Power System Analysis Lab

ETAP can be used for drawing one line diagram, load flow analysis and harmonics
analysis etc. In this lab we will continue to use ETAP for multiple tasks. The purpose
of this lab is to draw the one line diagram of the systems given. Then we will do the
load flow analysis.
The knowledge of these equipment’s must be known before using ETAP for drawing
one line diagram and load flow analysis.
Load Flow Analysis
Load flow studies determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under
normal or emergency operating conditions, and whether equipment such as
transformers and conductors are overloaded. Load flow studies are commonly used
to optimize component or circuit loading, and developing practical bus voltage
profiles.

A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and
per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as
voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power
systems in normal steady-state operation.

Generators
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that convert mechanical energy
into electrical
Power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam
turbines, gas
Turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines and even hand cranks.

Types of Generators
There are two types of Generators
 Induction Generator
Induction AC motors may be used as generators, turning mechanical energy into
electric current. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor
faster than the synchronous speed, giving negative slip. A regular AC
asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator, without any internal
modifications. Induction generators are useful in applications such as mini-hydro
power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower
pressure, because they can recover energy with relatively simple controls. They
do not require an exciter circuit because the rotating magnetic field is provided

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 1 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

by induction from the stator circuit. They also do not require speed governor
equipment as they inherently operate at the connected grid frequency.
 Synchronous Generator
Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy.
They are commonly used to convert the mechanical power output of steam
turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines and hydro turbines into electrical
power for the grid. Some designs of Wind turbines also use this generator type.

Bus Bar
In electric power distribution, a bus bar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed
inside witch-gear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power
distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical
switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally
uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars.
These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at
various points without creating a new joint.

Types of Buses:
 Generator Bus
A Generator bus is the bus that connects the generator to its generating
transformer. A bus at which the magnitude of the voltage is defined and is kept
constant by adjusting the field current of a synchronous generator. The real power
|P| and the voltage magnitude |V| are specified. It is also known as Generator Bus.

 Load Bus
A bus that connects Distribution Transformer to Load is called Load bus. A bus
at which the real and reactive power are specified, and for which the bus voltage
will be calculated. All busses having no generators are load busses.
 Swing Bus
A special generator bus serving as the reference bus. Its voltage is assumed to be
fixed in both magnitude and phase. In here, P and Q are unknown. Slack bus is
used to balance the active power |P| and reactive power |Q| in a system while
performing load flow studies. The slack bus is used to provide for system losses
by emitting or absorbing active and/or reactive power to and from the system.

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 2 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying
electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits.
Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect. Transformers
are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.

Transmission Lines:
A power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors
(commonly multiples of three) suspended by towers or poles. Since most of the
insulation is provided by air, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost
method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy.

Load
An electrical load is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes
(active) electric power. This is opposed to a power source, such as a battery or
generator, which produces power. In electric power circuits examples of loads are
appliances and lights. The term may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit.

Procedure:
 Open new project in ETAP software tool and select components from AC and
DC toolbars. There are two systems for symbols tools ANSI and IEC. Any
one of them can be used however, we have used ANSI system in this report.
 Connect all the components by using bus bar as shown in figure 1.
 Manually set the ratings and the values of each component one by one until
all the errors are removed.
 For Grounding of transformer, set input connection type to Y-Solid or Y-
Ground.

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 3 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

TASK 1

Circuit Diagram in ETAP:

 Open ETAP on your PC.

 Open new project in ETAP

The Unit should be selected as Metric. 

Select bus from components

Select bus from this menu to make set points for the components.  Select Generator
from the components

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 4 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

Select Generator from these components.

 Set the values of Generator from Editor

Select generator 1 swing and set the values of other parameters.

 Select Cable from components

Select cable from the components and also change the properties of the cable.
 Draw the circuit in ETAP

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 5 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

 Select load flow analysis after making the circuit

 Final Circuit Diagram on ETAP

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 6 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

 Report Generated by ETAP:

The circuit on ETAP:

It consists of 3 cables one load and a geerator.

After doing Load Flow Analysis on the following circuit :

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 7 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

The Report generated of this Circuit on ETAP:

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 8 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

TASK 2
Power System Analysis

To study of Load Flow Analysis of a given

system using ETAP
In the very last semester we have used ETAP for drawing one line diagram and harmonics
analysis etc. now in this lab we will continue our experience with ETAP. The purpose of this
lab is to draw the one line diagram of the system given. Then we will do the load flow
analysis.
The first task is very simple there is no need to give the step by step procedure. So I’ll just
give the final snapshot of one line diagram.

One new thing to do is to select the option swing in generator properties As it is required for load flow
analysis.

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 9 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

In the next step switch to the load flow analysis.

There are two methods of load flow analysis. One is NEWTON RAPHSON method. And the other one is
GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD.

We can make the required selection as follows.

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 10 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 11 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

Now we can analyze by clicking on run load flow.

Now we want to see the system report. There are many options like losses report, transformers report
etc. we are required to attach 3 following report.

i. Branch losses summary report.

ii. Branch loading summary report.
iii. Load flow report.

Reports for NEWTON method.

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 12 of 13
Power System Analysis Lab

Electrical Engineering and Technology Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (KSK Campus) Page 13 of 13