ISSN 2348-6775 (online)

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Bio-efficacy of Certain Naturally Occurring Indigenous Botanicals and their Active Ingredients
against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Hymenoptera:Aphididae) under
laboratory

Dr. Arti Katiyar, Dept of Zoology (Entomology), D.B.S.P.G. College,Govind Nagar, Kanpur (U.P.)

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was undertaken to judge the insecticidal bioeffcacy of selected
indigenous botanicals viz. grains of pleasure, Aframomum melegueta Ros. Galangal, Alpinia
galanga (L) Willed., turmeric, Curcuma longa Linn. and ginger, Zingiber officinale Ros. against
24 hr. starved 3rd instar larvae of Athalia proxima Klug. in the laboratory. Results reveals that
the plant extract of Alpinia galanga caused maximum mortality. It killed 80.87 per cent larval
mortality of Athalia proxima fallowed by 67..90% in C. longa, , 66.35% in A. melegueta and
62.13 % in Z. officinale and compared to 6.66 % in control. The plant extract of Alpinia galanga
differed significantly from remaining once except C. longa which, did not differ signcant to one
another. The concentration of 2.0 per cent was superior to concentration of 1.0 and 0.5 per
cent. It was also observed that the difference in the percentage kill of larvae between
concentrations 1.0 per cent and 2.0 per cent was greater than the difference in mortality
between 0.5 per cent and 1.0 per cent in all the three periods. It was also seen that 2.0 per cent
induced 83.56 per cent larval mortality with in 6 hrs of exposure but in another 18 hrs larval
mortality increased only by 7.58 per cent.

KEYWORDS: Exploration, Athalia proxima, Phytochemicals, Alpinia galangal, Curcuma longa,

Aframomum melegueta.

INTRODUCTION :

India is an Agricultural country, a major part of its economy is being contributed by vegetables
and crops. Every year 25-35% of its total production is damaged by different groups of insect
pest. Family brassicaceae provides some of the most important oil yielding and vegetable crops
in the country and mustard sawfly, Athalia proxima Klug. is one of its most destructive pests(
Saxena 1998) Chemical control of mustard sawfly is easily done by dusting BHC or spraying
suitable insecticides but all pesticides in common use, produce residues that may remain viable
for noticeable periods depending on soil, crop and weather conditions. It involves considerable
risk to consumers if the crop treated with any such poisonous insecticide is taken to the market
for sale and human consumption. Insecticides of plant origin generally do not pose toxic hazards
and is safe to human and domestic stock .Economic plants belonging to cruciferae family, viz.,
mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, Knol-khol, turnip and radish are largely consumed by man and
domestic animal throughout the country. In the early stage of their growth during September to
November these are widely attacked by larvae of mustard sawfly, Athalia proxima. These larvae
feed on the leafy portion of the plant and cause great loss.

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

For prevention the destruction of vegetables and crops farmers use synthetic insecticides, as
they reflect good capacity for its control. These synthetic insecticides are hazardous, non-
biodegradable, non-ecofriendly as well as costly. These can be replaced by herbal bioproduct
which would not only eco-environment friendly but also beneficial for human health.
Indigenous plants having insecticidal propertied. These are chep, ecofriendly, biodegradable,
non-pollutant and non-toxic for human health. With the use of such botanicals as insecticide
the production of the crop can be enhanced without any residual toxicity. Recent plant
protection researches, particularly of last decade revealed the importance of plant products
that disrupt the normal insect growth and development (Saxena 1998). The present study was
undertaken with a view to exploring the possibility of using extracts of Aframomum melegueta
Rosc, (grains of pleasure); Alpinia galanga (L) Willd (galangal); Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric);
Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ginger) of family zingiberaceae. as bio-rational insecticide against the
larvae of mustard sawfly.A. proxima Klug. Thus this study would be more relevant to find out
best substitute of synthetic chemical by botanicals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The extract was prepared from the collected plant materials with the help of soxhlet
apparatus using petroleum ether Benzene was added in it to concentration of the materials.
Three concentrations of extracts of selected plants (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 per cent,) of 24 hr. starved
3rd instar, larvae of Athalia proxima Klug. Tween-80 was used as an emulsifier. Control was
treated with water and benzene. The experiments were carried out during October and
November 2013 in the Zoology Research laboratory, D.B.S.College, Kanpur.

In the laboratory experiment two fresh leaves of cabbage, Brassica campestris var. botrytis
were sprayed with extracts of respective concentrations. They were then kept in petridishes of
15 cm diameter .The three treatments were arranged in completely randomized design with
four replications. The number of larvae of Athalia proxima Klug. in each petridish were
recorded on the basis of percentage reduction of the larval mortality at intervals of 6 hr,12 hr
and 24 hr of their release. The percentage reduction in larvae were converted into angular
transformed values and statistically analyzed to test the significance at 5.0 % level ( Abbott
1925).

RESULTS AND DICUSSION

Controlling the pest mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi through certain indigenous botanicals.
Table 1 and figure 1 reveals that mortality was maximum ( 90.0 per cent) with 2.0 per cent
Alpinia galanga, 6 Present investigation revealed a significant variation among treatments in hrs
after treatments. Similar results were obtained with 2.0 per cent Aframomum melegueta and
Curcuma longa 12 and 24 hours after treatment.
Table-1: Larval mortality of A. proxima with different treatments at different
period’s in-vitro condition .

Treatment Con. Mean mortality percent after

(Plant extracts) (%) 6 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr.

T1 T.B.V.1 T2 T.B.V.2 T3 T.B.V.3

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Aframomum 0.5 48.85 (56.7) 52.78 (63.4) 61.22 (76.2)
melegueta
Aframomum 1.0 56.79 (70.0) 63.93 (80.7) 68.85 (87.0)
melegueta
Aframomum 2.0 68.85 (87.0) 90.00 (100.0) 90.00 (100.0)
melegueta
Alpinia galanga 0.5 59.01 (73.5) 63.44 (80.0) 83.85 (98.9)

Alpinia galanga 1.0 71.56 (90.0) 90.00 (100.0) 90.00 (100.0)

Alpinia galanga 2.0 90.00 (100.0) 90.00 (100.0) 90.00 (100.0)

Curcuma longa 0.5 43.08 (46.6) 46.92 (53.4) 50.77 (60.0)

Curcuma longa 1.0 66.15 (83.6) 68.85 (87.0) 71.56 (90.0)

Curcuma longa 2.0 83.85 (98.9) 90.00 (100.0) 90.00 (100.0)

Zingiber officinale 0.5 61.22 (76.8) 63.93 (80.7) 66.64 (84.3)

Zingiber officinale 1.0 66.15 (83.7) 68.85 (87.0 ) 83.85 (98.8)

Zingiber officinale 2.0 83.85 (98.8) 83.85 (98.8) 90.00 (100.0)

Control 00.00 (00.00) 00.00 (00.00) 18.44 (10.0)

( Figures in parenthesis are transformed back values =TBV)

C.D. for the treatment combination means = 0.132
Fig 1 : Column graph representing larval mortality
by different treatment under in vitro condition

Conc. 6 hr.
12 hr. 24 hr.
Larval Mortality

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A. Melegueta (0.5%)

A. melegueta (1.0%)

A. galangal (1.0%)

A. galangal (2.0%)
A. Melegueta (2.0%)

Z. officinale. (1.0%)
A. galanga (0.5%)

C. longa (0.5%)

C. longa (1.0%)

C. longa (2.0%)

Z. officinale (0.5%)

Z. officinale (2.0%)

Treatments

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Table 2 and Figure 2 reveal that the plant extracts were very effective in causing mortality of
A. proxima. Its effectiveness mortality percentage can be expressed in the following descending
order: A. galanga (80.87%), C. longa (67.90%) and A. melegueta (66.35%). Z. officinale
(62.13% ), Control showed only 6.66 per cent larval mortality.

Table 2 : Effect of the concentrations of plant extracts at various periods on mortality of A.

proxima.

Treatment Mean mortality percentage after Mortality %

(Plant Extracts) (Average)

T1 (6 hr.) T2 (12 hr.) T3 (24 hr.) G.T.

Aframomum melegueta 58.16 68.90 73.35 66.80

(72.2) (87.0) (91.8) (84.5)

Alpinia galanga 73.52 81.14 87.95 80.87

(91.2) (97.1) (99.8) (97.5)

Curcuma longa 64.36 68.59 70.77 67.90

(81.3) (86.7) (89.2) (85.9)

Zingiber officinale 51.74 61.14 73.52 62.13

(61.7) (76.7) (91.0)
(78.1)

Control (untreated) 0.00 18.44 18.44 6.66

(00.0) (10.0) (10.00) (01.3)

(Figure represent mean percentage transformed back value =TBV)

C.D. for the treatment combination means = 0.132

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FIG 2: 3D Graph(Elevation=30o) representing Larval mortality of A. proxima in different
exposure periods irrespective of concentration in invitro condition.

6 hr.
90
12 hr.

24 hr.
80

70

60
Larval Mortality %

50

40

30

20

10

0
A. melegueta A. galangal C. longa Z. officinale Control

TREATMENTS

Table 3 and Figure 3 indicate that 2.0 per cent concentration was superior to concentration 1.0
and 0.5 per cent. It is also observed that the difference in the percentage kill of A. proxima
larvae with 2.0 per cent concentrations was much greater than the difference in kill with 0..5
per cent and 1.0 per cent in all the three periods. It is also seen that 2.0 per cent induced 81.46
per cent mortality within 6 hrs of exposure and in another 18 hrs. larval mortality increased only
by 8.54 per cent.
Table. 3: Larval mortality of A. proxima by different concentration irrespective of treatments
under laboratory.

Concen- Mean mortality percent after Mortality %

trations (Average)
6 hr. 12 hr. 24 hr.

T1 TBV1 T2 TBV2 T3 TBV3 G.T. TBV

0.5 45.19 (50.2) 52.03 (62.2) 63.71 (80.4) 50.67 (59.8)

1.0 62.32 (78.4) 77..08 (95.0) 77.55 (95.4) 62.50 (78.7)

2.0 75.98 (94.1) 86.25 (99.57) 88.46 (99.93) 83.56 (97.9)

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(T1, T2, T3 = Treatments, TBV1, TBV2, TBV3 =Figures in parenthesis are transformed back values. )

Fig 3: 3D Graph(Elevation=30o)Larval mortality of A. proxima by different concentration

irrespective of treatments in invitro.

90
0.5
80
1

70 2

60
Mortality %

50

40

30

20

10

6 hr.
12 hr
24 hr.
Mean
mortality (%)
Periods

Table 4 and Figure 4 indicate that the plant extract taken as whole was highly effective as
compared to control. Similar results were obtained by Ahmed and Ahmed (1991). They also
used 0.5 per cent rhizome oils of A. galonga (w/w) applied to green gram and reported 100.0
per cent mortality in adult C. chinensis within 15 days. It also prevented oviposition. Ahmed
and Ahmed (1992) observed that 3.00 % rhizome powder of Alpinia galonga admixed with
wheat caused 58.00% mortality in adult S. oryzae after 30 days.

Table 4: Larval mortality of A. proxima in exposure periods irrespective of extracts

concentration and control under laboratory condition.

Conc. 6 hr. 12 hr 24 hr. Mortality %

Extracts 61.94 69.94 77.39 69.31

(95.2 )
(77.9 ) ( 88.2 ) ( 87.5 )

Control 00.00 18.44 18.44 6.66

( 00,0 ) ( 10.0 ) (10.0 ) (01.3 )

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Figure 4: 3D Graph(Elevation=30 o) representing Larval mortality of A.

proxima in exposure periods irrespective of extracts concentration
and control under laboratory condition.

70

60

50

40

30

20 Plant Extract

10
Control
0
Mean 24 hr. 12 hr 6 hr.
m ortality (%)
Period

Lale (1992) reported that rhizome powder of A. melegueta admixed with maize and
observed that its powder caused mortality in S. zeamais with in 24 hrs (Lc 50= 0.398). Pranata
(1984) and . Khattak et al (2005) have reported. biological effects Curcuma longa and Alpinia
galanga on storage insects. Insecticidal effect of some plant extracts has been reported by
(Dadang and Ohsawa 2001, Ofuya and Okuku 2005, Kumar. et al 2007, Raman et al. 2008 and
Raghuraman et al. 2008 on several insects pest.. Sankaraiyah et al. 2007 and Sarkar 2007 and
Thambusamy et al. 2008 have reported insecticidal effect of essential oil of Zingiber officinale L.
(Zigiberaceae) effective for the management of insect pests of brinjal and mosquito repellent
in action. Similar performance of certain insecticide has been reported by Ahmed and Ahmed
(1991). Rhizome oils of A. galonga (w/w) 0.5 per cent applied to green gram and reported
100.0 per cent mortality in adult C. chinensis within 15 days.. Ahmed and Ahmed (1992)
observed that 3.00 % rhizome powder of Alpinia galonga admixed with wheat caused 58.00%
mortality in adult S. oryzae after 30 days. Lale (1992) reported that rhizome powder of A.
melegueta admixed with maize and observed that its powder caused mortality in S. zeamais
with in 24 hrs (Lc 50= 0.398). Pranata (1984) and . Khattak et al (2005) have reported.
biological effects Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga on storage insects. Insecticidal effect of
some plant extracts has been reported by (Dadang and Ohsawa 2001, Ofuya and Okuku 2005,
Kumar. et al 2007, Raman et al. 2008 and Raghuraman et al. 2008 on several insects pest..
Sankaraiyah et al. 2007 and Sarkar 2007 and Thambusamy et al. 2008 have reported
insecticidal effect of essential oil of Zingiber officinale L. (Zigiberaceae) effective for the
management of insect pests of brinjal and mosquito repellent in action.

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