Element of measuring system

Signal manipulation
e.g amplification of voltage

Data storage
Observer
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 Element of Measuring systems

Input Measurement system output

Input Sensing Signal Signal Data

output
element conditioning Processing Presentation

ADC/DAC
• Operational amplifier
• Filters
 Errors during the measurement process

Errors

During
During signal
measurement
processing
process

Error in either side of the output of the

measuring systems.
Systematic error Random error Source: human observation specially of an
analogue meter, Electrical noises.

Error in outputs that are consistently on one side of the correct reading
Sources: system disturbance, uncalibrated instrument, drift, wear in instrument over time etc.
 Source of Systematic Error

System disturbance due to measurement

Room temperature
Cold mass

Hot water temperature

Heat transfer would take place between water and thermometer Orifice plate disturb the system
Eventually, Lower the temperature of the water. Cause permanent pressure loss
 Source of Systematic Error/ reduction
Error due to Environmental inputs
Temperature, pressure , vibration, disturbance etc.

Wear in instruments Wear in instrument component

Connecting leads Sensor is separated form measure system at some distance.

Possible treatment
• Calibration: Remove drift
• Care full design: Less sensitive to environmental inputs.
• Filtering: Use filter to remove the noise.
• Opposing inputs: Instruments circuitry oppose the environmental disturbance.
• Manual correction of the output reading: measurement technician can reduce errors
• Intelligent instruments: contain an extra sensor to nullify the environmental effects
 Active and passive filter

Passive filter: Low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop (notch filter)
RC/RL circuit.

Active filter: Low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop (notch filter)
RC/RL and op amp.

Positive power supply

(Positive rail)

Non-inverting
Input terminal
Output termina

Inverting input
terminal
Negative power supply
(Negative rail)
RL And RC passive low and high
Filters.. summary