Matrices & Determinants.

𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
1. Let A=| 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑|express A as a sum of two matrices such that one is symmetric and other is
𝟎 𝟔 𝟕
skew symmetric.
1
Sol. A can be expressed as A=2 [A+A1] + ½ [A-A1]-------------(1)
Where A+A1 and A-A1 are symmetric and skew symmetric matrices respectively.
3 2 5 3 4 0 6 6 5
A+A1=| 4 1 3| + | 2 1 6| = |6 2 9 |
0 6 7 5 3 7 5 9 14
3 2 5 3 4 0 0 −2 5
A- A1=| 4 1 3| + | 2 1 6| = | 2 0 −3|
0 6 7 5 3 7 −5 3 0
1 1
Putting the values of A+A and A - A in equation (1) we get
6 6 5 0 −2 5
1
A= ½ |6 2 9 | + | 2 0 −3|
2
5 9 14 −5 3 0
−𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
2.Using properties of determinants, prove that | 𝒃𝒂 −𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝒄 | = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒃 −𝒄𝟐
2
−a ab ac
Sol.LHS let∆= | ba −b2 bc |
ca cb −c 2
takinga, b, c common from R1, R2 and R3 respectively
−a b c
∆= 𝑎bc | a −b c |
a b −c
Now taking a, b, c common from C1, C2 and C3 respectively
−1 1 1
∆= 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 | 1 −1 1 |applying R1 R1 + R2
1 1 −1
0 0 2
∆= 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 |1 −1 1 |expanding along first row, we get
1 1 −1
2 2 2 [0
∆= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 + 0 + 2(1 + 1)] = 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
3. Using properties of determinants, show that |𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 | = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 )𝟐
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
1 𝑥 𝑥2
Sol. LHS = let ∆= |𝑥 2 1 𝑥 | applying R1R1+R2 + R3 we get
𝑥 𝑥2 1
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
∆= | 𝑥2 1 𝑥 |
2
𝑥 𝑥 1
2
Taking (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) common from R1

1
 1 1 1
∆= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) |𝑥 2 1 𝑥 |applyingC2C2– C1,C3C3– C1
𝑥 𝑥2 1
1 0 0
∆= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) |𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 |expanding along R1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
∆= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )[1(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥) − (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)]
=(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )[(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )]
= [(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥)]2 = (1 − 𝑥 3 )2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
4. Using properties of determinants, show that| 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 | = 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒃 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Sol. LHS ∆= | 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +1 𝑏𝑐 |
2
𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑏 𝑐 +1
Multiplying C1, C2 and C3 by a, b and c respectively , we get
𝑎(𝑎2 + 1) 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐 2
1
∆= | 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑏(𝑏 2 + 1) 𝑏𝑐 2 |
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 𝑐 𝑐𝑏 2 𝑐(𝑐 2 + 1)
taking a, b, c common from R1, R2 and R3 respectively

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 + 1 𝑏2 𝑐2
2 2
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 𝑏 +1 𝑐 2 |applying C1C1+ C2 + C3
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∆= |1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 + 1 𝑐2 |
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏2 2
𝑐 +1
Taking common (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )from C1
1 𝑏2 𝑐2
2 2 2 2
∆= (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) |1 𝑏 + 1 𝑐2 |
1 𝑏2 𝑐2 + 1
Applying R2R2 – R1 , R3R3 – R1
1 𝑏2 𝑐2
2 2 2
∆= (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) |0 1 0|
0 0 1
expanding along C1 , we get
∆= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )[1(1 − 0) + 0 + 0] = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = RHS

𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
5. Prove that| 𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 | = 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝒄 𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Sol. let ∆= | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 | applying C1C1+C2+C3
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏

2
 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑏
∆= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
Taking 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) common from C1 , we get
1 𝑎 𝑏
∆= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
1 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
applying R2R2-R1 , R3R3-R1
1 𝑎 𝑏
∆= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 0 |expanding along C1 we get
0 0 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
∆= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[1(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) − 0]
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3= RHS

𝒂+𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
6. Using properties of determinants prove that| 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒚 𝒛 | = 𝒂𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)
𝒙 𝒚 𝒂+𝒛
𝑎+𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Sol. LHS let ∆= | 𝑥 𝑎+𝑦 𝑧 | applying C1C1+C2+C3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑎+𝑧
𝑎+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
∆= | 𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑧 |
𝑎+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 𝑎+𝑧
Taking (𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) common from C1 , we get
1 𝑦 𝑧
∆= (𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) |1 𝑎+𝑦 𝑧 |
1 𝑦 𝑎+𝑧
applying R2R2-R1 , R3R3-R1 and expanding along C1 we get
∆= (𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)[1(𝑎2 − 0)] = 𝑎2 (𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = RHS

𝟏+𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
7. Prove that| 𝟏 𝟏+𝒃 𝟏 | = 𝒂𝒃𝒄 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝒄
= 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄
1+𝑎 1 1
Sol.LHS= let ∆= | 1 1+𝑏 1 |
1 1 1+𝑐
Taking a,b,c common from R1,R2 and R3 respectively
1 + 1⁄𝑎 1⁄
𝑎
1⁄
𝑎
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 1⁄𝑏 1
1 + ⁄𝑏 1⁄ |applying R1R1+R2+R3
𝑏
1⁄ 1⁄ 1
1 + ⁄𝑐
𝑐 𝑐

3
 1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 1⁄ 1 + 1⁄𝑏 1⁄ |
𝑏 𝑏
1⁄ 1⁄ 1 + 1⁄𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
taking(1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 ) common from R1
1 1 1
1 1 + 1⁄𝑏 1⁄
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 ) | ⁄𝑏 𝑏 |
1⁄ 1⁄ 1
1 + ⁄𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
applying C2C2– C1 , C3C3– C1
1 0 0
1
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 ) | ⁄𝑏 1 0|expanding along R1, we get
1⁄ 0 1
𝑐
∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 )(1(1 − 0))

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(1 + 1⁄𝑎 + 1⁄𝑏 + 1⁄𝐶 ) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = RHS

𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒂+𝒃

8. If a, b, c are real numbers and | 𝒄 + 𝒂 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 | = 𝟎show that either a+b+c=0 ora=b=c
𝒂+𝒃 𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
Sol. Let ∆= |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | applying C1C1+C2+C3
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 1 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
∆= |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐| = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐|
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 1 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
applying R2R2-R1 , R3R3-R1 and expanding along C1 and on simplification we get
∆= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎] = −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 −
𝑎)2 ]given∆= 0 either 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 or 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 0
 Either a+b+c=0 or a=b=c

11. Two schools decided to award some of their selected students for the values honesty, regularity
and hardwork at the rate of Rs. X ,Rs. y and Rs.z respectively per student the first school allotted a total
of Rs.15,000 for its 2,2and 1 students for the respective values, while the second school kept Rs.19000
for theses values for 3,1and 2 students respectively. If the sum of three awards per students is Rs.10,000
then find the values of x,yand z using matrices. Suggest one more value which should also be included
for the awards.
Sol. We can represent given information , by the system of equation
2x +2y + z = 15000
3x + y + 2z= 19000
x + y + z = 10,000
Rewriting the above equations in matrix form
4
 2 2 1 𝑥 15000
[3 1 2] [𝑦 ] = [ 19000] AX=B
1 1 1 𝑧 10000
2 2 1 𝑥 15000
Where A=[3 1 2] X=[𝑦] B=[19000]
1 1 1 𝑧 10000
|A| = −2 − 2 + 2 = −2 ≠ 0, so A-1 exists and have unique solutions
−1 −1 3 −1 −1 3
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
adjA=[−1 1 −1] A = |𝐴| = −2 [−1 1 −1]
-1

2 0 −4 2 0 −4
−1 −1 3 15000 𝑥 2000 𝑥 = 2000
1
𝑦
X=A B=−2 [−1 1 −1] [19000] => [ ] = [3000] => 𝑦 = 3000
-1

2 0 −4 10000 𝑧 5000 𝑧 = 5000

Hence the award for honesty =Rs 2000, award for regularity =Rs 3000 and award for handwork=Rs
5000
Value: Any one value like sincerity or helpfulness etc can be awarded.
12. There are 3 families A,B and C. The no. of men, women and children in these families are as under
Men Women Children
Family A 2 3 1
Family B 2 1 3
Family C 4 2 6
Daily expenses of men, women and children are Rs200 , Rs150 and Rs200 respectively only men and
women earn and children do not. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the daily expenses of each
family. what impact does more children in the family create on the society ?
Sol. The No. of men, women and children in families A,B and C can be represented by 3 x 3 matrix as
family A 2 3 1
X=family B [2 1 3] and daily expenses of men, women and children can be represented by 3 x 1
family C 4 2 6
Men 200
matrix as Y= women [150]Daily expense of each family is given by the product XY
children 200
family A 2 3 1 200 family A 1050
XY = family B [2 1 3] [150] = family B [1150] Hence daily expense of
family C 4 2 6 200 family C 2300
i) Family A = Rs 1050
ii) Family B = Rs 1150
iii) Family C = Rs 2300
VALUE: More children in the family will increase the expenses of family, which will affect the economy
of society.

2 −1 1
13. For the matrix A=[−1 2 −1]show that A2-5A+4I=0 hence find A-1
1 −1 2

5
 2 −1 1
Sol. Given A=[−1 2 −1]
1 −1 2
2 −1 1 2 −1 1 6 −5 5
A2=AA= [−1 2 −1] [−1 2 −1] = [−5 6 −5]
1 −1 2 1 −1 2 5 −5 6
6 −5 5 10 −5 5 4 0 0 0 0 0
A2-5A+4I=[−5 6 −5] − [−5 10 −5] + [0 4 0 ] = [ 0 0 0] = 0
5 −5 6 5 −5 10 0 0 4 0 0 0
A2-5A+4I=0 Premultiplying by A-1 both sides, we get
A-1A2-5A-1A+4A-1I=A-10 => A-5I+4A-1=0 => 4A-1=5I-A
1
=> A-1=4(5I-A)
5 0 0 2 −1 1 3 1 −1
1 1
A-1 = ([0 5 0] − [−1 2 −1]) = [ 1 3 1 ]
4 4
0 0 5 1 −1 2 −1 1 3

Try These
2 −1
1. If A = [ ]and I is the identity matrix of order 2 then show that
−1 2
2⁄ 1⁄
A2-4A+3I=0 hence find A-1Ans. [ 3 3]
1⁄ 2⁄
3 3

2. To raise money for an Orphanage, students of three schools A,B and C organized an exhibition
in their locality, where they sold paper bags , scrap book and pastel sheets made by them using
recycled paper, at the rate of Rs 20, Rs 15 and Rs 5 per unit respectively . School A sold 25
paper bags, 12 scrap books and 34 pastel sheets. School B sold 22 paper bags, 15 scrap books
and 28 pastel sheets while school C sold 26 paper bags1 18 scrap books and 36 pastel sheets.
Using matrices find the total amount raised by each school. By such exhibition, which values
are inculcated in the students ?
Ans: School A=Rs 850 B= Rs 805 C= Rs 970
Values: helping the orphans, use of recycle paper.
3. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation
2𝑥 2 8 5𝑥 2
𝑥[ ] + 2[ ] = 2 [(𝑥 + 8) 24]
3 𝑥 4 4𝑥 10 6𝑥
4. Librarian Mr.Ajeet Kumar has purchased 10 dozen autobiography of great person, 8 dozen
historical books, 10 dozen story books related to moral teaching the cost prices are Rs.80 ,
Rs.60 and Rs.40 respectively. Find the total amount of money that he invested for library using
matrix algebra. Which type of books is more useful for students and why ?
Ans: Rs.20160, autobiography of great person is more useful for students as it educate a lesson
to them for being a great person.
1 0 2
5. If A=[0 2 1]prove that A3-6A2+7A+2I=0
2 0 3
6. Using matrix, solve 3x-2y+3z=8 , 2x+y-z=1 , 4x-3y+2z=4
Ans: x=1 , y=2 , z= 3
1 2 5
7. Find A-1, if A=[1 −1 −1] hence solve the following system of linear equation x+2y+5z=10
2 3 −1
, x-y-z=-2 , 2x+3y-z=-11

6
8. Solve using matrix,

2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2
− + = 10 , + + = 10 , − + = 13
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

9. Using properties of Determinants, show that

𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
| 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 | = 4𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
Sol: L.H.S Let ∆= | 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
Applying R1-> R1+R2+R3
2(𝑏 + 𝑐) 2(𝑐 + 𝑎) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
∆= | 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏

Taking 2 common from R1

(𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑐 + 𝑎) (𝑎 + 𝑏)
∆= 2 | 𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
Applying R2-> R2-R1 , R3-> R3-R1
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
∆= | −𝑐 0 −𝑎 |
−𝑏 −𝑎 0
Applying R1->R1+R2+R3
0 𝑐 𝑏
∆= | −𝑐 0 −𝑎|
−𝑏 −𝑎 0
Expanding along R1, we get
2[0 − 𝑐(0 − 𝑎𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑐𝑎 − 0)] = 4𝑎𝑏𝑐 =RHS

𝑥 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥3
10. If x, y ,z are all different and ∆= |𝑦 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦 3 | = 0, then show that 1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0.
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3
2 3
𝑥 𝑥 1+𝑥
2
Sol: Let ∆= |𝑦 𝑦 1 + 𝑦3|
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3
𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
2
= |𝑦 𝑦 1| + |𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦 3 |
𝑧 𝑧2 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑥 𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 𝑥2
= |𝑦 𝑦2 1|+ (𝑥𝑦𝑧) |1 𝑦 𝑦 2 | (Taking common x,y,z from R1,R2 and R3 respectively)
𝑧 𝑧2 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2
1 𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥 𝑥2
2 2 | + (𝑥𝑦𝑧) |
= (−1) |1 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦2|
2
1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧2

7
 1 𝑥 𝑥2
= (1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧) |1 𝑦 𝑦2|
1 𝑧 𝑧2
Applying R2->R2-R1, R3->R3-R1

1 𝑥 𝑥2
= (1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧) |0 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥2|
2

0 𝑧−𝑥 𝑧2 − 𝑥2
Expanding along C1 and simplifying, we get
= (1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
Since ∆= 0 and x,y,z are all different 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≠ 0, 𝑦 − 𝑧 ≠ 0, we get 1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0.
TRY THESE

I. Using properties of determinants, prove the following

𝑥+4 2𝑥 2𝑥
1. | 2𝑥 𝑥+4 2𝑥 | = (5𝑥 + 4)(4 − 𝑥)2
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑏+𝑐 𝑞+𝑟 𝑦+𝑧 𝑎 𝑝 𝑥
2. | 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑝 𝑧 + 𝑥 | = 2 |𝑏 𝑞 𝑦|
𝑎+𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 𝑥+𝑦 𝑐 𝑟 𝑧
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
3. |2𝑎 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 2𝑐 |=𝑎3
3𝑎 6𝑎 + 3𝑏 10𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 3𝑐
𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐+𝑏
4. |𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑎 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐+𝑏
−𝑏𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
2
5. | 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐| = (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)3
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑎𝑏
II. Using properties of determinants solve for x.
3𝑥 − 8 3 3
1. | 3 3𝑥 − 8 3 |=0
3 3 3𝑥 − 8
11 11 2
[Ans: 𝑥 = , ,3
3 3
𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
2. |𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 16| = 0
𝑥 − 8 2𝑥 − 27 3𝑥 − 64
[Ans: x=4]
𝑥−1 1 1
3. | 1 𝑥−1 1 |=0
1 1 𝑥−1
[Ans: x=-1, 2]
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
4. | 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 | = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎
−𝑎
[Ans: x= ]
3
5. Using properties of det. Prove that

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 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
i. |𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 | = 9𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥
2 3
𝑥 𝑥 1 + 𝑝𝑥
2
ii. |𝑦 𝑦 1 + 𝑝𝑦 3 | = (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝑧 𝑧 2 1 + 𝑝𝑧 3

Solutions of Linear Equations using Matrices

1. Solve 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −5; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12 using Matrix method.

Sol: The given system of equations can be expressed in Matrix from A x =B, where
1 −1 2 𝑥 7
𝐴 = [3 4 −5] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [−15]
2 −1 3 𝑧 12
1 −1 2
|𝐴| = |3 4 −5| = 7 + 19 − 22 = 4 ≠ 0
2 −1 3
|𝐴| ≠ 0 => 𝐴−1exists and given system has unique solution X=A-1B
7 1 −3 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1 7 1 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−19 −1 11 ] , 𝐴−1 = = [−19 −1 11 ]
|𝐴| 4
−11 −1 7 −11 −1 7
7 1 −3 7 8 2
1 1
X=A-1B=4 [−19 −1 11 ] [−15] = 4 [ 4 ] = [1]
−11 −1 7 12 12 3
𝑥 2
=>[𝑦] = [1] => 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3
𝑧 3

2 −3 5
2. If 𝐴 = [3 2 −4], find A-1, using A-1 solve the system of equations 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11, 3𝑥 +
1 1 −2
2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −3.
2 −3 5
Sol: |𝐴| = [3 2 −4]=0-6+5=-1≠ 0
1 1 −2
A is a non-singular Matrix , so A-1 exists.
0 −1 2 0 −1 2 0 1 −2
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
adj A= [2 −9 23] , 𝐴 = |𝐴| = −1 [2 −9 23] = [−2 9 −23]
1 −5 13 1 −5 13 −1 5 −13
The given system of equations can be expressed as
2 −3 5 𝑥 11
A x =B [3 2 −4] [ ] = [−5]𝑦
1 1 −2 𝑧 −3
2 −3 5 𝑥 11
Where A= [3 2 −4], X=[𝑦], B=[−5]
1 1 −2 𝑧 −3
0 −1 −2 11 1
AX=B => A-1 B => X=[− 2 −9 −23] [−5] = [2]
−1 −5 −13 −3 3

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 𝑥 1
[𝑦] =[2] => x=1, y=2, z=3
𝑧 3
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
3. Determine the product [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2] and using it solve the equations.
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, −𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
1 −1 1 −4 4 4
Sol: Let A= [1 −2 −2] , 𝐶 = [−7 1 3]
2 1 3 5 −3 −1
−4 4 4 1 −1 1 8 0 0
CA= [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2]= [0 8 0] = 8𝐼3
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 0 0 8
1 1 −1
(8 𝑐) 𝐴 = 𝐼3 => A-1=8 𝑐 [ ∵ 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼]
1 −4 4 4
𝐴−1 = [−7 1 3]
8
5 −3 −1
The given system of equations can be written inmatrix form as PX=B
1 1 2 𝑥 1
Where P= [−1 −2 1], X= [𝑦], B= [4]
1 −2 3 𝑧 0
−1
PX=B = >𝑃 𝐵
1 1 2
But P=[−1 −2 1]= 𝐴𝑇
1 −2 3
−1 𝑇 −1 −1 𝑇 −1
1 −4 −7 5
𝑃 = (𝐴 ) = (𝐴 ) ∴ 𝑃 = [ 4 1 −3]
8
4 3 −1
−4 −7 5 1 −32
1 1
X=𝑃−1 𝐵 = 8 [ 4 1 −3] [4] = 8 [ 8 ]
4 3 −1 0 16

𝑥 −4
[𝑦] =[ 1 ] => 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
𝑧 2

2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
4. Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 + = 4, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 − = 2 by using Matrix method.
𝑧 𝑧
Sol: Rewriting the given equations in Matrix form, we get
1
𝑥
2 3 10 1 4
[4 −6 5 ] = [1 ]
𝑦
6 9 −20 2
1
[𝑧 ]
AX=B
1
2 3 10 𝑥 4
1
Where A= [4 −6 5 ],𝑋 = 𝑦
, 𝐵 = [1]
6 9 −20 1 2
[𝑧 ]
|150 + 330 + 720 = 1200 ≠ 0
A is non-singular so A-1 exists and X= A-1B.
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 75 150 75 75 150 75
adj A= [110 ], -1= 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 1 [
−100 30 A |𝐴| 1200
110 −100 30 ]
72 0 −24 72 0 −24
75 150 75 4 600
1 1
X=A-1B =>1200 [110 −100 30 ] [1] = 1200 [400]
72 0 −24 2 240
1 1
𝑥 2
1 1
=> 𝑦
= 3
=> x=2, y=3, z=5
1 1
[𝑧 ] [5]
5. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x)
for honesty, some(say y) for helping other and some others (say z) for supervising the workers to
kepp the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of
awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty
is 33. If the sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of
awardees for helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees of each category.
Apart from these values, namely, honesty, cooperation and supervision, suggest one more value
which the management of the colony must include for awards.
Sol: According to the question, the system of values is 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 33, 𝑥 −
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
The above system of equations can be written in matrix for AX=B as
1 1 1 𝑥 12 1 1 1 𝑥 12
[2 3 3] [𝑦]=[33] where A= [2 3 3] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [33]
1 −2 1 𝑧 0 1 −2 1 𝑧 0

|A|=9+1-7=3≠ 0, So A-1 exists.

AX=B = > A-1B
9 −3 0 9 −3 0
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
adj A=[ 1 0 −1] , 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| = 3 [ 1 0 −1]
−7 3 1 −7 3 1
9 −3 0 12 9
1 1
X=𝐴−1 𝐵 => 𝑋 = 3 [ 1 0 −1] [33]= 3 [12]
−7 3 1 0 15
𝑥 3
[𝑦] =[4]=> x=3, y=4, z=5
𝑧 5
Number of awards for honesty = 3
Number of awards for helping others= 4
Number of awards for supervising = 5
Value: The management can include cleanliness for awarding the members.
Or the management can also include the persons, who work in the field of health and hygiene.
Or any other relevant answer.

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 2 2 −4 1 −1 0
11. Given A=[−4 2 −4] B=[2 3 4] find BA and use this to solve the system of
2 −1 5 0 1 2
equations y+2z=7 , x-y=3 , 2x+3y+4z=17
10. Sum of three numbers is 20. If we multiply the first by 2 and add the second number and
subtract the third we get 23. If we multiply the first by 3 and add second and third to it we get
46. Find the numbers.
Ans: 13, 2, 5
3 −1 −1 1 2 −2
11. If A-1=[−15 6 −5] and B=[−1 3 0 ] then find (AB)-1
5 −2 2 0 −2 1
use (AB) =B A
-1 -1 -1

4 2 −1
12. Express the matrix A=[3 5 7 ] as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 −2 1
−1 2 3 −2
13. Find a matrix X such that 2A+B+X=0, when A=[ ], B=[ ]
3 4 1 5
14. A trust has fund Rs.50,000 that is to be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond
pays 10%P.A interest which will be given to adult education and second bond pays 12%
interest P.A which will be given to financial benefits of the trust using matrix multiplication,
determine how to divide Rs.50,000 among two types of bonds, if the trust fund obtains an
annual total interest of Rs.1800. what are the values reflected in the question.
15. An agriculture firm possesses 100 acre cultivated land that must be cultivated in two different
mode of cultivations : organic and inorganic. The yield for organic and inorganic system of
cultivation is 15 quintals/acre and 20 quintals/acre respectively .using matrix method
determine how to divide 100 acre land among two modes of cultivation to obtain yields of
1600 quintals.
Which mode of cultivation do you prefer most and why ?

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