Online Appendix for “Meritocracy and Its Discontents:

Evidence from Repeated School Admission Reforms”

By Mari Tanaka and Yusuke Narita and Chiaki Moriguchi

October 25, 2019

This online appendix includes a table summarizing the college admissions systems of
countries, autonomous territories, and semi-autonomous territories around the world.

1
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Higher Education in Afghanistan, Higher Education in
Afghanistan, Using descriptive analytics for the im-
Semi- provement of national university entrance exam: A case
Afghanistan 2 2 2 0
Centralized study in the context of Kankor in Afghanistan., Bat-
tleground Kankur: Afghan students’ difficult way into
higher education
Overview of the Higher Education System Albania, Ed-
Exams
Albania Centralized 2 0 0 NA ucation and diplomas Albania, Admission Requirements
for Higher Education Institutions in Albania
Semi- Overview of the Higher Education System Algeria, Cir-
Algeria 2 2 2 0
Centralized cular N.01 of June 18
American Centralized Wayland Baptist University-America Samao, American
2

2 2 2 NA
Samoa (de facto) Samoa Community College
Centralized The Education Systems of Europe Each institution’s ad-
Andorra 0 2 2 2
(de facto) mission page:, University of Andorra
Higher education in Angola, General Regulation of Ac-
Angola Decentralized 0 0 0 NA cess to Higher Education, Translation of General Regu-
lation of Access to Higher Education
Anguilla NA NA NA NA NA No tertiary institutions offering bachelor degrees found.
Antigua
Exams At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin American
and Bar- Centralized 2 0 0 NA
and the Caribbean, Education in Antigua and Barbuda
buda
Study in Argentina, Education in Argentina, At a
Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and the
Argentina Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Caribbean Each institutions admission process: , Na-
tional University of Cordoba, Gua prctica para los in-
gresantes a la UBA
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Education for All 2015 National Review: Arme-
nia, Improving Armenias Unified Entrance Exam with
Computer-Based Testing, Improving Education Quality
Exams
Armenia Centralized 2 0 0 NA through Stronger Student Assessment Systems Republic
of Armenia, Overview of the Higher Education System:
Armenia, Law of the Republic of Armenia on higher and
postgraduate professional education
Exams
Aruba Centralized 2 0 0 NA Education System Aruba, University of Aruba
University and college admission in Australia, UAC:
Semi-
Australia 1 1 1 0 Future Applicants, SATAC: The Application Process,
Centralized
QATAC: Apply Here
3

Exams Admission in Austria, Higher Education Institutions,

Austria Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Zentralmatura
Overview of the Higher Education System Azerbaijan,
Azerbaijan Centralized 2 2 2 1 Rules of admission to higher educational institutions of
the Republic of Azerbaijan
Bahamas General Certificate of Secondary Education
Exams
Bahamas Centralized 2 0 0 NA Each institution’s admission page:, University of Ba-
hamas, BBCC, Cherub College, BIBT
Bahrain eGovernment - Education Each institutions ad-
mission page: , Ahlia University Admissions, Univer-
Bahrain Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
sity of Bahrain Admissions, International University of
Bahrain Admissions
Education Systems Bangladesh, Public Universities:
Exams Admissions still an uphill battle, Bangladesh Univer-
Bangladesh Centralized 0 0 0 NA
sity Admission Process, University of Rajshahi, Asian
University of Bangladesh
More than Beaches: Diving into Barbados Education
Exams
Barbados Centralized 2 0 0 NA System Each institution’s admission page:, UWI - Cave
Hill, Barbados Community College
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Admission Requirements for Higher Education Institu-
Exams
Belarus Centralized 2 0 0 NA tions in Belarus, Belarus Country Report, Rules for the
admission to I cycle of higher education
Higher Education in Belgium, Education and diplomas
Belgium Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Belgium, Education in Belgium
Belize WHED IAU’s World Higher Education Database,
Exams Caribbean Examinations Council Each institution’s ad-
Belize Centralized 2 0 0 NA
mission page:, University of Belize Admission Process,
Galen Univeristy Admission Process
World Higher Education Database (WHED), Calcula-
Semi-
Benin 2 2 2 0 tion Method for Selection, Modalities of access to higher
Centralized
education by country
4

Centralized
Bermuda 0 2 2 2 Bermuda College
(de facto)
Higher Education in Bhutan: Progress and Challenges
Semi- Each institution’s admission page:, Royal University of
Bhutan 2 2 2 0
Centralized Bhutan, Norbuling Rigter College, Royal Thimpu Col-
lege
General Regulations and Specific Regulations of Private
Universities, Student Admission Regulations of the Bo-
livian University System, At a Crossroads Higher Edu-
cation in Latin America and the Caribbean Each insti-
Bolivia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
tution’s admission page:, Universidad Catlica Boliviana
Admission Process, Universidad Mayor de San Simn Ad-
mission Process, Juan Misael Saracho Autonomous Uni-
versity Admissions
Exams
Bonaire Centralized 2 0 0 NA Education System in Curacao
Bosnia and Overview of the Higher Education System Bosnia
Herzegov- Decentralized 0 0 0 NA and Herzegovina, Education and diplomas Bosnia and
ina Herzegovina
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Botswana - WHED - IAU’s World Higher Education
Database Each institution’s admission page:, University
Exams
Botswana Centralized 2 0 0 NA of Botswana Undergraduate Applications, Botswana In-
ternational University of Science & Technology Under-
gradute Admission
Semi- Education system Brazil, At a Crossroads Higher Edu-
Brazil 2 2 2 0
Centralized cation in Latin America and the Caribbean, SISU
British Vir- No tertiary institutions offering bachelor degrees found.,
NA NA NA NA NA
gin Islands Education in British Virgin Islands
Brunei HECAS 2019 Guidelines, Higher Education Centralized
Centralized 2 2 2 1
Darussalam Admission System, Announcement on HECAS 2019
Bulgaria Higher Education System, Education system
5

Bulgaria Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso - Higher Education Support Project -
Burkina Exams Project Appraisal Document Each institutions admis-
Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Faso sion page: , U-AUBEN Admission Page, USTA Admis-
sion Page, UPO Admission Page, UO2 Admission Page
Exams Burundi Education Factsheet, Higher Education Sys-
Burundi Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tems and Institutions
Each institution’s admission page:, Zaman University
Cambodia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Admission Process
Education System Cameroon, University of Buea Ad-
Cameroon Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
mission Process
Education System Canada, University and college ad-
Canada Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
mission
Higher Education in Portuguese Speaking African
Cape Verde
Countries, Cape Verde Each institution’s admission
(Cabo Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
page:, University of Cape Verde, Jean Piaget Univer-
Verde)
sity of Cape Verde, University of Mindelo
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Cayman Is- Centralized
0 2 2 0 University College Cayman Islands, Admission Criteria
lands (de facto)
Central
African Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Higher Education Systems and Institutions
Republic
Chad No Info NA NA NA NA No recent and reliable source of information.
Education and diplomas Chile, Education in Chile,
Semi-
Chile 2 2 0 0 Stages of Admission, Endogenous Market Formation:
Centralized
Theory and Evidence from Chilean College Admissions
Chinese College Admissions and School Choice Reforms:
Theory and Experiments, National college entrance ex-
Semi-
China 1 1 1 0 aminations: The dynamics of political centralism in
6

Centralized
China’s elite education, National Higher Education En-
trance Examina
Education in Colombia, At a Crossroads Higher Edu-
Exams
Colombia Centralized 2 0 0 NA cation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Education
and diplomas Ecuador
Centralized IAU WHED - Comoros, Higher Education in Comoros,
Comoros 2 2 2 1
(de facto) Comoros, Results of Comoros Baccalaureate
Exams National Plan: Education for All, Education in the Re-
Congo Centralized 2 0 0 NA
public of Congo
Cook Is- Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA University of South Pacific
lands
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America
and the Caribbean, Proceso de Inscripcion a las Uni-
Exams
Costa Rica Centralized 2 0 0 NA versidades Estatales, National University of Costa Rica
Admisson Process, University of Costa Rica Admission
Process
Côte
Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Education Systems in Africa Part XIV: Cote dIvoire
d’Ivoire
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Croatia Higher Education System, Central Applications
Croatia Centralized 2 2 2 1
Office, Croatia: How to apply
Education in Cuba: Foundations and Challenges, A
Exams
Cuba Centralized 2 0 0 NA Look at Cuba’s Education System Each institution’s ad-
mission page:, Universities in Cuba
Curacao Decentralized 2 0 0 NA University of Curacao
Cyprus - Bachelor, Cyprus Types of Higher Eduaction
Cyprus Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Institutions
Czech Re- Exams Czech Republic Bachelor, Education and diplomas
Centralized 2 0 0 NA
public Czech Republic
Semi- The Admission System in Denmark, Den Koordinerede
Denmark 0 2 0 1
Centralized Tilmelding, Denmark Higher Education Bachlor
7

Centralized Djibouti Education Sector Plan 2010-2019, University

Djibouti 2 2 2 1
(de facto) of Djibouti Admission Guide
Education in Dominica, At a Crossroads: Higher Edu-
Exams cation in Latin American and the Caribbean Each insti-
Dominica Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tution’s admission page: , University of the West Indies,
Dominica State College, New World University
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
the Caribbean, The Teaching Profession: What is the
Dominican Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA Dominican Republic Doing Right?, Autonomous Uni-
Republic
versity of Santo Domingo Admission Process, Universi-
dad Iberoamericana Admission Process
Education and Training Sector Strategy 2016 - 2025.
Exams DR Congo, Neither Education not Impact: Why are
DR Congo Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Universities and Higher Education Institutes springing
up all over Eastern DR Congo?
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America
and the Caribbean, Education and diplomas Ecuador,
Semi-
Ecuador 2 2 2 0 SNNA: Application and Allocation of Quota, Pontifi-
Centralized
cia Universidad Catlica del Ecuador Admission Process,
Universidad Andina Simn Bolvar Admission Process
Admission Requirements for Higher Education Studies
Semi- in Egypt, Overview of the Higher Education System
Egypt 2 2 2 0
Centralized Egypt, Higher Education in the Middle East and North
Africa
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
El Salvador Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
the Caribbean
Equatorial Centralized Equatorial Guinea Education Sector Diagnostic, Na-
8

2 2 2 1
Guinea (de facto) tional University of Equatorial Guinea Admissions Tests
Eritrea Centralized 2 2 2 1 Educationa and diplomas Eritrea
Exams Description of Estonian Education System, Estonian
Estonia Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Higher Education Bachelor
Education and diplomas Ethiopia, Education in
Ethiopia Centralized 2 2 2 1
Ethiopia
Faroe Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA University of Faroe Islands
Islands
Higher Education System and Institutions in Fiji, Fiji
Exams Year 12 Exam Each institution’s admission page:, Uni-
Fiji Centralized 2 0 0 NA
versity of Fiji, University of South Pacific, Fiji National
University
Exams Education and diplomas Finland, Finland Higher Edu-
Finland Centralized 2 0 0 0
cation - Bachelor
Semi- Changes to French public university admissions leaves
France 2 2 0 1
Centralized more than 150, Parcoursup
French Semi- Education System in French Guiana, Wiki University of
2 2 0 1
Guiana Centralized Guyana, University of Guyana
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
French Semi-
2 2 0 1 University of French Polynesia
Polynesia Centralized
Centralized The Report: Gabon 2013, Higher Education Systems
Gabon 2 2 2 1
(de facto) and Institutions
Education Sector Strategic Plan 2016-2030, Toward an
Exams Integrated University of the Gambia Each institution’s
Gambia Centralized 2 0 0 NA
admission page:, University of The Gambia, The Gam-
bia College
Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Overview
Exams
Georgia Centralized 2 2 2 NA of the Higher Education System Georgia, NAEC Com-
puter Adaptive Testing
Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Registra-
9

tion and application for undergraduate courses, Ger-

Semi-
Germany 2 2 0 0 many Higher Education Bachelor, An Analysis of the
Centralized
German University Admissions System, Education and
diplomas Germany
Sharing Higher Educations Promise beyond the Few in
Semi-
Ghana 2 2 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa, Education and diplomas Ghana,
Centralized
CSSPS
It is unclear whether Gibraltar’s sole university offers
undergraduate degrees based on existing information:,
Gibraltar NA NA NA NA NA
Education in Gilbraltar, University of Gibraltar: How
to Apply
Semi- Education and diplomas Greece, Greece Bachelor, On-
Greece 2 2 No Info 1
Centralized line Registration of Successful Graduates
Centralized University of Greenland Admissions, Study to evaluate
Greenland 2 2 2 1
(de facto) Higher Education in Greenland 2013.
At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin American
Exams
Grenada Centralized 2 0 0 NA and the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:,
TAMCC, UWI - Grenada
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Semi-
Guadeloupe 2 2 0 1 University of the French West Indies
Centralized
Guam Decentralized 0 0 0 NA University of Guam
Exams At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
Guatemala Centralized 2 0 0 NA
the Caribbean, USAC, URL, UVG
Guernsey Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Government of Guernsey
Each institution’s admission page: , Kofi Annan Uni-
Guinea Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
versity of Guinea
Education sector plan 2017 - 2025. Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea- Higher Education in Portuguese Speaking African
Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Bissau Countries, Rebuilding Tertiary Education in Guinea-
Bissau: Can it be done?
10

Each institution’s admission page: , University of

Guyana Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Guyana, Lincoln American University
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page: , Uni-
Haiti Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
versity Caraibe Admission Process, University of Haiti
Admission Process
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America
and the Caribbean, Higher Education and Scientific Re-
Honduras Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
search in Honduras Each institution’s admission page:,
UNAH Admission Process, UNICAH Admission Process
Higher education admissions site: Admissions proce-
Hungary Centralized 2 2 2 1
dures and deadlines, Education system Hungary
Exams
Iceland Centralized 2 0 0 NA University and College Admission
Exams Entrace Exams, Student Selection and Admission to
India Centralized 1 0 0 NA
Higher Education
Student Selection and Admission to Higher Education:
Exams
Indonesia Centralized 2 0 0 NA Policies and Practices in the Asian Region, University
and college admission: Indonesia
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Exams Education System in Iran, The System of Higher Edu-
Iran Centralized 2 0 0 NA
cation in Iran
Exams Education and diplomas Iraq, Strategies of the Iraqi
Iraq Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Ireland Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Matching in Practice
Centralized
Isle of Man 2 2 2 NA University College Isle of Man
(de facto)
Exams Each insitution’s admission page., HUJI, Israel Educa-
Israel Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tion Admission Requirements
Exams
Italy Centralized 2 0 0 NA Matching in Practice
Each institution’s admission page: , MICO, Northern
11

Jamaica Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Caribbean University, University of Technology
Exams
Japan Centralized 2 0 0 NA Decentralized College Admissions
Centralized
Jersey 2 2 2 NA Highland College
(de facto)
Semi-
Jordan 2 2 2 0 Country Profile Jordan
Centralized
Developments in Central Asian Higher Education,
Exams
Kazakhstan Centralized 2 0 0 NA Country Profile, Bologna Inspired Education Reform in
Central Asia’
What is KUCCPS and what can it do for you?, Kenya
Universties and Colleges Central Placement Service, Ed-
Semi-
Kenya 2 2 2 0 ucation in Kenya, Facing Forward: Schooling for Learn-
Centralized
ing in Africa, Sharing Higher Educations Promise be-
yond the Few in Sub-Saharan Africa
Exams Education in Kiritbati, USP - Kiribati, Kiribati - Edu-
Kiribati Centralized 2 0 0 NA
cation for All National Review 2015
Exams
Kosovo Centralized 2 0 0 NA Country Profile Kosovo, Higher Education
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Exams Education in the Arab World, Higher Education Sys-
Kuwait Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tems and Institutions
Assessment of Higher Education: Kyrgyz Republic,
Exams Higher Education in Kyrgyzstan, Overview of Higher
Kyrgyzstan Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Education System: Kyrgystan, Developments in Cen-
tral Asian Higher Education
The Higher Education in Lao PDR and Roles of Inter-
national Cooperation for Its University Development,
Laos Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Modalities of access to higher education by country,
University offers students help with online entrance
exam registration, Laos Higher Education System
Latvia: Bachelor, Regulations on requirements, Article
12

Exams
Latvia Centralized 2 0 0 NA 46. Admission and enrollment in the student list (ma-
triculation)
Lebanon Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Higher Education System and Institutions
Education in Lesotho Each institution’s admission
Exams
Lesotho Centralized 2 0 0 NA page:, National University of Lesotho, Limkokwing Uni-
versity
School Examinations and Curricula in Anglophone West
Africa: Gambia, Liberia’s Higher Education, Every
Liberia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Single Applicant Fails University of Liberias Entrance
Exam
Exams Education in Libya, Higher Education in Libya, Libya
Libya Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Country Report
Liechtenstein: Bachelor, Liechtenstein: Assessment in
General Upper Secondary Education, Ordinance on
Exams
Liechtenstein Centralized 2 0 0 NA Higher Education of 16 August 2011 (HSV), Admission
Requirements fo Liechtenstein Higher Education Insti-
tutions
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Higher Education Funding, Admission Requirements for
Semi-
Lithuania 2 2 2 0 Higher Education, Education system Lithuania, LAMA
Centralized
BPO Frequently Asked Questions
The examination and the diploma of the end of sec-
Exams
Luxembourg Centralized 2 0 0 NA ondary studies, Educational System in Luxembourg,
Education and diplomas Luxembourg
Exams Each institution’s admission page:, University of An-
Madagascar Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tananarivo
Semi- NCHE Each institution’s admission page:, Malawi Ad-
Malawi 2 2 2 0
Centralized ventist University, College of Medcine
Education and diplomas Malaysia, Education in
Semi-
Malaysia 2 2 2 0 Malaysia, University of Malaya, National University of
13

Centralized
Malaysia, City University
Exams Education Sector Analysis Maldives Each institution’s
Maldives Centralized 2 0 0 NA
admission page: , Cyryx College, MNU
CampusMali, Online registration in universities and col-
Semi-
Mali 2 2 2 0 leges of Mali: Cross on student stress through the magic
Centralized
of the net, Education in Mali
Exams Short Cycle Higher Education, University of Malta,
Malta Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Malta College of Art Science & Technology
Marshall Education for All 2015 National Review Each institu-
Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Islands tion’s admission page:, CMI, USP
Semi- University of the French West Indies, Education System
Martinique 2 2 0 1
Centralized in Martinique
Exams Each institution’s admission page:, Al Aasriya Univer-
Mauritania Centralized 2 0 0 NA
sity of Nouakchott
Exams Overview of Tertiary Education in Mauristius, Educa-
Mauritius Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tion in Mauritius
Semi-
Mayotte 2 2 0 1 Education System in Mayotte
Centralized
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America
and the Caribbean, Education in Mexico Each insti-
Exams
Mexico Centralized 0 0 0 NA tution’s admission page:, Autonomous University of
Aguascalientes, Meritorious Autonomous University of
Puebla
Centralized Micronesia, College of Micronesia - FSM Application,
Micronesia 2 2 2 1
(de facto) College of Micronesia - COMET FAQ
Moldova Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Country Profile
Centralized A Guide to Schooling in Monaco Each institution’s ad-
Monaco 0 2 2 1
(de facto) mission page: , International University of Monaco
Exams
Mongolia Centralized 2 0 0 NA UNESCO Report
14

Exams Admission Requrements for Higher Education Institu-

Montenegro Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tions, Montenegro Country Report
Exams
Morocco Centralized 2 0 0 NA Education System Morocco, Mohammed V University
Mozambique Decentralized 0 0 0 NA The Educational System of Mozambique
Exams New admissions process to start at 11 universities,
Myanmar Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Higher Education in Myanmar
Namibia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Each institution’s admission page: , UNAM, NUST
Centralized USP - Nauru Campus, South Pacific Form Seven Cer-
Nauru 2 2 2 1
(de facto) tificate
Exams
Nepal Centralized 2 0 0 NA Education in Nepal
Exams Netherlands Higher Education - Bachelor, Education
Netherlands Centralized 2 0 0 NA
and diplomas the Netherlands
New Cale- Semi-
2 2 0 1 University of New Caledonia
donia Centralized
New Exams Education and diplomas New Zealand, University of
Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Zealand Auckland
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America
and the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:
Nicaragua Decentralized 0 0 0 NA , National Autonomous University of Nicaragua at Len,
Central American University (Managua), Central Uni-
versity of Nicaragua
Exams
Niger Centralized 2 0 0 NA Niger Education Plan 2014-2024
Sharing Higher Educations Promise beyond the Few in
Nigeria Centralized 2 2 2 1
Sub-Saharan Africa, University and College Admission
North Ko-
Centralized 2 2 2 1 Higher Education as a Human Right in North Korea
rea
General Information from Nuffic Each institu-
15

tion’s admission page:, University of Information

North Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA Science and Technology ’St. Paul The Apostle’
Macedonia
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/896/Macedonia-
HIGHER-EDUCATION.html
Northern
Mariana Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Admission page of Northern Marianas College
Island
Norway Higher Education, Field of Study, University of
Norway Centralized 0 2 2 1
Oslo Website
Central Admission System, Higher Education Admis-
Semi-
Oman 2 2 2 0 sions Center, Admission Systems, Unified admission for
Centralized
higher education, Arab Open University
Exams
Pakistan Centralized 2 0 0 NA Higher Education Case Studies - Pakistan
Each institution’s admission page:, Palau Community
Palau Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
College, Pacific Islands University
Palestinian Exams The Higher Education System in Palestine, Country Re-
Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Territory port Palestine
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
Panama Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
the Caribbean
Papua New Semi- Online Grade 12 School Leavers Forms Now Available,
0 2 0 0
Guinea Centralized The University of Papua New Guinea
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
Paraguay Decentralized 0 0 0 NA the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page: , Uni-
versidad Catlica, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion
Education in Peru, Education and diploma Peru Each
institution’s admission page: , Universidad de Lima,
Peru Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
PUCP, National University Federico Villareal, National
University of Engineering
Student Selection and Admission to Higher Education,
16

Philippines Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
University of Philippines, Education in the Philippines
Poland Higher Education - Bachelor Each institution’s
Exams
Poland Centralized 2 0 0 NA admission page: , University Admission Requirements,
University of Warsaw, Uniwersytet Wrocawski
University and College Admission, Portugal Higher Ed-
Portugal Centralized 2 2 2 1
ucation - Bachelor, European University of Lisbon
En route to the university, Foreign in a Domestic Sense:
Puerto Rico’s College Admissions Process, In Puerto
Rico the odds are against high school grads who want to
Puerto Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA go to college Each institution’s admission page: , Uni-
Rico
versidad de Puerto Rico, Pontificia Universidad Catlica
de Puerto Rico, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto
Rico
Each institution’s admission page: , Qatar University
Qatar Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Admission, Community College of Qatar, University
Foundation College
Semi-
Reunion 2 2 0 1 University of Reunion Island
Centralized
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
The Romanian Educational System, Education and
diplomas Romania, University of Bucharest, Univer-
Romania Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
sity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest
Education in the Russian Federation, Country Report
Exams
Russia Centralized 2 0 0 NA Russian Federation, University and College Admission,
Education system Russia
Exams Rwanda Education System Each institution’s admission
Rwanda Centralized 2 0 0 NA
page:, University of Rwanda, University of Kigali
Saint Kitts There are no tertiary education institutions:, 10 Facts
NA NA NA NA NA
and Nevis about Education in St. Kitts and Nevis
At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin American
17

Exams
Saint Lucia Centralized 2 0 0 NA and the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:,
SALCC, UWI - St. Lucia Campus
Saint Mar- Semi-
2 2 0 1 Wiki Saint Martin
tin Centralized
Saint
At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin American
Vincent Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA and the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:,
and the
SVGCC, UWI
Grenadines
Education for All 2015 review: Samoa, South Pacific
Exams Form Seven Certificate Each institution’s admission
Samoa Centralized 2 0 0 NA
page:, National University of Samoa, USP - Alafua Cam-
pus
5 Facts about Education in San Marino, The Education
San Marino Centralized 0 2 2 1 Systems of Europe, University of the Republic of San
Marino Registrations
Education sector plan. Sao Tome and Prencipe, Higher
Sao Tome
Education in Portuguese Speaking African Countries
and Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
Each institution’s admission page: , USTP Application
Principe
Page
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Managing Admission in Saudi Universities: A System
Saudi Ara- Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA Approach, Admission Requirement for Higher Educa-
bia
tion in Saudi Arabia, Education in Saudi Arabia
CAMPUSEN: registrations already online, CAM-
Senegal Centralized 2 2 2 1 PUSEN Procedure, Decree No. 2013-1295 of 23 Septem-
ber 2013
Admission Requirements for Higher Education in Ser-
Serbia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
bia, Serbia Higher Education - Bachelor
Centralized Education in Seychelles, University of Seychelles Admis-
Seychelles 2 2 2 1
(de facto) sions, University of Seychelles Application Form
Sierra Leone - Higher and Tertiary Education Sector
Sierra Exams Policy Note , Higher education case studies : Sierra
18

Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Leone Leone, Sharing Higher Education’s Promise beyond the
Few in Sub-Saharan Africa
Education System Singapore, Ministry of Education
Exams FAQs - University Education, Student Selection and Ad-
Singapore Centralized 2 0 0 NA
mission to Higher Education, National University of Sin-
gapore, Nanyang Technological University
Sint
Decentralized 0 0 0 NA University of St. Maarten
Maarten
Education and diplomas Slovakia, Slovakia Higher Ed-
Slovakia Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
ucation - Bachelor
Slovenia Higher Education - Bachelor, Potential Us-
Slovenia Centralized 2 2 2 1 age of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics in
Higher Education Enrollment in Slovenia
Universities and Colleges in Solomon Islands, Na-
Solomon Is- Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA tional Education Assessment Each institution’s admis-
lands
sion page:, SINU, USP - Solomon Island Campus
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Each institution’s admission page:, Kismayo Univer-
Exams sity: Admissions Process, Simad Univesity, University
Somalia Centralized 2 0 0 NA
of Hargeisa, Somalia National Examinations register
record enrolment
Higher Education Admission Requiements, Education
South Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA and diplomas South Africa Verified directly through
Africa
email.
Education in South Korea, College Admissions as Non-
South Ko- Exams Price Competition: The Case of South Korea, Historical
Centralized 2 0 0 NA
rea analysis of the policy on the college entrance system in
South Korea
College Admissions as Non-Price Competition: The
19

South Ko- Exams

Centralized 2 0 0 NA Case of South Korea, Historical analysis of the policy
rea
on the college entrance system in South Korea
More Than 5, South Sudan opens application for public
South Semi- universities admission, How South Sudan’s univserities
2 2 2 0
Sudan Centralized have survived civil war and independence, Secondary
School Results Announced
Spain Higher Education Bachelor, Education System
Semi-
Spain 2 1 1 0 Spain, Admission Portal for District of Madrid, Admis-
Centralized
sion Portal for Catalunya
Semi- Education in Sri Lanka, Admission to Undergraduate
Sri Lanka 2 2 2 0
Centralized Courses of the Universities in Sri Lanka
Higher Education announces requirements for applying
Semi- to universities, Republic of Sudan Ministry of Higher
Sudan 2 2 No Info 1
Centralized Education and Scientific Research, Online application
system frustrates Sudan university applicants
Each institution’s admission page: , Anton de Kom Uni-
Exams versiteit van Suriname Admission Page, Anton de Kom
Suriname Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Universiteit van Suriname Admission requirement page,
Education system Surinam
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Secondary Education Each institution’s admission page:
Swaziland Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA , SANU Admission Page, University of Eswatini Admis-
(Eswatini)
sion Page
En introduktion till den svenska hgskolan, Swedish
Sweden Centralized 2 2 2 1 Council for Higher Education Website, Sweden Higher
Education - Bachelor
Exams Switzerland Higher Education - Bachelor, University of
Switzerland Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Zurich
Higher education in Syria, Overview of the Higher Ed-
ucation System Syria, Understanding the Syrian Edu-
Semi-
Syria 2 2 2 0 cational System in a Context of Crisis, Education in
Centralized
Syria, Syrian Higher Education post 2011: Immediate
20

and Future Challenges

Exams New Admission Criteria for Higher Education, Educa-
Taiwan Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tion in Taiwan, Education and diplomas Taiwan
Overview of the Higher Education System Tajikistan,
Tajikistan Centralized 2 2 2 1 Assessment of Higher Education Tajikistan, Bologna In-
spired Education Reform Central Asia
Education and diplomas Tanzania, Undergraduate Stu-
Exams dents Admission Guidebook for Higher Education Insti-
Tanzania Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tutions in Tanzania, Undergraduate Admission Guide-
books
Education in Thailand, Student selection and admission
Semi-
Thailand 2 2 2 0 to higher education, Thai university admission system
Centralized
revamped in response to criticism
Decree Law 36-2009 Legal Status of Access to Higher
Timor- Education.doc, Timor-Leste Education for All National
Leste (East Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Review 2015, Democratization of Access and Quality in
Timor) Post-Conflict Timor Leste, Education in Timor-Leste:
Envisioning the Future
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Education Sectoral Plan 2014 - 2025 Each institution’s
Exams
Togo Centralized 2 0 0 NA admission page: , University of Lome, Universit des Sci-
ences et Technologies du Togo Admission Page
Exams University and Colleges in Tonga, South Pacific Form
Tonga Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Seven Certificate
Trinidad and Tobago’s education system is multi-faceted
and well funded, Trinidad and Tobago: Education Re-
Trinidad Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA form and Societal Mobilization, Educational System
and Tobago
of Trinidad and Tobago, University of the Southern
Caribbean
Overview of the Higher Education System Tunisia, En-
Semi- ducation in the Maghreb: Tunisia, Admission Require-
21

Tunisia 2 2 2 0
Centralized ments for Higher Education Institutions in Tunisia, Cen-
tral University(Private)
Education in Turkey, Turkey Higher Education, Prefer-
Turkey Centralized 2 2 2 1 ence and Placement Procedures Frequently Asked Ques-
tions
Overview of the Higher Education System Turk-
menistan, Education system in Turkmenistan, Entrance
Turkmenistan Decentralized 0 0 0 NA Exams at the Medical University, Transformations in
Turkmen Higher Education: Current Opportunities and
Challenges at a New University.
Turks and
Centralized
Caicos 0 2 2 NA Schools, Charisma University
(de facto)
Islands
Centralized Tuvalu Education for All National Review 2015 Each
Tuvalu 2 2 2 2
(de facto) institution’s admission page:, USP - Tuvalu Campus
Exams Education System - Uganda, Uganda - Higher Educa-
Uganda Centralized 2 0 0 NA
tion, Makerere Uiversity, Kabale University
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Matching in Practice: Higher Education in Ukraine,
Semi-
Ukraine 2 2 0 0 Overview of Higher Education System - Ukraine, Ed-
Centralized
ucation in Ukraine
United Education in UAE Each institution’s admission page:,
Semi-
Arab Emi- 2 2 0 NA UAEU Admission Process, The official Portal of UAE
Centralized
rates government, Khalifa University
Matching in Practice, Education in the UK, United
United Semi- Kingdom - England - Bachelor, United Kingdom -
2 2 0 2
Kingdom Centralized Northern Ireland - Bachelor, United Kingdom - Scot-
land - Bachelor, United Kingdom - Wales - Bachelor
United Exams
Centralized 2 0 0 NA Decentralized College Admissions
States
22

At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and

the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:, Uni-
Uruguay Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
versidad Catlica del Uruguay, Universidad de Montev-
ideo, Universidad ORT, University of Republic
US Virgin
Decentralized 2 0 0 NA University of Virgin Islands
Islands
Developments in Central Asian Higher Education,
Uzbekistan Centralized 2 2 2 1
Overview of the Higher Education System Uzbekistan
Vanuatu Education for All National Review 2015, Ter-
Exams tiary Education, Republic of Vanuatu, South Pacific
Vanuatu Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Form Seven Certificate Each institution’s admission
page:, USP - Port Vila Campus, VBHS
Vatican Higher Education System and Institutions Each institu-
Decentralized 0 0 0 NA
City tion’s admission page:, Pontifical Gregorian University
At a Crossroads Higher Education in Latin America and
Semi- the Caribbean Each institution’s admission page:, Uni-
Venezuela 0 2 2 0
Centralized versidad de Los Andres Homepage, Universidad de Los
Andres
 Table 1: College Admissions around the World Today: Details

All Colleges
Centralized Single Included in
Country System Single Offer Source
Exam Application Centraliza-
tion?
Exams Education in Vietnam, Education and diplomas Viet-
Vietnam Centralized 2 0 0 NA
nam
Wallis and Semi-
2 2 0 1 Wallis and Futuna
Futuna Centralized
Western
No Info No Info No Info No Info No Info No recent and reliable source of information.
Sahara
Exams
Yemen Centralized 0 0 0 NA Al Nasser University Admission Process
Exams Zambia Education Sector Plan 2011 - 2015, Exams
Zambia Centralized 2 0 0 NA
Council
Exams Education and diplomas Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Centralized 2 0 0 NA
23

Notes: This table summarizes each country, autonomous territory and semi-autonomous territory’s college admission system, based on the most
recent and reliable source of information available. We only include semi-autonomous territories that have populations of 10,000 or a bove. We focus
mainly on admissions to general bachelor degrees, ignoring specialized or vocational degrees. For the ”Centralized Exam” column, we mark 2 for
nationally centralized and 1 for regionally centralized if the country has a standardized secondary school leaving or university entrance exam, which
is used as a primary measurement for comparing applicants. For the columns ”Single Application” and ”Single Offer”, the value 2 indicates that
admissions are nationally centralized, 1 indicates that admissions are regionally centralized, and 0 indicates that admissions are decentralized. For
the ”All Colleges Included in Centralization?” column, the value 1 indicates that all (or nearly all) colleges are included in the centralized system,
including public and private schools. We use 0 to indicate cases otherwise (e.g. only public schools included in centralized system, and there is a
significant number of private schools not included). In countries where there is only one public university, we consider the admissions system as
effectively centralized i.e. ”Centralized (de facto)” (e.g. Equatorial Guinea)