ADVANCED LOGIC

CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING

THEORY (CPM113)

ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

It refers to circuits whose output is strictly

dependent on the present value of the inputs.
Given the same input, the output will always
be the same. As soon as inputs are changed,
the information about the previous inputs is
lost, that is, combinational logic circuits have
no memory.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The diagram consists of combinational circuit

to which memory elements are connected to
form a feedback path. The memory elements
are devices capable of storing binary
information within them.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The combinational part of the circuit receives

two sets of input signals: one is primary
(coming from the circuit environment) and
secondary (coming from memory elements).
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The particular combination of secondary input

variables at a given time is called the present
state of the circuit. The secondary input
variables are also known as the state variables.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The block diagram shows that the external

outputs in a sequential circuit are a function
not only of external inputs but also of the
present state of the memory elements.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The next state of the memory elements is also

a function of external inputs and the present
state. Thus a sequential circuit is specified by a
time sequence of inputs, outputs, and internal
states.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The transition from one state to another is

initiated by the change in the primary inputs;
there is no external synchronization.
The memory commonly used in
asynchronous sequential circuits are time-
delayed devices, usually implemented by
feedback among logic gates.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Thus, asynchronous sequential circuits may be

regarded as combinational circuits with
feedback.
Because of the feedback among logic gates,
asynchronous sequential circuits may, at times,
become unstable due to transient conditions.
The instability problem imposes many
difficulties on the designer. Hence, they are
not as commonly used as synchronous
systems.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Synchronous sequential circuits change their

states and output values at discrete instants of
time, which are specified by the rising and
falling edge of a free-running clock signal.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Sequential circuit analysis is useful when:

1. You need to determine the functionality of
an existing sequential circuit, or
2. You want to make changes to an existing
sequential circuit, and need to verify the new
behavior
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
Step 1. Derive the state (excitation) equations
1.1 Define the inputs from the circuit.
These are signals going to the circuit whose
source is external.
1.2 Define the outputs from the circuit.
These are signals generated by the circuit
going to other parts of the circuit or outside of
the circuit.
1.3 Define the state variables from the circuit.
These are the output of the flip-flops.
1.4 Extract the Flip-flop state excitation
equations from the circuit.
These are the inputs to the flip-flops.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Step 2. Derive the state excitation table.

This table is constructed with the rows
indicating all the Present States and the
columns the Present Inputs. Each cell in the
table indicates the flip-flop excitation, i.e. the
inputs to the flip-flops.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Step 3: Construct the State Transition Table.

This table shows the present inputs and the
next input states.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Step 4. Construct the State Diagram.

This diagram is constructed with each state
represented by a node and each input by a
transition.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Derive the state diagram of the synchronous

sequential circuit shown below.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Solution:
Step 1. Derive the state equations
Derive 2 equations, one for each flipflop input:
D0 = Ax + Bx
D1 = A’ x
We also derive the equation of the output:
Y = ( A + B ) x’
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
Exercises
Derive the state diagram of the following
sequential circuits.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS