Assignment B 76

B-76
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of

Technology, Surat
ASSIGNMENT
on
Role of Classical Mechanics in Chandryaan-2
To:
Department of Applied Physics
for the course
MLFO (PH 103 S1)
R O L E O F C L A S S I C A L M E C H A N I C S I N C H A N D R A Y A A N - 2
Table of Contents
I Introduction pg 1
II Physics pg 3
(a) Trans-lunar injection pg 4
(b) Hohmann Transfer orbit pg 5
(c) Calculations on Hohmann Transfer orbit pg 5
III Bibliography pg 7
IV Conclusion pg 7
(i)
General Information
Assignment submitted by
Luhar Harsh Vinodbhai
from Division B
with admission number U19EC144 (B76)
for the course

MLFO (PH 103 S1)
submitted on date 01 November, 2019

in the Academic year 2019-20 (Semester I)
submitted to
Dr. Y. A. Sonvane, Ph. D.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Applied Physics
(ii)
Acknowledgement
I am thankful to my parents for providing me the required technology
for completing the assignment. I would not be able to make this
assignment without these basic things. It is always difficult to go to Cyber
cafes or the Campus’ CCC and complete the assignment there.
I am also much thankful to Dr. Y. A. Sonvane for letting us present this
assignment in digital format. Unlike other faculties or subjects, this
particular assignment had much less burden on the students both
financially and considering time because instead of making diagrams
physically, we were able to save much of our time by simply getting images
in the assignment. We were able to complete this assignment even after
going on vacations because of this innovative thinking of Dr. Y. A. Sonvane
sir.
(iii)
Introduction
India has been progressing with a great rate in these recent years. Various fields like
Technology, Finance, Arts, etc. are coming up impressive innovations and results.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is one of the

pioneer organisation from India contributing to the techno-
logical Research & Development in the world. It was because
of The Indian National Committee for Space Re-
search (INCOSPAR) which led to this organisation. It was es-
tablished in the tenure of Jawaharlal Nehru under the De-
partment of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1962, with the urging of
scientist Vikram Sarabhai recognizing the need in space re-
search. ISRO was formed 50 years ago on the 22nd Inde-
Logo of Indian Space Research
Organisation pendence day (15 August, 1969).
ISRO has worked and is currently working on many substantial projects including Satel-
lite programmes, Human Spaceflight Programme, Planetary sciences and astronomy projects
and Extraterrestrial exploration projects. Extraterrestrial exploration projects include
Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Mars Orbiter Mission Mangalayaan (2013) and Chandrayaan-2
(2019).
Chandrayaan-2 is the successor
of the successful 2008
Chandrayaan-1 project with more
advanced technology and more
broad missions. Chandrayaan-2 is
India's second mission to the Moon,
which includes an orbiter and lan-
der-rover module. Chandrayaan-2
was launched on a Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III
(GSLV-MkIII) on 22 July 2019 at
2:43 pm IST. It is the first mission
meant to explore the little-explored
Lunar south pole. The main objec-
tive of the Chandrayaan-2 mission
is to demonstrate ISRO's ability to
soft-land on the lunar surface and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-MkIII)
operate a robotic rover on the sur-

face. Some of its scientific aims are to conduct studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, ele-
mental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.
1
ROLE OF
CLASSICAL
MECHANICS IN
CHANDRAYAAN-2
2
Image depicting Vikram Lander — The Lander of Chandrayaan-2
Physics
Now, Speaking about what this Assignment is really concerned about…
Classical Mechanics! Uff!
But in this particular Chandrayaan case, even Classical Mechanics gets really interesting.
Here’s how…
The most important aspects of the mission in launching the orbiter comes out to be Tra-
jectory of the launching GSLV-MkIII rocket. The trajectory should be such that it should
change its orbit from the orbit of the earth to the orbit of the moon.
Two things are happening at the same time before orbiting the moon:
1. The Rocket moving in an elliptical path around the Earth
2. The moon orbiting the earth
There should be specific time such that the path of the rocket and the orbiting moon in-
tersects. This is where physics, or say, classical mechanics is applied in the launching of
Chandryaan-2.
This particular situation where the rocket changes its orbit from the orbit of the earth to
the orbit of the moon is called Trans-lunar injection.
3
Trans-lunar Injection
The definition of trans-lunar injection (TLI) goes like

“A trans-lunar injection (TLI) is a propulsive maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a
trajectory that will cause it to arrive at the Moon”
The theory of trans-lunar injection (TLI) is based on Hohmann transfer orbits. A space-
craft performs TLI to begin a lunar transfer from a low circular parking orbit around Earth.
The large TLI burn, usually performed by a chemical rocket engine, increases the space-
craft's velocity, changing its orbit from a circular low Earth orbit to a highly eccentric orbit.
As the spacecraft begins coasting on the lunar transfer arc, its trajectory approximates an
elliptical orbit about the Earth with an apogee near to the radius of the Moon's orbit. The
TLI burn is sized and timed to precisely target the Moon as it revolves around the Earth. The
burn is timed so that the spacecraft nears apogee as the Moon approaches. Finally, the
spacecraft enters the Moon's sphere of influence, making a hyperbolic lunar swingby.
Now lets take a look at what Hohmann Transfer orbit is all about.
Hohaman transfer theory also include the calculation for the exact time at which the
rocket may enter the lunar orbit. So the concern of time is solved by Hohmann transfer or-
bit.
4
Hohmann Transfer orbit

The definition of hohmann transfers in orbital mechanics is
“the Hohmann transfer orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular
orbits of different radii around the same body in the same plane.”
The Hohmann transfer orbit uses the lowest possible amount of energy in travelling be-
tween these orbits.
The term is also used to refer to transfer orbits between different bodies (planets, moons
etc.). They are also often used for these situations, but low-energy transfers which take into
account the thrust limitations of real engines, and take advantage of the gravity wells of both
planets can be more fuel efficient.
Calculations on Hohmann Transfer orbit

For a small body orbiting another much larger body, such as a satellite orbiting Earth, the
total energy of the smaller body is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy, and
this total energy also equals half the potential at the average distance a (the semi-major
axis):
Solving this equation for velocity results in the vis-viva equation,
where:
 v is the speed of an orbiting body,
 µ = GM is the standard gravitational parameter of the primary body, assuming M+m
is not significantly bigger than M (which makes ),
 r is the distance of the orbiting body from the primary focus,
 a is the semi-major axis of the body's orbit.
Therefore, the delta-v required for the Hohmann transfer can be computed as follows, un-
der the assumption of instantaneous impulses:
5
to enter the elliptical orbit at r=r1 from the r1 circular orbit
to leave the elliptical orbit at r=r2 to the r2 circular orbit, where r1 and r2 are respectively
the radii of the departure and arrival circular orbits; the smaller (greater) of r1 and r2 corre-
sponds to the periapsis distance (apoapsis distance) of the Hohmann elliptical transfer orbit.
Typically, µ is given in units of m3/s2, as such be sure to use meters, not kilometers, for r1
and r2. The total ∆v is then:
Whether moving into a higher or lower orbit, by Kepler's third law, the time taken to
transfer between the orbits is
(one half of the orbital period for the whole ellipse), where aH is length of semi-major axis
of the Hohmann transfer orbit.
In application to traveling from one celestial body to another it is crucial to start maneu-
ver at the time when the two bodies are properly aligned. Considering the target angular ve-
locity being
angular alignment α (in radians) at the time of start between the source object and the
target object shall be
6
Bibliography
All the images and information are obtained from the following web-
sites:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Indian_Space_Research_Organisation#Chandrayaan-1
2. https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0#missionintro
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#/media/
File:Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_stack.jpg
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit#cite_note-
1
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection
6. https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-
science.html
Conclusion
Classical Mechanics even being very primitive still has many applications
in the modern day. Various technological organisations have a very impor-
tant role of Classical Mechanics in various practical applications.
Chandryaan-2, a much advanced mission, has a important role of Classi-
cal Mechanics in many of its aspects. From the start of the mission, the Tra-
jectory to the end of the mission, The movements of the rover, in all these
parts of the mission, Classical Mechanics played a major role.
Hence, through this assignment, we can understand the substantial role
of Classical Mechanics in the modern world.

Assignment B 76

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B-76

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of

for the course

submitted on date 01 November, 2019

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is one of the

operate a robotic rover on the sur-

Image depicting Vikram Lander — The Lander of Chandrayaan-2

The definition of trans-lunar injection (TLI) goes like

Hohmann Transfer orbit

Calculations on Hohmann Transfer orbit

Solving this equation for velocity results in the vis-viva equation,

to enter the elliptical orbit at r=r1 from the r1 circular orbit

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