exergy

perhaps share is that like energy, exergy can be transferred or transported across the boundary

of a system. For each type of energy transfer or transport there is a corresponding exergy

transfer or transport. Exergy analysis takes into account the different thermodynamic values

of different energy forms and quantities, e.g., work and heat. The exergy transfer associated

with shaft work is equal to the shaft work. The exergy transfer associated with heat transfer,

however, is dependent on the temperature at which it occurs in relation to that of the

surrounding environment. An engineer is expected to aim for the highest reasonable technical

efficiency at the lowest reasonable cost under the prevailing technical, economic and legal

conditions, and also account for ethical, ecological and social consequences and objectives.

8
Exergy methods provide unique insights into the types, locations and causes of losses and can

thereby help identify possible improvements. (I. Dincer, 2007)

2.7. EXERGY DESTRUCTION

Generation of entropy always invariably leads to exergy destruction. Irreversibilities such as

friction, mixing, chemical reaction, heat transfer through a finite temperature difference,

unrestrained expansion, non-quasi-equilibrium compression or expansion always generate

entropy. These processes therefore lead to exergy destruction. The exergy destroyed is

proportional to the entropy generated, it is expressed as

Xdestroyed = (ToS) >0 1.4

Note that exergy destroyed is a positive quantity for any actual process and becomes zero for

reversible process. Exergy destroyed represent the lost work potential and is also called the

irreversibility or lost work for the decrease of exergy and the exergy destruction is applicable

to any kind of system undergoing any kind of process since any system and its surroundings

can be enclosed by a sufficiently large arbitrary boundary across which there is no heat, work

and mass transfer, and thus, any system and its surrounding constitute an isolated system. In

reality, there is no process which is well and truly reversible and therefore every process

possesses a certain amount of exergy. Therefore, the exergy of the universe is always in a

downward slope. The more irreversible a process is, the larger the exergy destruction during

that process.

Xdestroyed =0 1.5 (thecoursehero.com, 2016)

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Physical exergy is calculated by:

Xph=(h-h0)-T0(S-S0) 1.11

Where h and ho are specific enthalpy at temperature T and To respectively

S and S0 are specific entropy at temperature T and To respectively

Xph is the physical exergy per unit mass. (ijmse.org, 2016)

2.8. COMPARISON OF EXERGY AND ENERGY

Energy analysis is the oldest adopted method of determining the efficiency of usage of

energy of a process. However, energy balance does not focus on or even take into account

the reduction of quality of energy or resources during a process and does not quantify the

quality of the various forms of energy and material streams flowing through a system. (I.

Dincer, 2007)

TABLE 2.1: EXERGY VS ENERGY

ENERGY EXERGY

Dependent on properties of only a matter or Dependent on properties of both a

energy flow and independent of matter or energy flow and the environment

environment properties

Has values different from zero when in Equal to zero when in the dead state by

equilibrium with the environment virtue of being in complete equilibrium

(including being equal to mc2 with the environment

in accordance with Einstein’s equation)

Conserved for all processes, based on the Conserved for reversible processes and not

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 FLT conserved

for real processes (where it is partly or

completely

destroyed due to irreversibilities), based on

the SLT

Can be neither destroyed nor produced Can be neither destroyed nor produced

in a reversible process, but is always

destroyed

(consumed) in an irreversible process

A measure of quantity only A measure of quantity and quality

Appears in many forms (e.g., kinetic , Appears in many forms (e.g., kinetic

energy, potential energy, work, heat), and is exergy potential exergy, work, thermal

in that form measured exergy) and is measured on the basis of

work or ability to produce work

(Dincer, Ibrahim and Marc A. Rosen, 2013)

2.9. EXERGY EFFICIENCIES

In this section, the use of exergy efficiency is described in assessing the efficiency of

utilization of energy and other resources.

In the world of engineering, engineers usually make use of calculated efficiencies to

determine how well a process or device is performing or performs. Many of these expressions

are based on energy, and are thus FLT-based.

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To illustrate the idea of a performance parameter based on the SLT and to contrast it with an

analogous energy-based efficiency, consider a control volume at steady-state for which

energy and exergy balances can be written, respectively, as

(Energy in) = (Energy output in product) + (Energy emitted with waste)

(Exergy in) = (Exergy output in product) + (Exergy emitted with waste) + (Exergy

destruction)

Losses include such emissions to the surroundings as waste heat and stack gases. The exergy

destruction term in the exergy balance is caused by internal irreversibilities.

From energy or exergy viewpoints, a gauge of how effectively the input is converted to the

product is the ratio of product to input. That is, the energy efficiency η can be written as

η = Energy output in product/Energy input = 1 − [Energy loss/Energy input] and the exergy

efficiency ψ as

ψ = Exergy output in product/Exergy input = 1 − [Exergy loss/Exergy input]

= 1 − [(Exergy waste emission + Exergy destruction)/Exergy input]

The exergy efficiency, ψ, frequently gives a finer understanding of performance than the

energy efficiency η. In evaluating η, the same weight is assigned to energy whether it is shaft

work or a stream of low-temperature fluid. Also, the energy efficiency centers attention on

reducing energy emissions to improve efficiency. The parameter ψ weights energy flows by

accounting for each in terms of exergy. (I. Dincer, 2007)

2.10. METHANE
Methane is a colorless, odorless gas which has a lower density than that of air. Methane is

also called. It has the chemical formula CH4 and is formed by the decomposition of organic

carbons under anaerobic conditions. Its main relevance to the industry is that it is a major

12
component of natural gas. It is usually found in areas near swamps and other wetland areas. It

is also found near landfills as it emanates from refuse.

2.10.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANE

1. Methane is an odorless, tasteless and colorless gas.

2. It has a melting point of -182.5oC.

3. It has a critical temperature of -115.8oF and a critical pressure of 673.1psia. Critical

temperature refers to the temperature of a gas in its critical state, above which the gas cannot

be liquefied simply by an increase in pressure.

4. It is less dense than air.

5. It is not soluble in water.

6. It dissolves in non-polar solvents like alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, etc.

7. It is a renewable source of energy since it can be obtained from decaying garbage.

8. It has a specific gravity of 0.565.

9. It has a specific heat capacity of 8.53Btu/lbmol-oF.

(Student Paper Submitted To Brewster High School, 2014)

2.10.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANE

1. STABILITY: Relatively, methane is a very stable chemical compound and remains

unaffected even when treated with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O4, HNO3, ETC. under

normal conditions.

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 2. COMBUSTION: Methane burns either in excess air or in excess oxygen with a blue

flame. This reaction produces carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is highly

exothermic and therefore methane is an excellent source of energy when burnt with

oxygen. If there is insufficient air for combustion, CO, which is highly poisonous,

will also be produced. (Student Paper Submitted To Ateneo de Manila University,

2014)

3. SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS: A substitution reaction is one in which one or more

hydrogen atoms of a molecule have their places taken by some other groups of atoms.

A substitution reaction in which a hydrogen atom or group of hydrogen atoms is

replaced by an equal number of number of halogen atoms is called halogenation.

Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight or a halogen-carrier to give

haloalkenes in which a number of hydrogen atoms is replaced by an equal number of

halogen atoms.

4. ACTION WITH STEAM: Methane gives hydrogen when mixed with steam and the

mixture is passed over nickel.

5. PYROLYSIS: When it reaches temperatures up to 1300K, methane gives off carbon

black and hydrogen upon thermal decomposition. (magnets-energy.info, 2013)

2.10.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION OF METHANE

1. CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF METHYL IODIDE:

CH3-I + H2 CH4 +HI

2. HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINIUM CARBIDE: Methane can be prepared in the

laboratory by boiling aluminum carbide with water.

Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 +Al (OH)3

2.8.4 USES OF METHANE

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1. Due to the highly exothermic nature of its combustion with oxygen, it is used as a

major source of energy.

2. Methane is sometimes used as shoe polish

3. It can be used as printing ink

4. It is widely used in the production of other compounds.

5. It can also be used in tyre manufacturing.

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY
Thermodynamic properties were checked from the simulations performed on Hysys and the

exergy efficiency as well as the energy efficiency and also the thermodynamic irreversibility

in each unit were checked in each unit operation across the process.

3.1 Process Analysis Procedure

The basic steps that were followed are;

 Simulation of the process (a base case and one modification) using Aspen HYSYS

simulator v8.4 software, making use of process data obtained from literature until

convergence was achieved in the simulation environment.

 Collection of thermodynamic data of streams such as pressure, mass flow, mass

enthalpy, mass entropy, reference mass enthalpy and also reference mass entropy

across the different units from the simulation package.

 Study of thermodynamic data and determination of efficiency an =d thermodynamic

irreversibilities across each unit.

 Analysis of material and energy balances of each unit and or the overall process using

Microsoft Excel.

 Calculation of energy and exergy efficiency of each unit, irreversibility, exergy loss

across unit operations and also derivation of plots of the obtained results using

Microsoft Excel.

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3.2 Case Studies

3.2.1 Case Study One

In this case, which is the base case, the flue gas generated from combustion of natural gas is

brought into contact with the lean solvent in a counter current manner. The scrubbed gas is

then washed off from the solvent with water and vented to the atmosphere. The solvent,

which is mono-ethanolamine in this case, gains a fair amount of heat as it gradually absorbs

the CO2 from the flue gas. The temperature in the absorber column is usually between 40 and

60oC. After absorption, the solvent, which now comprises the target component, is referred

to as the rich solvent. The rich solvent is then sent into in a heat exchanger in which an

exchange of heat energy with the lean solvent takes place. It is then pumped to the top of the

stripper where it is regenerated at elevated temperatures (100–120ºC). Heat is supplied via

the reboiler of the stripper and the regenerated solvent is then pumped back to the absorber

via the same heat exchanger and lean solvent cooler so as to drop the temperature to about

60oC. Make up streams are used to cover up solvent and water losses which occur over the

process. The flow sheet depicts a continuous process. (Odejobi, Oludare J., Chiazor F.

Jisieke, and Ambrose N. Anozie, 2015)

3.2.2 Case Study Two

Figure 3.2 shows a matrix stripper configuration. This process option was originally

mentioned by Oyenekan and Rochelle (2007). The rich solvent is split into two streams with

a ratio of 50/50. One split stream is directed to stripper 1 while the other stream is sent to a

stripper 2. The bottom product is forwarded to the middle section of the second stripper,

which operates at a lower pressure. The other split stream of the rich solvent is fed to the top

of this stripper. Heat is supplied in the form of steam to both strippers. Since the first stripper

operates at a higher pressure (1.8bar) but has the same bottom temperature as the second one,

only a small amount of CO2 is obtained in this column. According to Oyenekan and Rochelle

17
(2007), the advantage of this configuration is the smoothed temperature profile throughout

the second stripper resulting in a lower energy demand. (www.aidc.com, 2015)

Figure 3.1: Process Flow Diagram for Case One (Base Case)

18
Figure 3.2: Process Flow Diagram for Case Two

19
3.3 Process Flow Diagrams, Process Data and Thermodynamic Properties

The flow diagrams were obtained from the HYSYS simulation environment. Through this,

the various units streams, and sub-systems could be easily identified. The process flow

diagrams are shown in figure 3.1 and figure 3.2.

Process data and thermodynamic properties are obtained from HYSYS simulation

environment as soon as convergence can be achieved. The process data and thermodynamic

properties required to perform exergy analysis include stream mass flow rates, temperature,

pressure, composition, heat capacities, enthalpies and entropies for each stream.

3.4 Exergy and Energy Analysis of CO2 Absorption Process

The exergy and energy values obtained were computed on a Microsoft Excel spread sheet due

to the fact that the values to be computed were many. The exergy analysis of the CO2

absorption process was carried out using the system in O. J. Odejobi et al., as the base case

and one other modification of the system was made. The flow diagram of the base case is as

shown in figure 3.1. The system was broken down into units and each unit was analysed for

energy and exergy efficiency from the process data and thermodynamic property data

obtained from the simulation environment.

For the calculations done, the following equations were used:

Specific Exergy = Shifted ∆H − To∆S 3.1

Exergy Rate = Specific Exergy x Mass Flow Rate 3.2

Exergy Loss= Exergy Source – Exergy Sink 3.3

𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑘
Exergy Efficiency = 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 100% 3.4

Energy Rate = Shifted Specified Enthalpy × Mass Flow Rate 3.5

20
Energy Loss = Energy Source − Energy Sink 3.6

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑘
Energy Efficiency = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 100% 3.7

a) Exergy Balance on the Absorber

EXin = (Habs, in - HO ) - TO (Sabs, in – So) 3.8

EXout = (Habs, out – Ho ) – To (Sabs, out – So) 3.9

∆EXabs = EXIN - EXOUT 3.10

= (Habs, in – Habs, out) – To (Sabs, in – Sabs, out)

𝐸𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡
EXcomp eff = × 100% 3.11
𝐸𝑋𝑖𝑛

b) Exergy Balance on the Pump

EXin = (Hpump, in - HO ) - TO (Spump, in – So) 3.12

EXout = (Hpump, out – Ho ) – To (Spump, out – So) 3.13

∆EXpump = EXIN - EXOUT 3.14

= (Hpump, in – Hpump, out) – To (Spump, in – Spump, out)

𝐸𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡
EXpump eff = × 100% 3.15
𝐸𝑋𝑖𝑛

c) Exergy Balance on Heat Exchanger

The exergy and energy balance on the heat exchanger are given by the following

equations:

𝑇𝑜
EXsource =EXcold in - EXcold out + Qs (1 - 𝑇s ) 3.16

𝑇𝑜
EXsink =EXhot out – EXhot in + Q(1 - 𝑇s ) 3.17

21
Esource= Ehot in+ Ehot out + EQs 3.18

Esink = Ecold out + Ehot out + EQ1 3.19

Where Qs is the heat leak from the environment and Q1 is the heat lost in the exchanger.

Assuming that the heat gain and heat loss are negligible, i.e. Qs and Q1 =0, thus they

reduce to equations below.

EXsource = EXin - EXout = EX5 – EX6 3.20

EXsink = EXout – EXin =EX3-EX2 3.21

E source = Ein = H2 + H5 3.22

Ein = Eout = H3 + H6 3.23

𝑇𝑜 (𝑆3+𝑆6−𝑆2−𝑆5)
Iexch = × 100% 3.24
𝑊𝑠

Where 5 and 3 represent the hot streams and 2 and 6 represent the cold streams

d) Exergy Balance on Distillation Column

EXin = (Hclmn, in - HO ) - TO (Sclmn, in – So) 3.25

EXout = (Hclmn, out – Ho ) – To (Sclmn, out – So) 3.26

∆EXclmn = EXIN - EXOUT 3.27

= (∑Hclmn, in – Hclmn, out) – To (Sclmn, in – Sclmn, out)

𝐸𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡
EXclmn eff = × 100% 3.28
𝐸𝑋𝑖𝑛

22
e) Exergy Balance on Cooler

EXin = (Hcooler, in - HO ) - TO (Scooler, in – So) 3.29

EXout = (Hcooler, out – Ho ) – To (Scooler, out – So) 3.30

∆EXcooler = EXIN - EXOUT 3.31

= (∑Hcooler, in – Hcooler, out) – To (Scooler, in – Scooler, out)

𝐸𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡
EXcooler eff = × 100% 3.32
𝐸𝑋𝑖𝑛

f) Exergy Balance on Mixer

EXsource = EXin = EXbottoms1 + EXMEA makeup 3.33

EXsink = EXout = EXMEA MAKE 3.34

Esource = Ein = Ebottoms1 + EMEA makeup 3.35

Esink = Eout = EMEA MAKE 3.36

Imixer = [To ( Sin-Sout)/Ws] × 100% 3.37

g) Exergy Balance on Splitter

EXsink = EXout = EXsplit1 + EXsplit2 3.38

EXsource = EXin = EXRich Mea 3.39

Esink = Eout = Esplit1 + Esplit2 3.40

Esource = Ein = ERich Mea 3.41

Imixer = [To ( Sin-Sout)/Ws] × 100% 3.42

23
3.5 PROCESS ECONOMICS

Processes are designed by taking all working conditions into consideration because the

major aim of each process is yield (profit). The aim is to simply estimate all the expenses

in starting a CO2 absorption plant and also to estimate the projected income from sales of

products at a certain cost price. Estimated expenses subtracted from total income from

sales will give the net profit of setting up such a process. The day to day running of the

plant would also require expenses such as material costs, labour costs and equipment

costs. Indirect expenses would also be incurred and a complete analysis should include

such expenses in order to obtain an actual total cost.

Investment is also a very important part of the process plant and the determination of a

capital investment s necessary. Thus, the analysis of cost of industrial process will include

capital investment costs, manufacturing costs and general expenses including income

taxes must be considered. The total investment of a process consists of;

 The fixed capital investment for physical equipment and facilities in the plant

 Working capital investments that need to be available to keep materials,

inventory, pay wages and other activities that may require a direct payment of

cash

3.6 Plant Equipment Capital Cost Estimation

Capital cost estimates of a chemical process are often based on estimated cost of purchase of

major equipment items required for the process, and other cost being estimated as factors of

the equipment cost. The cost estimation technique being adopted is the factorial method of

24
cost estimation and this makes use of the Lang factor. The fixed capital cost of the project is

given as a function of the total purchase equipment cost by the equation:

𝐶𝑓 = 𝑓 1×Ce

where,

𝐶𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

f1 is the “Lang factor which depends on the type of process”

Ce is the total delivered cost of all equipment

f1 = 4.7 for plants which process fluids (Coulson and Richardson, 2004)

The cost of equipment was obtained from the economics package of the simulator

environment. Utility cost is estimated from working capital and working capital is estimated

as a percentage of working capital, 10% - 20%.

Working capital = 0.1 ×Fixed Capital

Total investment = Fixed Capital + Working Capital

Revenue = Cost of final product – Cost of raw materials

Profit = Revenue – Total Investment

Case 1:

Total delivered equipment cost (Ce) = Cost of Absorber + Cost of Pump + Cost of Heat

Exchanger + Cost of Cooler + Cost of Distillation Column

Fixed Capital = 4.7 × Total equipment cost

Working Capital = 0.1 × Fixed Capital

25
Total Investment = Fixed Capital + Working Capital

Revenue = Cost of final product – Cost of Raw Materials

Profit = Revenue – Total Investment

Case 2:

Total delivered equipment cost (Ce) = Cost of Absorber + Cost of Heater + Cost of Heat

Exhanger + Cost Of Heater + Cost of Splitter + Cost of Distillation Columns+ Cost of Mixer

Fixed Capital = 4.7 × Total equipment cost

Working Capital = 0.1 × Fixed Capital

Total Investment = Fixed Capital + Working Capital

Revenue = Cost of final product – Cost of Raw Materials

Profit = Revenue – Total Investment

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 PROCESS SIMULATION

Two cases of CO2 absorption were examined in this project work, the base case and one other

case. The modification made to the base case was the splitting of the stream of rich lye into

two equal parts. One split stream was directed to stripper one while the second is directed to a

second stripper. Since the first stripper operates at a higher pressure, only a small quantity of

carbon dioxide product is generated. The advantage of this modification is the smoothed

temperature profile throughout the second stripper which results in a lower energy demand.

The simulator gave room for dynamism as design parameters were taken freely while

thermodynamic values were kept constant. The process flow diagrams generated by the

simulation of the base case and its modification are presented in figures 4.1 and 4.2.

4.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS

The results of the exergy analysis carried out on each unit and also on the processes as a

whole are presented in tables. It could be observed that in the simulation of the base case, the

overall exergy efficiency was calculated as 85.62% while the overall energy efficiency was

100%. Also, in the 2nd case, the overall exergy efficiency was calculated as 96.97% while the

overall energy efficiency was calculated as 99.87%. This is as expected as the energetic

efficiency is higher than the exergetic efficiency. This is because exergetic efficiency is a

more accurate measure of the efficiency of a process as it makes use of the second law of

thermodynamics whereas the energy efficiency makes use of only the first law of

thermodynamics. Also, from the results generated, it can be observed that there is a higher

energy demand in the base case than in case 2. This is expected as that is the advantage of the

matrix configuration which is illustrated in case 2. The energy requirement for case 1 was 92

164.63407 kJ/hr while that of case 2 was 90 059.19246 kJ/hr. It could also be observed that
27
case 2 had a better exergetic efficiency of 96.97% than case 1 which had an exergetic

efficiency of 85.62%. It was observed that the lowest exergetic efficiency for the base case

was in the absorber while the highest was observed in the lean lye pump. Also, in terms of

exergy losses, the contributions of the absorber, rich lye pump, lye heat exchanger, lean lye

pump, lye cooler and distillation column are 20.60%, 16.05%, 24.01%, 15.92%, 0.12%, and

23.30% respectively. For case 2, the lowest exergetic efficiency was observed in the heater

while the highest was observed in the heat exchanger. Also, the contributions of the absorber,

heater, heat exchanger, distillation column1 and distillation column 2 are 12.26%, 39.29%,

2.37%, 35.44% and 10.63% respectively. The exergy loss in the heater is as a result of the

high energy requirement

The outputs from the simulation of the two cases of the CO2 are presented in Appendix A.

The results of the exergy analysis carried out using the Microsoft Excel spread sheet are

presented in Appendix B.

28
FIGURE 4.1: Aspen Hysys Simulation for Base Case

29
Figure 4.2: Aspen Hysys Simulation for Case Two

30
TABLE 4.1: General Results for Base Case Simulation

Stream Name To Mass Flow Change In Change In Specific Exergy Rate

[kg/h] Enthalpy Entropy Exergy Rate (kJ/h)

(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-C) (kJ/kg-h)

Flue Gas 50 1190737 161.6228 0.580902 132.5777 1.58E+08

Lean mea 50 6934623 195.4804 0.824507 154.2551 1.07E+09

Treated Gas 50 1190187 161.2551 0.581012 132.2045 1.57E+08

Rich Mea 50 6935173 194.4183 0.82446 153.1953 1.06E+09

Rich Mea to Heat Exchanger 50 6935173 194.4516 0.82459 153.2221 1.06E+09

Rich Mea To Stripper 50 6935173 430.8967 1.629687 349.4123 2.42E+09

CO2 product 50 1050.765 1302.889 3.81093 1112.342 1168810

Regenerated Mea 50 6934122 451.9191 1.689644 367.4369 2.55E+09

Lean Mea From Heat Exchanger 50 6934122 214.2406 0.899115 169.2848 1.17E+09

Lean Mea Recycle 50 6934122 214.2507 0.899153 169.293 1.17E+09

Recooled Amine 50 6934122 194.4467 0.82458 153.2176 1.06E+09

31
 TABLE 4.2: General Results Table for Case Two

Stream Name Mass Flow [kg/h] Change In Change In To Specific Exergy Exergy Rate

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg- Rate (kJ/kg-h) (kJ/h)

C)

Flue Gas 1190737 161.6228 0.580902 50 132.5777 1.58E+08

Lean mea 6966845 207.4946 0.858282 50 164.5805 1.15E+09

Treated Gas 1237153 183.7871 0.657868 50 150.8937 1.87E+08

Rich Mea 6920429 203.0928 0.858617 50 160.1619 1.11E+09

Split 1 3467500 203.0928 0.858617 50 160.1619 5.55E+08

Split 1 Out 3467500 410.8129 1.569887 50 332.3185 1.15E+09

CO2 PROD 1 13654.2 2639.121 7.13243 50 2282.5 31165707

Stripper 1 Bottoms 3453846 408.1163 1.56276 50 329.9782 1.14E+09

Split 2 3452929 190.8925 0.859916 50 147.8967 5.11E+08

Split 2 Out 3452929 378.2705 1.508306 50 302.8552 1.05E+09

CO2 PROD 2 2844.639 2440.782 6.704812 50 2105.541 5989505

Stripper 2 Bottoms 3450085 473.1156 1.759125 50 385.1594 1.33E+09

Bottoms 1 Out 3453846 230.5666 0.923299 50 184.4017 6.37E+08

32
MEA Makeup 3513000 204.0916 0.872647 50 160.4593 5.64E+08

MEA MAKE 6966846 207.8475 0.872468 50 164.2241 1.14E+09

33
 TABLE 4.3: Exergy and Energy Efficiencies for Base Case Simulation

Unit Operations Irreversibility, I Exergy Efficiency, Ѱ Energy Efficiency, η

(kJ/h)

Absorber 7782122 99.37% 99.98%

Rich Lye Pump 294083.4 99.97% 100.00%

Lye Heat Exchanger 13397573 99.63% 100.00%

Lean Lye Pump 87952.52 99.99% 100.00%

Lean Lye Cooler -2.59E+07 97.84% 99.84%

Distillation Column 1.22E+07 99.52% 100.00%

Overall 7884178 85.62% 100.00%

34
TABLE 4.4: Energy and Exergy Efficiencies for Case Two Simulation

Unit Operation Irreversibility, I (kJ/h) Exergy Efficiency, Ѱ Energy Efficiency, η

Absorber 9403927 99.28% 99.55%

Heater 1.23E+08 90.34% 98.33%

Heat Exchanger -3.2E+07 98.08% 100.00%

Distillation Column 1 1.07E+08 92.65% 99.99%

Distillation Column 2 2510964 99.80% 99.95%

Overall 2.1E+08 96.97% 99.87%

35
20000000
Irreversibilities

15000000
Lye Heat Exchanger
Distillation Column
10000000
Absorber Overall

5000000

0 Rich Lye Pump Lean Lye Pump

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-5000000

-10000000

-15000000

-20000000

-25000000
Lean Lye Cooler

-30000000

FIGURE 4.3: Plot of Irreversibility against Unit

Operations for Base Case
36
 Irreversibilities
140000000

120000000 Heater

Distillation Column 1
100000000

80000000

60000000

40000000

20000000
Absorber
0 Distillation Column 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-20000000
Heat Exchanger
-40000000

-60000000

FIGURE 4.4: Plot of Irreversibility against Unit

Operations for Case Two

37
 Specific Exergy Rate
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
Flue Gas Lean mea Treated Gas Rich Mea Rich Mea to Rich Mea To CO2 product Regenerated Lean Mea Lean Mea Recooled
Heat Stripper Mea From Heat Recycle Amine
Exchanger Exchanger

FIGURE 4.5: Chart Showing Specific Exergy Rate at

Each Unit Operation for Base Case

38
 Specific Exergy Rate
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Flue Gas Lean mea Treated Rich Mea Split 1 Split 1 OutCO2 PROD Stripper 1 Split 2 Split 2 OutCO2 PROD Stripper 2 Bottoms 1 MEA MEA
Gas 1 Bottoms 2 Bottoms Out Makeup MAKE

FIGURE 4.6: Chart Showing Specific Exergy Rate at

Each Unit Operation for Case Two

39
100.50%

100.00%

99.50%

99.00%

98.50% Exergy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency

98.00%

97.50%

97.00%

96.50%
Absorber Rich Lye Pump Lye Heat Exchanger Lean Lye Pump Lean Lye Cooler Distillation Column

FIGURE 4.7: Comparison of Exergy and Energy

Efficiencies of Each Unit Operation for Base Case

40
102.00%

100.00%

98.00%

96.00%

94.00%
Exergy Efficiency
92.00% Energy Efficency

90.00%

88.00%

86.00%

84.00%
Absorber Heater Heat Exchanger Distillation Column 1 Distillation Column 2

FIGURE 4.8: Comparison of Exergy and Energy

Efficiencies for Case Two

41
4.3 ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PLANT COSTS
The cost analysis of the CO2 production plants are as presented in tables 4.5 and 4.6 below

for a basis of 1050kg of CO2 being produced per year. When the costs of both process plants

were compared, the profit of the base case was observed to be better than that of case 2. The

profit of the base case was 1.00751 times higher than that of case 2.

42
TABLE 4.5: Equipment Factored Estimation for Case Study One (Base Case)

Equipment Description Equipment Cost ($) Equipment Factor Equipment Unit Total Cost ($) Total Cost (₦)

Distillation Column 67000 2.1 1 140700 27999300

Cooler 45060 1.2 1 54072 10760328

Heat Exchanger (Shell 30277 1.3 1 39360.1 7832660

And Tube)

Absorber 55000 1.3 1 71500 14228500

Pump 22310 1.3 2 58006 11543194

Total Equipment Cost 363638.1 72363982

43
TABLE 4.6: Equipment Factored Estimation for Case Study Two

Equipment Description Equipment Cost Equipment Factor Equipment Unit Total Cost ($) Total Cost (₦)

($)

Distillation Column 67,000 2.1 2 281400 55998600

Heater 45060 1.2 1 54072 10760328

Heat Exchanger (Shell And Tube) 30277 1.3 1 39360.1 7832659.9

Absorber 55000 1.3 1 71500 14228500

Splitter 10580 0.85 1 8993 1789607

Mixer 10580 0.85 1 8993 1789607

Total Equipment Cost 464318.1 92399301.9

44
TABLE 4.7: Cost Estimation Summary

Cost Title Case study One (₦) Case study Two (₦)

Total Equipment Cost 72363982 92399302

Direct Cost 2.46E+08 3.14E+08

Indirect Cost 3.57E+08 4.56E+08

Fixed Capital Investment 6.03E+08 7.7E+08

Working Capital 78362956 1E+08

Total Capital Investment 6.81E+08 8.7E+08

Total Production Cost 78327498 1E+08

Direct Production Cost 45429949 58008078

Fixed Charges 11749125 15002089

Plant Overhead Cost 33212674 42408224

Manufacturing Cost 90391748 1.15E+08

Start up Cost 81738591 1.04E+08

General Expenses 54893315 70091554

45
Total Product Cost 2.27E+08 2.9E+08

Total Income 8.57E+09 8.57E+09

Gross Income 8.35E+09 8.28E+09

Net Profit 8.33E+09 8.27E+09

46
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

This project has compared two processes for CO2 production by simulating bot processes

using the Aspen Hysys V8.4 simulation software. The simulation results are presented in

Appendix A. The exergy analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel Spread sheet and

presented in Appendix B. A proper shifting method was unnecessary as there were no

negative values obtained in the change in enthalpy (∆H) column or the change in entropy

(∆S) column. The cost estimate of the plants were calculated by the Lang factored method of

cost estimation. The equipment cost were reviewed and obtained from on-line market website

(www.alibaba.com, www.matche.com) and the currency conversion rate of 1USD = 199.0

NGN was obtained from Google Money Exchange Calculator) as at May 2016.

The purchased cost of equipment for the base case N72363982 and that of case two was

N92399301.9. Calculations were done on the basis that both plants produce about 1050kg/hr

of CO2 and the CO2 is sold at about $5 per kg. The net profit for case 1 was

N8,334,112,940.35 while that of case two was N8,267,919,318.85.

From the calculation results, the overall exergetic efficiency of case 1, it could be observed

that in the simulation of the base case, the overall exergy efficiency was calculated as 85.62%

while the overall energy efficiency was 100%. Also, in the 2nd case, the overall exergy

efficiency was calculated as 96.97% while the overall energy efficiency was calculated as

99.87%. This is as expected as the energetic efficiency is higher than the exergetic efficiency.

This is because exergetic efficiency is a more accurate measure of the efficiency of a process

47
as it makes use of the second law of thermodynamics whereas the energy efficiency makes

use of only the first law of thermodynamics.

5.2: Recommendation

The use of the Aspen Hysys simulation software in this study has its advantages but also has

some disadvantages. The software does not possess a solver for exergy analysis and so

tedious manual calculations must be undertaken. Therefore other software tools for exergy

analysis could be developed preferably with built in functions for exergy calculations.

The study was also performed based on steady state analysis of the CO2 absorption process.

Dynamic process could be looked into. Also a process flow diagram with more equipment set

should also be considered.

48
 LIST OF REFERENCES
(Dincer, Ibrahim and Marc A. Rosen. (2013). Thermodynamic Fundamentals, EXERGY.

I. Dincer. (2007). Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Exergy.

Khila Zohour, Vivian Renaudin and Ammar Houas. (2013). A Comparative Study on Exnergetic and
Exergetic Assessment of Hydrogen from Bioethanol via Steam Reforming.

Odejobi, Oludare J., Chiazor F. Jisieke, and Ambrose N. Anozie. (2015). Simulation and exergy
analysis of processes for carbon dioxide capture and utilization for methanol production.
International Journal of Exergy.

Saidur R. (2015). Energy, exergy and economics analysis of industrial boilers. Energy Policy.

Abbas, Zeina, Toufic Mezher and Mohammed R.M. Abu Zahra. (2013). CO2 purification, Part II:
Techno-economic evaluation of oxygen and water deep removal processes.

Ameri, M and M. Askari. (2013). Enhancing the efficiency of crude oil transportation pipeline.
International Journal Of Exergy.

Bilgen, S. (2015). Calculation of Thermodynamic Values for Agricultural Residues as Potential Energy
Resources.

Dincer I. (2004). Exergy and exergy use in public and private sector of Saudi Arabia.

Luis, Patricia and Bart Van Der Bruggen. (2014). Exergy analysis of energy-intensive poduction
processes. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.

Mehmet Kanoglu. (2008). Exergy for Better Environment and Sustainability.

Orhan M.F. (n.d.). Cost Analysis of a Thermochemical Cu-Cl pilot plant for nuclear-based hydrogen
production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

Selwynraj A. Immanuel, S. Iniyan, Guy Polonsky, L. Suganthi. (2015). Exergy Analysis and Annual
Exergetic Performance Evaluaion of Solar Hybrid STIG.

Syahrul S. (2003). Thermodynamic modeling of fluidized bed drying for moist particles.

Taheri, K. R. (2014). Exergy Analysis as a Developed Concept of Energy Efficiency.

Wang J.J. (n.d.). Performance comparison of combined cooling heating and power system in
different operation modes. Applied Energy.

2013). Retrieved from magnets-energy.info.

Student Paper Submitted To Ateneo de Manila University. (2014).

Student Paper Submitted To Brewster High School. (2014).

(2015, December). Retrieved from magnets-energy.info.

(2015, December). Retrieved from www.ijert.org.

49
(2015). Retrieved 2015, from worldwidescience.org.

(2015). Retrieved from www.aidc.com.

(2016, January). Retrieved from antiessays.com.

(2016, January). Retrieved from web.pdx.edu.

(2016). Retrieved from thevisualmd.com.

(2016). Retrieved from thecoursehero.com.

(2016). Retrieved from ijmse.org.

50
 APPENDIX
APPENDIX A: SIMULATION RESULT OF CO2 ABSORPTION

CASE 2:

TABLE 1: RESULTS FOR SIMULATION CASES

Vapour Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Mass Flow Liquid Heat Flow

Fraction Volume Flow

Unit C kPa kgmole/h kg/h m3/h kJ/h

Flue Gas 1 49.99755 150 41868.4 1190737 1399.538 -1.3E+09

Lean mea 0.002443 53.32075 105 308395.7 6966845 6951.385 -8.7E+10

Treated Gas 1 53.30058 150 43305.51 1237153 1453.307 -1.8E+09

Rich Mea 0 52.2348 150 306958.6 6920429 6897.616 -8.6E+10

Split 1 0 52.2348 150 153802.4 3467500 3456.069 -4.3E+10

51
Split 2 0 52.2348 150 153156.2 3452929 3441.547 -4.3E+10

Split 2 Out 0.000057 100 125 153156.2 3452929 3441.547 -4.2E+10

Split 1 Out 0.000115 105 130 153802.4 3467500 3456.069 -4.2E+10

MEA 0.005204 50 105 155353.5 3513000 3509.054 -4.4E+10

Makeup

Stripper 1 0 104.3842 104.5 153052.5 3453846 3442.336 -4.2E+10

Bottoms

CO2 PROD 1 109.0392 140 749.9875 13654.2 13.73307 -1.8E+08

CO2 PROD 1 105.7437 130 149.9932 2844.639 2.901476 -3.6E+07

Stripper 2 0 120.7065 180 153006.2 3450085 3438.645 -4.2E+10

Bottoms

52
Bottoms 1 0 56.64501 105 153052.5 3453846 3442.336 -4.3E+10

Out

MEA 0.002443 53.31858 105 308406 6966846 6951.39 -8.7E+10

MAKE

53
APENDIX B: EXERGY ANALYSIS FOR CO2 PRODUCTION

CASE 1:

TABLE 2: EXERGY ANALYSIS FOR CASE 1

Stream Name To Mass Flow Change In Change In Specific Exergy Rate

[kg/h] Enthalpy Entropy Exergy Rate (kJ/h)

(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-C) (kJ/kg-h)

Flue Gas 50 1190737 161.6228 0.580902 132.5777 1.58E+08

Lean mea 50 6934623 195.4804 0.824507 154.2551 1.07E+09

Treated Gas 50 1190187 161.2551 0.581012 132.2045 1.57E+08

Rich Mea 50 6935173 194.4183 0.82446 153.1953 1.06E+09

Rich Mea to Heat Exchanger 50 6935173 194.4516 0.82459 153.2221 1.06E+09

Rich Mea To Stripper 50 6935173 430.8967 1.629687 349.4123 2.42E+09

CO2 product 50 1050.765 1302.889 3.81093 1112.342 1168810

Regenerated Mea 50 6934122 451.9191 1.689644 367.4369 2.55E+09

Lean Mea From Heat Exchanger 50 6934122 214.2406 0.899115 169.2848 1.17E+09 54
Lean Mea Recycle 50 6934122 214.2507 0.899153 169.293 1.17E+09

Recooled Amine 50 6934122 194.4467 0.82458 153.2176 1.06E+09

55
 TABLE 3: EXERGY ANALYSIS FOR CASE TWO
Case Two:

Stream Name Mass Flow [kg/h] Change In Change In To Specific Exergy Exergy Rate

Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg- Rate (kJ/kg-h) (kJ/h)

C)

Flue Gas 1190737 161.6228 0.580902 50 132.5777 1.58E+08

Lean mea 6966845 207.4946 0.858282 50 164.5805 1.15E+09

Treated Gas 1237153 183.7871 0.657868 50 150.8937 1.87E+08

Rich Mea 6920429 203.0928 0.858617 50 160.1619 1.11E+09

Split 1 3467500 203.0928 0.858617 50 160.1619 5.55E+08

Split 1 Out 3467500 410.8129 1.569887 50 332.3185 1.15E+09

CO2 PROD 1 13654.2 2639.121 7.13243 50 2282.5 31165707

Stripper 1 Bottoms 3453846 408.1163 1.56276 50 329.9782 1.14E+09

Split 2 3452929 190.8925 0.859916 50 147.8967 5.11E+08

Split 2 Out 3452929 378.2705 1.508306 50 302.8552 1.05E+09

CO2 PROD 2 2844.639 2440.782 6.704812 50 2105.541 5989505

Stripper 2 Bottoms 3450085 473.1156 1.759125 50 385.1594 1.33E+09

Bottoms 1 Out 3453846 230.5666 0.923299 50 184.4017 6.37E+08

56
MEA Makeup 3513000 204.0916 0.872647 50 160.4593 5.64E+08

MEA MAKE 6966846 207.8475 0.872468 50 164.2241 1.14E+09

57
APPENDIX C: PROJECT COST ANALYSIS

CASE 1:
TABLE 4: COST ESTIMATION FOR CASE 1

Equipment Description Equipment Cost ($) Equipment Factor Equipment Unit Total Cost ($) Total Cost (₦)

Distillation Column 67000 2.1 1 140700 27999300

Cooler 45060 1.2 1 54072 10760328

Heat Exchanger (Shell 30277 1.3 1 39360.1 7832660

And Tube)

Absorber 55000 1.3 1 71500 14228500

Pump 22310 1.3 2 58006 11543194

Total Equipment Cost 363638.1 72363982

58
CASE 2:
TABLE 5: COST ESTIMATION FOR CASE 2

Equipment Description Equipment Cost Equipment Factor Equipment Unit Total Cost ($) Total Cost (₦)

($)

Distillation Column 67,000 2.1 2 281400 55998600

Heater 45060 1.2 1 54072 10760328

Heat Exchanger (Shell And Tube) 30277 1.3 1 39360.1 7832659.9

Absorber 55000 1.3 1 71500 14228500

Splitter 10580 0.85 1 8993 1789607

Mixer 10580 0.85 1 8993 1789607

Total Equipment Cost 464318.1 92399301.9

59