Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
! "
#
$
%
$
& $
'( $
(
)
"
*
!
( #
+
,
"
& # ,
! "
$ %-
! "
$
. "
"
/
"%
/
(
&
" ( 01 2
" 01 2
+
3
(
,
+
"
1
# " ( 4
+
"
%
( $
5
6
+
"
*
,
1
( ,
+
" %
(
7
. $
7
*
%
"
( *
"
6 ,
"
,
)"
7
1& 7
) 8 %
9
*
: $
%
(
"
( "/
#(
&
%
"
(; %
( 0
$
% "
2;
( <
& ( #
6
% 8 "/
9
"/
; $
0
2
( #
$;
$
(
( $ % %
= > $
; 1
& 8
$ >
9; ? @A
; B
C D%;
E
B D; ) "
B
0
2
;
(
%
(
$
F
%
( 0 %
(2 = $
% 6
=
$
$ ; (
$/
<
$ G
:
&
(
%/
5#
"/
/
"
(
<
$
; &
<
F
:(* 365K ;
%
;
"/
*
%
(
(
F *
#
4000K 0 &
%
* 2 H &
"/
*
( (
* 6
*
F
% I( =
"
( 0
%
#
2
%( 30%
(;
25% "/
% I(
"/
1
10 * 14%
%
*
%
& % I(
F
( =
#
%"
%/
;
;
;
( (
% >
/ $#
;
$
1
" J
&
$ (
%"
%/
F
=
0
*
;
#
;
(2
(
( (
( >
&
$
F
( =
20 * 25 K
; (
L
"/
*
$ %
%
% (
5 J
/
%$
(
*
%/
1350 W/m2 J
$ ( (
(
#
<&
3, 4%
$
0
2;
%
* 5800K 0 1 2
J
*
!
$
*
%
(
%/
1
%/ = 25 * 50%
6
.L
; 30%
6
;
-
0
λ < 300nm2; CO2
%/ 0λ > 2500nm2
.L
:
; 20%
$ %-
$
6
$
L 5
$
"
H
"
%
-
0 1 2
(
"
%-
-
&
KM K>
<&
"
0 *
*
&
(2
*
/
C
; /
&
%
C
$ *
0 2;
& ( $
(
"
*
B
=
>
"/
C0 ; T
Q
(
N % (
J
Ces 0
L #
$
2 =
C0
Ces =
QT
>
e /m2 ;
(
N 200W/m2 ;
Ces = 0.00285 e /kW h
;
100% >
50%;
= Ces = QTC0
ηc
=
0.0057 e /kW h
J
$
0<& #
2
( "/
( 0
(2
F = %"(
(
F .% "
%
(
F (
&
F
F *
F /
F % I( 0
# 2
#
$
#
80% %"/
19% %
#
%
%"/
%
(
"/
; O (
(
%/ 13, 9.105km
/ (
*
5760K
3, 8.1023kW
$ $
01, 7.1014 kW 2
; *
C
/ 30%
< % ; 47%
#
*
"
23%
"
P
%/ "
"
& # 70% #
( "
*
&
C =
c1 λ−5
m0λ = (W/m2 .μm)
(ec2 /λT − 1)n2
c1 = 3, 74.108W.μm4 /m2
c2 = 1, 44.104μmK
n = indice de réf raction du milieu
<&
&
∞
M0 = m0λ dλ = σT 4
0
σ = 5, 673.108W/m2 K 4 , la constante de Stef an − Boltzmann
T = température absolue exprimée en K
1
C 6
0
= ; Q D2
&
*
/ J
(
*
=
(
#
;
$
kλ ; (
λT 0
1 2 =
F B
"
λ
λ λ
l0λ,0→λ l0λ dλ l0λ dλ
kλ = = ∞ 0
= 0 4
l0λ,0→∞ 0
l0λ dλ σT
λT
c1 d(λT )
=
0 σ(λT )5 .(ec2 /λT − 1)
J
1
P
P N
<&
$ : 0 1 2 =
Δ2 φ
L = lim
Δσ → 0 Δσ.Δω
Δω → 0
<& $
$ L
%
%/
$ =
2π π/2
qr = L cosθ sinθ dθ dφ
0 0
>
$
6 0
L
2;
=
qr = πL
$
0 $
62;
M0 = πL0
m0λ = πl0λ
>
/ %
$
& $
; S1 S2 ;
$
$
S1 (
S2 =
! (
;
=
%
1
=
F J: S1
S2 =
S1
F12 = 1 et F21 =
S2
F & $
/
F12 = F21 = 1
F %
: S1
S2 0&
=
%
$
β %-
( 2 =
"
S1
> $ %-
;
F12 = 1; $ ;
F12 = 12
0β = 90 K2
J
( &
1 β
F12 = (1 + cosβ) = cos2 ( )
2 2
>
"
$
; $ S1 N =
S1 4
S1 F1−ciel Mciel = (1 + cosβ)σTciel
2
%
&
=
4
φciel1 = S1 F1−ciel σ(Tciel − T14 )
> fλ (x)
<&
(
x;
=
aλ ( 5
&
%
(
τλ
<& * x = L
<&
=
fλ(L)
τλ = = e−aλ L
fλ (0)
aλ
6
;
6
(
!
% #
1
1, 471.1011m
% 0
2
&
1, 521.1011m 0
Q
:
2
"
#
L
$
; K &
(
"
$
2
-
%
# =
z = 90 − α
L
$
( +
;
=
α = 90 − |L − δs |
)
( $
$ N
1m % ( $
L
/
0
2
0
20 1 Q2 B
R
* 3& 0 = ; KM2
"
& # #
"
"
$
& "
* &
%/ *
"
# D0
I0 1353W/m2
0.5μm 0:
2
= 9, 2% ST;
42, 4% 48, 4% H!
4
#
=
D0 2
I = I0 ( )
D
J
( I = I0 [1 + 0, 034cos(360n/365, 25)o] n
:
1 ,
II0
"
& I
/
%/;
<#
%;
6
; ; / 0%
/
1 42
$
"
(
$
1#
Ib
"
$ / 6
% Id
"
& L
( "
*
(
<& Ib,n 0
$
*
2
3 =
Ib,n = Ie− Kdx
U K 5
&
%/ x;
%/
7
%/
=
Ib,n = Ie−km
m
*
%/ 2 > α = 90o ; m 0 -
%2
!
"
"
$ %-
;
;
=
= Ibh + Idh
Ih = Ib,n cosz + CIb,n
= Ib,n sinα + CIb,n
J
( "
6;
;
"
$ C
(; $ 6
08 C" 6 $ 92
!
1 7 1
"
$
"
$ $
β %-
=
I = Ib + Id + Ir
Ir "
< %
0 $ 2
> i
"
$
;
=
Ib = Ib,n cos(i)
Id
"
6;
"
6
$ %-
$
$ =
1 + cosβ
Id = Id,h
2
"
< % Ir ;
"
$ %-
$ <&
ρ 0 8
92
/ $
Ir 0Ir = Ih ρ2 (
$
$
$ 0
&
1
$
2
1 − cosβ
Ir = ρIh
2
L
1
;
"
H & & "
&
"
=
"
/ "%
/
F "
/
%
%(
"
; 6
$
0
& "
2
# $
%
"
/
2π >
%
(;
$
* %-
0
2
$
*
20 1 2 J
"
#
/
"
6
N
$; 1
( "
01 2 H $
: (
$
H $
;
;
$ $ *
62 J
"
6
# $
%
"%
/ 0 1 2
"
=
*
G
* K
$
/
"
L
"/
:
0
;
# $
%
( %#
I(
%
(
%
(
:
%
%
/
*
6
:
% $; ( #
L
#
"
% I( % I(
#
*
& *
/ 0%
2
/
( 06 % I(2
& 6
L
O
"
6 /#
=
;
"
#
;
$ ;
"
;
#
$ 5
5
/
&
#
(;
$
*
0 KC #2 * &
; *
$
* KC
$
α 1
=
∞ ∞
αλ .fλ dλ αλ .fλ dλ
α = 0 ∞ = 0
0
fλ dλ F
$
α
/(
H
"
J
=
αλ =
λ
;
α = αλ =
λ =
L
6 '
*
<&
; <&
0 $ 2 G (
"
< %
$
; <&
6 0 $ 2
"
1
5
$ "(
$
!
5
"
#
$
(
$
98%
$ * 3μm
( 99%
"
$
* 400K
*
* 3μm
+ &
;
O
C
C (
= αs = 0, 95
i = 0, 07
*
$
5
<&
$ $
$
$
n
5
&
k
F T
5
$
;
% 2;
0
"
(
2;
$
0 2
* / $
, KC
H & & "
;
$
$ = (
0 ;
#
%2 0
% 2
&
'( $)*
$
=
F
F = ( %
&
<
;
# $
F
F
0
* /2
F
&
'( $+* >
#
0 % 2
0 % 6 2 + $
F
1
( " 8 9
F )
08 A
< 92
$
0 τ = f (λ) * 1
2 (
0"
"(2 /
(
L
(
5
H
H
& %
L
>
;
(
$
5
0
1 Q2
*
H
#
%
*
0
KC 2
O
& (
% G
Q
Q F )
"
$
%
(;
$ %
,
-
% ;
%
* 1 4
(
$
"
( < >
/
$
Ac ;
=
dec
Ic Ac τs αs = qu + qpertes +
dt
F Ic V "
$
F τs V $
F αs V $
$
F qu V
<&
<
F qpertes V
F de
dt
c
V C
J
1
5
ηc
$
=
qu
ηc =
Ac Ic
(; $
5
/
#
; $
;
*
1
5
"
=
t
qu dt
ηc = t 0
0
Ac Ic dt
4
F
0Tc,sup = Tc,inf 2
F /
F <
$ $
$
F
0 2
*
F "
$
1 7
%
6
#
(
%
1
(
%
1 =
qu = Ic Ac τs αs − qpertes
J
&
<& =
Ac (Tc − Ta )
qpertes = Uc Ac (Tc − Ta ) =
R
; / O >
$ ;
( 5 : $ O
Af * $ /
Ac Ac Ac + Af
Uc Ac = = +
R Rt1 + Rt2 Rb1 + Rb2
7
Rb1 = eisolant
kisolant
1
Rb2 = hconv,arrière
1
Rt1
= hr,1 + hc,1
1
Rt2
= hr,∞ + hc,∞
5
$ "
hr,1
=
5
$ "
#
hr,∞ &
=
hr,∞ Ac (Tv − Ta ) =
v,i σAc (Tv4 − Tciel
4
)
5
; $
$
% < >
6
;
$
%
$ ;
<
5
$
$ <
"
$
% ;
%
&
0 1 2
S
<&
$
<
(
&
G
/ $
*
&
& %
&
(
1&
& %
& $
&
5
(
<& %
*
(
%
*
%
(
1
; #*#
*
$
1
<&
/
0
& #
$2 &
=
F Tb (x0 )
* $ (
F Ω = tgh(mw)
mw
5
2
F m = kt ; t k
%
(
Uc
<& qu (x0 ) L
$ < >
%
( %
&
"
( %
&;
=
P (
/ %
0= 2(D + d)
%
#
2
)
(
$
$
#
/ %"(
;
<
; $
&
J
=
qu (x0 ) = (2w + D)F [αs Is − Uc (Tf (x0 ) − Ta )]
1/Uc
F =
(2w + D)[1/(Uc (D + 2wΩ)) + 1/(hc,iP )]
* 1
%
(
$
$ 5
Uc ; hc,i Ω
(;
6
6
/
F
/
$ 5
#
%
( G
& %
&
>
5
$
%
& <
; F
;
Uc
*
F
;
< Tf (x)
<& % J
(
dx
%
;
ṁ =
#*# =
dTf (x)
ṁcp = (2w + D)F [αs Is − Uc (Tf (x) − Ta )]
dx
dTf (x) (2w + D)F Uc
=− dx
Tf (x) − Ta − αs Is /Uc ṁcp
J
/ (
( F
Uc
Tf,in Tf,out
<
Tf,out − Ta − αs Is /Uc Uc (2w + D)F L
= exp −
Tf,in − Ta − αs Is /Uc ṁcp
$
%
"
(;
$ FR 08 %
$ 92 (
<&
$
< <& (
$
6
%
"
(
< #
( *
J
<
ṁcp (Tf,out − Tf,in )
FR =
αs Is Ac − Uc Ac (Tf,in − Ta )
>
G = ṁ
Ac
;
$ ;
$
<
qu = Ac FR [αs Is − Uc (Tf,in − Ta )]
>
:
0τs 2 # $ ;
=
qu = Ac FR [τs αs Ic − Uc (Tf,in − Ta )]
5
ηc
=
qu
ηc = = FR [τs αs − Uc (Tf,in − Ta )/Ic ]
Ic Ac
/ (
(
. /
,
(
# *
%"%/
;
$
= <& ;
&
<
6
/;
"
C 6
(
*
(
*
/#
&
$; (
% 6 <
L
$
< (
"
1
( ; %
&;
/ <
*
L
0
"
2
J
; <
/;
$
=
dT p (τ )
(mc)p = Ac Is αs + Ac Up [Tv (τ ) − Tp (τ )]
dτ
(
$
+
F (mc)p =
%
( ; < #
F Up = 5
$
* T p * T v
=
dT v (τ )
(mc)v = Ac Up [T p (τ ) − T v (τ )] − Ac U∞ [T v (τ ) − Ta ]
dτ
F U∞ = hc,∞ + hr,∞
F (mc)v = %
(
J
1
(*
;
( =
U∞ Ac [T v (τ ) − Ta ] = Uc Ac [T p (τ ) − Ta ]
;
1&;
=
dT v (τ ) Uc dT p (τ )
=
dτ U∞ dτ
/ (
;
=
Uc dT p (τ )
(mc)p + (mc)v = αs Is − Uc (T p (τ ) − Ta ) Ac
U∞ dτ
(
; Is Ta
; =
αs Is αs Is Uc Ac τ
T p (τ ) − Ta = − − (Tp,0 − Ta ) exp −
Uc Uc (mc)p + (Uc /U∞ )(mc)v
Tp,0 ;
(
;
T p L
% (
;
W
T p αs ; Is ; Uc Ta
% (
+
* 6/
*
$ %
!
(
;
!"
; 5
$
$
$
(
(
( $ $
$
%
"
$
/ $
( 1
Q
=
hc
F =
hc + Uc
Uc 1
hc 5
$
%
H *
=
0, 0192Re3/4 P r
Nu =
1 + 1, 22Re−1/8 (P r − 2)
(
3 =
f = 0, 079Re−1/4
M !
/ %" ( DH *
/ %
$ FR 08 %
$ 92
(
*
< 0 2
*
;
=
ṁa cp,a F Uc Ac
FR = 1 − exp −
Uc Ac ṁa cp,a
,
,&
(
1
((
1
(
$ >
(; $
*
:
%
8 9
(
#
"
J
;
<
8 S
9
%
8 9
&
(
(
$ $ &
%
% *
$ %
$
(
0
#
2
& ; (
; &
(
6 ; ( (
& &
4
(
; %
#
"
$
<&
0
$
2 qpertes
=
qpertes = Uc (Tr − Ta )
Tr
0 2
%
( U1c
=
1
= R1 + R2 + R3
Uc
& %
$
& 0 8
92;
#
"
Ri−1
=
Ief f
"
6 $
/ <&
* / < ; At $ : 0 #*#
/2 Ar $
"/
(
; $
$
* ; "(
$
%#
(
5 *
&
&
6
"
#
;
<
J
<;
&
(Tf,S − Tf,E ) "
Ic 5
=
qu ṁCp (Tf,S − Tf,E )
ηc = =
Ac Ic Ac Ic
>
/ (
X#Y%#3;
=
Tf,E − Ta
ηc = FR τS αS − FR Uc
Ic
T −T
(
ηc
$
f,EIc a
FR Uc τS αS
L
5
FR Uc
1 Q
( "(
1 ,
( 6
; τS αS
"
( =
(τS αS ) = (τS αS )n Kτ α
, F $
6
"
( (τS αS )n
J
=
Tf,E − Ta
ηc = FR Kτ α (τS αS )n − Uc
Ic
(
*
6 *
Kτ α
$
" $
+>X#
!+ 1 7
"
(
4 F H
<
Kτ α
*
< % $
<&
$ Aa
$
0 2 Ar $
*
L &
$
& 1
&
J
1
( CRo
<&
Ir <& Ia $ =
Ir
CRo =
Ia
J
1
( CR
(#
$ =
Aa
CR =
Ar
CRo
(
< %
$
.
" ;
CRo ;
$
%
(; (
* $
% ;
CR
>
; *
5 ; *
=
qu = η0 Ic Aa − Uc (Tc − Ta )Ar
=
qu
ηc =
Ic Aa
H
=
Uc (Tc − Ta ) 1
ηc = η0 −
Ic CR
;
CR ≈ 1 ( *
CR >> 1
5
H $
* (
"
1
5 ( &
*
$ Uc
!
5 *
*
(
"
1
;
*
(
(
$
6
(
/
*
%( *
+ $
J
%
(
"/
*
*
& = ; 0 1
2 6
*
:
0
#2 ( L
0& = 2
J
% %
&
CRmax
$
J
/ $
$ (
J
=
As sa = Aa as
As sr = Ar rs
;
Aa sa rs
CR = =
Ar as sr
>
; "
#
;
=
sa = sr
!
F
$
Fas # %
>
( L
=
as = Fas
=
rs
CR =
Fas
J
( rs ≤ 1
=
1
CR ≤ CRmax =
Fas
!
-
! - Fas
J
Fas
/
&
0 1
2
J
As
Fas = Fsa
Aa
> θmax ∗ 2
&
(
/ J
$
* 8 / ( 9 X
θmax
8
#
9 0
% $#
2 >
( (
*
-
( "
1
CRmax,2D =
sin θmax
! Q
(;
1/2 K 4 K; (
*
(
"
%
%/
>
/
* 0 " 2; $
(
L
%
$
; / ;
1
CRmax,3D = 2
sin θmax
%
"
(
$
>
6
;
=
ηc
$
<
qabs "
H
=
>
; $
"
;
"
(
H
=
qpertes =
ir Ar σTr4
;
1/4
αs CR
Tr = Ts (1 − ηc )τ
ir CRmax
+
; ηc → 0 0
$2 τ = 1 0( $ 2;
=
1/4
CR
lim Tr = Ts
CRmax
(
ir
αs Tr → Ts J
Tr ≤ Ts
(
$
%
"
(
+ $
*
"
6
*
1(
"
08
92 J
(
6
%
L J
(
"
6
( 8 9
(
6 "
* J
=
Aa as = Ar rs
J
rs = 1 $
(
$
1 "
6
;
Ar 1
as = =
Aa CR
1
+
CR "
6
(;
$
"
6
/ ( 0 $
:
2
+ -
"
<& 6
1
#
"
/;
(
< %
/ $
! 4
F H
<
"
*
;
&
"
( O ( ( 0
1 2
0
1 2
3
$
+#
J
$
=
F 8 (
9 C
#
F " C
=
&
C
θmax = θmax
; "/
$
/
J
&
& C
=
F
1
"/
/
1&
F
< ; $ 0
#
;
K :;
#;
K :
2
&
=
θmax
;
& (
1&
=
<
$
0 1 2
!
1 Q
<
;
*
$
;
"
$
*
(
&
* 1 , =
;
; $ $
<&
%( (
(
"
"
!
4 F
"
# (
$
$
/
& *
$
(
=
F 5
<&
ρm
F 5
"/
τ 0 &2
F 5
"
αr
F $
$
; ψ1
F
"
;
ψ2
0* $
*
2
F 08 C
92
;
ψ3 0
#
2
F
;
$ ft (
$
F 6
"
*
J
1
=
ηo = f (ρm , τ, αr , ft , ψ1 , ψ2 , ψ3 )
L
/ ( ( $
;
1
5
ηc
qu qabsorbé − qpertes
ηc = =
Ic Aa Ic Aa
!
Tr − Ta Ar
ηc = ηo − Uc
Ic Aa
Tr
; Ar $ Aa $
6
)
$ (
( ( $
Tr >
:
;
& "
J
=
qpertes =
r σ(Tr4 − Ta4 )Ar
=
Uc =
r σ(Tr + Ta )(Tr2 + Ta2 )
>
/
& &
;
=
Tr − Ta
qpertes = Acond +
r σ(Tr4 − Ta4 )Ar
Rk
Rk
&
:
Acond $ 6
$ %
&
5
*
* %
H (/
"/
* & J
&
7 F
(
F
(
#
&
!
6
" &
"
0 1 2 ( /
< * %
( ηo
=
ηo = ρm τ αr δ
δ
$
"
J
$
L
" ( )
#
5 %
(
0
<& #
62 =
Uc (Tr − Ta ) 1
ηc = ρm τ αr δ −
Ic CR
Acond 1
Uc ∼
=
r σ(Tr2 + Ta2 )(Tr + Ta ) + CR
Aa Rk
Rk
$ %
Acond $ ( "