Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
Adviser
Approved as his/her research project for Practical Research 2** by the School
Research Committee.
Accepted as his/her research project for Practical Research 2** by the School
Principal.
*for group research, write the name of the team leader, et. al. (example: JUAN P. DELA CRUZ, et. al.)
**can be changed based on the requiring subject/agency
School Research Manual
ABSTRACT
A good abstract is accurate, non-evaluative, coherent and readable, and concise (APA 6th
Edition). The research abstract is counted as page ii (lowercase Roman numeral) with a
running head or abbreviated title. The word abstract should be in upper letters centered at
the top of the page in bold format. The justified abstract should be a single paragraph
without paragraph indention. The abstract is a brief summary of the research study,
totaling from 150 to 250 words. It should be written in past tense when referring to the
conduct of the study (e.g. “Results showed that...”, “The participants of the study were
composed of...”); but in present tense when referring to ideas, concepts or implications
derived from the research study (e.g. The findings imply that...”). Consider writing the
abstract after the paper has been completed. Abstract should contain the following:
Keywords (maybe 3 to 4 keywords after the abstract); one sentence statement of the
problem or research question; brief description of the subjects or participants (identify
how many and any relevant characteristics); brief description of the research methods and
procedures; basic findings/report of the results, including effect, sizes, and confidence
interval and/or statistical significance levels; and conclusions and implications or
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
in bold, uppercase and at the center. The justified paragraph should express the student’s
gratitude and appreciation for all the assistance made and given by special individuals,
institution, organization etc. that are not mentioned in the research paper but have made
paragraphs with single indention. Pagination below should be iii with a condensed form
of the title at the upper-right corner same format with the previous pages. Double spacing
DEDICATION
This is an optional section. It should be one-page dedication and the word DEDICATION
need not appear on the page, the text should be centered. The page contains the names of
people special to the researcher, e.g family, friends, other closed relatives, who inspired
and helped the researcher to finish and complete his/her research paper. Pagination below
should be iv with a condensed form of the title at the upper-right corner same format with
the previous pages. Double spacing with no space before and after the paragraph.
J. Dela Cruz
School Research Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
References .....................................................................................................18
Appendix .......................................................................................................19
Curriculum Vitae .........................................................................................20
School Research Manual
LIST OF TABLES
The example above shows that the table number is written in the first column,
followed by the Table Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the third
column. The List of Table is applicable only for at least 5 tables existing in the
manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space.
School Research Manual
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Conceptual Framework 4
2 Theoretical Framework 5
4 Figure Title 8
5 Figure Title 9
The example above shows that the figure number is written in the first column,
followed by the Figure Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the third
column. The List of Figures is applicable only for at least 5 figures existing in the
manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space.
School Research Manual
LIST OF APPENDICES
A Research Instrument 20
E Curriculum Vitae 24
The example above shows that the appendix letter is written in the first column,
followed by the Appendix Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the
third column. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space.
School Research Manual
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
study. The first paragraph defines the issue/problem/subject of the study. The first
paragraph also contains the global or broad perspective. You can cite authors or situations
from the different published sources. Do not forget to write the author and the date the
material was published by enclosing them inside the parenthesis (Dela Cruz, 2010). If
you don’t want to use the parenthesis to cite the source, you may also directly state the
source. Example, “According to Dela Cruz in 2010,…or According to Dela Cruz (2010)”.
The next section contains the national perspective of your research. Begin with a
phrase or sentence that will maintain the coherence of your composition. Example, In the
Philippines”.
The following paragraph(s) contain/s the local perspective of your research. You
may narrow down from the national perspective in the second paragraph, to regional,
then provincial, lastly to your specific locale. Example, “In the Municipality of San
Francisco, one of the municipalities of Caraga,… or In Agusan del Sur National High
Wrapping all the situations from global, national, and local perspectives, state the
necessity of conducting your research. Make sure that the reader will be convinced on the
importance of your research by the well-established prepositions in the first, second, and
third paragraphs. You may also add paragraphs, but always make sure that the last
paragraph is for the importance of conducting the study in your chosen locale.
Erase the word “Conceptual” above if you are establishing a research based on the
existing theory or theories, or erase the word “Theoretical” if you are establishing your
research from a construct and not from existing theories. In the first sentence of the first
paragraph, state the main objective of conducting your research. You need also to discuss
the theory or concept where you anchored your study. The discussion should be at the
context of your study and not on the mere definition of the theory. Layout your digram
Below the diagram is the paragraph which discusses your own concept about your
the background of your study. Explain each variable of your diagram or figure above,
including some important processes that you will involve. You may use polygons and/or
arrows for your diagram. The diagram is usually the “Figure 1” in your study. You may
(Note: You may have a separate section for Conceptual and Theoretical Framework)
Begin by stating the main or general objective (in declarative form) of the study in
one to two sentences followed by the specific problems (in interrogative form). Make
sure that your specific problems are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-
bounded. Example of main objective, “This study aims to develop a research manual that
will be the basis for teachers and students in writing research manuscript. Specifically the
1. Specific Problem 1
2. Specific Problem 1
Based on the problems above, the following null/alternative hypotheses are made:
(Note: Null/Alternative Hypothesis section can only be written based on the nature of
The first paragraph states the general significance of the study or the purpose of
conducting the study. You may establish a paragraph by thinking what or who will benefit
the conclusions of your study. After the paragraph, enumerate the persons and discuss the
specifics on how can they be benefitted. You may state this way, “Moreover, this study is
Students. This manual will scaffold students on how to put research into writing.
This will provide them with technical guide, both in content and physical appearance, in
research writing.
Research Teachers. They will use the developed manual for instructional
Other Researches.
This section discusses the perimeter of the study such as the time frame, place
where the study will be conducted, the variables involved, and limitations. The first
School Research Manual
paragraph should discuss about the 3Ws, starting with: where the study will be
conducted; then what is the timeframe; and who are the people involved or subject of
interest.
The second paragraph begins with main objective of the study and the variables
under study to attain the research objective. After enumerating the variables, emphasize
that other factor that may intervene the results are not under study. Example “Other
factors not stated in this section are beyond the scope of this study”.
Term 1 - terms should be in sentence case, bold, and flash left. Definitions should be
Moringa oleifera - terms in scientific name should have the same formatting as
mentioned above but the term should be italicized. If definition is long, the
proceeding lines should be indented once to emphasize the term being defined.
School Research Manual
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 can be written by citing first the “2.1 Related Literature” followed by
the “2.2 Related Study” section. Each of the citation should be arranged also in
chronological manner. Texts gathered from varied sources should not be copied directly
to avoid plagiarism. They should be rephrased and sources should be labeled based on the
“If there are statements or direct quotation that you want to include in your
quotation mark, and indent the entire statement. After the statement, write the
In this section, you will write findings from related studies that might be
section, arrange your citation chronologically or arrange them by topic. Source or citation
The last paragraph of your Chapter 2 should contain the summary of your entire
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODS
The first sentence of this section states the research design whether experimental,
you are using in your study. This will be followed by sentences that will support your
chosen research design. You may do this by explaining why you chose this design or by
explaining what procedure or instrument you are using for this design.
Choose “Participants of the Study” if you are gathering data from human beings,
use “Subject of the Study” if you are gathering data from non-human biological beings,
phenomenon, or non-animate things. In this section, you will explain the respondents or
participants of the study, and provide reasons of your choice. You will then write the
sampling procedure that you employed in this study and its method of identifying the
samples. If you are using Probabilistic Sampling (Simple Random Sampling, Stratefied
Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, etc.), state the formula and the margin of error that
you will consider in identifying the samples. If you are using Non-probabilistic Sampling
School Research Manual
(Purposive Sampling, Snowball Sampling, etc.), discuss the criteria that you considered
The next paragraph tells the table showing the sample distribution below (except
Table 3.2.1
Distribution of strata per section in Grade 12 students
Section Population per section Sample Sample (Pilot testing)
Section 1 15 males 8 males 2 males
16 females 8 females 2 females
Section 2 20 males 10 males 3 males
6 females 3 females 1 female
Write the place or locale where you are going to conduct your study and explain
the reason why you chose this setting. Insert map if necessary, the map should be labeled
”Figure 3.3.1”.
School Research Manual
Begin by discussing what type of instrument you are using, and describe the
contents of this instrument and what data can be extracted using this instrument. Indicate
whether you designed it or adopted it. Do not forget to mention the source for instruments
that were adopted. Discuss also the validation procedures and the reliability of your
instrument.
The first paragraph talks about the preliminary procedures done by the researchers
before gathering the data. This includes the preparation and distribution of intent letters to
The second paragraph discusses the mining of data using the instruments
developed and/or adopted to the target respondents. You should be able to enumerate the
instrument.
The last paragraph indicates the proper handling of data extracted from the
This section discusses the statistical tools and data analysis techniques employed
in your study.
School Research Manual
Mean. Begin enumerating by indenting once the paragraph and write the
statistical tool you are using (example above is “Mean”). It should be in sentence case
and in bold format. The following sentences will then discuss the tool at the context of
your study. Meaning you should not define the statistical tool, rather discuss it in context.
t-test. If there are plenty of statistical tools that should be discussed, enumerate
them one by one and discuss them at the context of your study.
(Note: You may also include tables that will show how you will analyze your data e.g.
Likert-scale, etc.)
Table 3.2.1
Four-point Likert Scale
Point Scale Description Qualifying Statement
4 3.28 - 4.00 Strongly Agree The students always exhibit research vigor.
3 2.52 - 3.27 Agree The students oftentimes exhibit research vigor.
2 1.76 - 2.51 Disagree The students sometimes exhibit research vigor.
1 1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree The students never exhibit research vigor.
(Example of table used in data analysis)
School Research Manual
Chapter 4
Table 4.1.1
Perception of high school students on the usability of the developed research manual
Provisions sd x Description
1. Statement 1 0.12 3.94 Strongly Agree
2. Statement 2 0.20 3.50 Strongly Agree
3. Statement 3 0.23 3.20 Agree
4. Statement 4 0.12 2.90 Agree
5. Statement 5 0.15 4.00 Strongly Agree
Table 4.1.1 shows the format of the table in Chapter 4 which is similar to the table
formats in the previous chapters. The table number is in sentence case and bold format.
Example above is “Table 4.1.1”. The next line will be the name of the table in sentence
case. The table number and table name have a single spacing with no space after the
paragraph. The first paragraph is the interpretation of data. You may do this by grouping
all similar results (example: The table above shows that items number 1, 2, and 5 are
strongly agree with mean scores 3.94, 3.50 and 4.00, respectively. This means that the
students find the research manual very easy to use.), you may also interpret the data by
School Research Manual
citing only the highest three and highest low, especially if you have a long list of items or
provisions.
The second paragraph is the discussion of the interpreted results. You may do this
by revisiting your Chapter 2 for related phenomenon that may explain the similarity of
your findings. Example: “The students find the research manual very easy to use because
examples on how to write the specific sections in the research paper are present. This is
12%
13%
41%
34%
shadows or other unnecessary picture formatting, and with labels in Times New Roman,
size 12, color black or white. The figure title, unlike with the table title, should be found
below the figure. It should be written in sentence case. The figure number should be a
counting continuation with the previous figure (example: Figure 1, Figure 2,… and so
Discussion of the data should be in the second paragraph. This can be done by
questions in chapter 1. If you have five problems, then you should have five subsections
in chapter 4.
School Research Manual
Chapter 5
5.1 Summary
write the general objective of your study followed by a short description of your research
method (research design, sampling technique, and data analysis) that will be caried out to
Findings
The following findings are obtained based on the analysis and interpretation of
data.
1. Findings, in sentence case, should be written in bold right after the summary. It has
no section number since it is a part of the summary. The title will then be followed by
a short introductory sentence such as “The following findings are obtained based on
2. Findings are the results of your analysis in chapter 4. Each finding should be in order
based on how you presented them in the previous chapter. You should not repeat what
you have written in the previous chapter. Instead, rephrase each of them in direct,
5.2 Conclusions
of your study (i.e. given one or two or more findings for research problem number
2. Conclusions are not just repeating your findings but abstractions of the summary of
findings.
3. Numerical values (e.g. mean, standard deviation, t value, F ratio, etc.) should no
longer be reported in this chapter since they have already been presented in the
previous chapter.
4. See to it that your conclusions are tied to the research questions of your study.
5. Like the findings, each conclusion should be numbered, sentence case, and flash left.
The conclusion section should begin with a short introductory sentence. Example
5.3 Recommendations
case, and flash left. The recommendation section should begin with a short
School Research Manual
introductory sentence. Example “As synthesized from the findings and conclusions,
2. Aside from recommendations, you can also give the implications or possible
3. You can also suggest future research possibilities vis-a-vis research you conducted.
School Research Manual
REFERENCES
(For a chapter in a book or entry in a reference book, use the following formats:)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, &
C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, &
C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx)
(Reference book)
VendenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
(Periodicals
Periodicals include items published on a regular basis such as journals, magazines,
newspapers, and newsletters. General reference form:)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
xx, pp-pp. doi:xx,xxxxxxxxxx
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
School Research Manual
Mercado, E. P., & De Mesa, T. E. (2008). On the spot behavior intervention techniques
applied to common behavior problems manifested by children with special needs.
The Normal Lights, 4, 221 – 247.
(Magazine article)
Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker
well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on
work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.
(Newspaper article)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
School Research Manual
(Video)
American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically to
patient expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://
www.apa.org/videos/
(Music Recording)
lang, k. d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY: Nonesuch
Records.
(Measurement instrument)
Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., & Heatherington, L. (2002). E-SOFTA: System for
observing family therapy alliances [Software and training videos]. Unpublished
instrument. Retrieved from http://www.softa-soatif.com/
th
(Note: For other reference style and format see APA Manual 6 ed.)
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
School Research Manual
APPENDIX B
Curriculum Vitae
This section is for the necessary attachments like additional instrument/s (e.g. test/
instructions and other supplementary tools you used in the study. You may also include
UPPER CASE. A CAPITAL LETTER should follow after the word APPENDIX to
indicate the succession. Below the title is the appendix description. Example, “Letter of
Permission to the School Principal”. The appendix description should be centered with
APPENDIX B
Name:
Designation:
Doctor’s Degree:
Master’s Degree:
Baccalaureate Degree:
Address:
Email/Contact Number:
School Research Manual
4. Pagination
Preliminary Pages: i, ii, iii, iv and so on
Body and Final Pages: 1, 2, 3, and so on
No pagination in the first page of every chapter