DIFFERENTIABILITY

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION:
Rules of logarithmic function
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎/𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎𝒏 =n𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒃
Change of base rule 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒂

loge = 1, log1 = 0, 𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

Solution:

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 𝒅𝒚
2. If (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱)𝐲 = (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐲)𝐱 find
𝒅𝒙

−𝟏 𝒙
3. If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) 𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

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 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
4. Differentiate 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + ( ) with respect to x:
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

𝒅𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
5. If 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 =
𝒅𝒙 (𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙𝒆))𝟐

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 𝒅𝒚
6. If (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒚 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚)𝒙 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
7. 𝑰𝒇 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒎+𝒏 find
𝒅𝒙

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 8. Differentiate (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝒙 + 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
𝒅𝒚
Find for the following :
𝒅𝒙

1. If 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 .
2. 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙−𝒚
−𝟏
3. 𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
4. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝟖𝒙
5. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟖
6. 𝒚 = (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝒙
7. 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒎+𝒏
8. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒙

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9. (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙)𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
10. If 𝒙𝟏𝟔 𝒚𝟗 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚)𝟏𝟕 prove that =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
11. Differentiate with respect to x: 𝒙 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒚
12. If 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅
𝒅𝒙

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 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS:

1. Steps for working rule :

i) Find f’(x) in factor form.

ii) Solve f’(x) = 0 and find the roots.

iii) If there are ‘n’ roots, then divide the real number line R into (n+1 ) disjoint
open intervals .

iv) Find the sign of f’(x) in each of the above intervals.

v) f(x) is increasing or decreasing in the intervals when f’(x) is positive or

negative respectively

Tips and Techniques :-

1. If the coefficient of the highest power is +ve then the right most interval in the
Real Line is +ve & the other intervals from right to left get alternatively signed.
The given function is increasing in +ve signed intervals and decreasing in the –ve
signed intervals.

2. If the coefficient of the highest power is -ve then the rightmost interval in the
Real Line is -ve & the other intervals from right to left get alternatively signed.
The given function is increasing in +ve signed intervals and decreasing in the –ve
signed intervals.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION:

1. Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 is
a) Strictly increasing b) strictly decreasing

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 2. Find the intervals in which the function f given by𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤
𝟐𝝅,
is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.

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SOLUTION:

3. Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 7 is

a) strictly increasing b) strictly decreasing

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 4. Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
is
a) strictly increasing b) strictly decreasing

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.5. Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 45𝑥 2 + 51 is

a) strictly increasing b) strictly decreasing

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 2𝑥
5. Show that 𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) − 2+𝑥 , x> -1 is an increasing function throughout its domain.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing and
decreasing.
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 2𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 + 12𝑥 + 15
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 2𝑥3 − 12𝑥2 + 18𝑥 − 15
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 2𝑥3 − 12𝑥2 + 18𝑥 − 7
4. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝑥3 − 15𝑥2 − 120𝑥 + 3
5. 𝒇(𝒙) = −2𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 + 12𝑥 + 6
6. 𝒇(𝒙) = −2𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 − 12𝑥 + 1
7. 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑
8. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2
9. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 100
10. Prove that the function f given by 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝝅
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 ( 𝟎, )
𝟐
𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
11. Prove that the function f given by 𝒇(𝒙) = −
𝟐+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝝅
𝜽 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 ( 𝟎, )
𝟐
𝟐
12. Show that the function 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 is neither increasing nor
decreasing on (0,1)
TANGENTS AND NORMALS :

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 at 𝒕 =
𝟒

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2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐, which is parallel to the
line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = √𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐, which is parallel to the
line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

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4. Find the points on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 at which the slope of the tangent
is equal to the y-coordinate of the point.

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5. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 =
𝟒

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6. Find the equation of the normal at the point ( am2 ,am3) for the curve a y2= x3

7. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 ( √𝟐𝒂 , 𝒃)
𝒂𝟐

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. Find the points at which the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟕
Is parallel to the x axis .
𝝅
2. Find the slope of the normal to the curve 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝟒
3. Find the points on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟓 at which the tangent has the
equation
𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
4. Prove that the tangents to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 +
𝟔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 (𝟐, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, 𝟎)
Are at right angles.
5. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐, which is parallel to the
line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
6. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝟒
7. Find the equations of the normals to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 which is parallel
to the line 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
8. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 =
𝒙−𝟕
(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟑)
𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
9. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝒚), −𝟐𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
That are parallel to the line x+2y = 0
10. Find the equations of the normal at a point on the curve x 2 = y which passes
through the point (1 , 2). Also find the equation of the tangent

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