TABLE OF CONTENTS:

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................3

1. INRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................4

1.1. SAFETY AIM AND OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................5

2.1. SAFETY TERMS ...............................................................................................................5

2.1.1. Hazard ..........................................................................................................5

2.1.2. Risk ..............................................................................................................5

2.1.3. Incident ........................................................................................................5

2.1.4. Accident .......................................................................................................5

2.1.5. Near Miss .....................................................................................................5

2.1.6. Occupational Injury .....................................................................................6

2.1.7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) .........................................................6

2.2. TYPES OF SAFETY ..........................................................................................................6

2.2.1. Process Safety ..............................................................................................6

2.2.2. Personal Safety.............................................................................................6

3. HAZARDS AND SAFETY......................................................................................................7

3.1. PRESSURE HAZARDS.....................................................................................................7

3.2. TEMPERATURE HAZARDS ...........................................................................................7

3.3. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ................................................................................................7

3.4. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS ...............................................................................8

3.5. CONFINED SPACES HAZARDS.....................................................................................9

3.6. FALL HAZARDS ..............................................................................................................9

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 3.7. CHEMICAL AND ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS .............................................................9

3.8. MACHINE HAZARDS ....................................................................................................10

3.9. MANHANDLING AND OTHER HAZARDS ................................................................10
4. EVALUATING RISK/HAZARDS .......................................................................................12

5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................13
6. REFRENCES .........................................................................................................................14

LIST OF FIGURES:
1. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) .....................................................................

2. CHRISTMAS TREE ......................................................................................................................

3. INSULATION PIPES ....................................................................................................................

4.ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ............................................................................................................

5.FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS ...........................................................................................

6.CONFINED SPACES ....................................................................................................................

7.FALL HAZARDS ...........................................................................................................................

8.CHEMICAL HAZARDS ................................................................................................................

9.MACHINE HAZARDS ..................................................................................................................

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 ABSTRACT

Petroleum and gas engineering projects and industries are considered as the most dangerous and
hazardous industries in the world. It has 7 times more fatality rate than any other industry in the
world due to historical spill outs, blow outs fire and explosion and many other hazards which
are discussed in the report. Petroleum and gas industries are growing and increasing day by day
despite the elevated fatality rate because it provides the world population with 55% of their
energy needs and other 45% is covered by coal, hydroelectric, nuclear , solar and wind energy.

Oil and gas will remain important to the energy and power industry so industry need to operate it
safely at all cost. Safety from these hazards in petroleum and gas projects and industries is first
priority. Safety serves and protects 4 main elements i.e. People, Environment, Assets and
Reputation. In this report safety to many hazards in petroleum and gas industries have been
discussed which will serve the purpose in protecting all 4 elements.

In order to evaluate any risk or hazard risk assessment process should be adopted which is an
effective way of identifying and eliminating any hazard present in petroleum and gas industry.
Proper training and safety culture should be promoted in order to meet aims and objectives of
safety in the field of petroleum and gas engineering.

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

In order to do our task in a safe manner we need to define our safety goals and objectives. Aims
and objectives have very importance in every organization. Organizations strictly follow their
aims and objectives to achieve their goals of excellence. In same manner the first priority of the
petroleum and gas engineers is to provide safe environment to the workers working in an oil and
gas industry as it is considered as the most dangerous industry because of its elevated fatality rate
as compare to any other industry. In order to achieve safety goals safety aims and objectives are
defined below.

1.1. SAFETY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

AIM:
The industry or organization will research and work to enhance the oil and gas system safety
and the protection of human health and the protection of environment.

OBJECTIVES:

• Partner with other industries, government and researchers to explore reasons to prevent
further blowouts, oil spills and accidents.
• Promote safety culture and safety practices in industry.
• Employs training about the safety rules and safety responsibilities.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. SAFETY TERMS:

2.1.1. HAZARD:

Hazard is anything that has the ability or potential to harm or damage someone or something
under certain condition or situation.

Hazard can cause injury or adverse health effect to an individual or it can also result in
destruction and property losses. Examples of Hazards in petroleum and gas Engineering are
following.

• Fire and Explosion Hazard

• Falls
• Machine Hazard

2.1.2. RISK:

There is a very little difference between hazard and risk. If something is exposed to hazard it
have chance get harm or experience negative health effects, this probability is called risk.
Examples of risks include risk of fire and explosion and risk of falls etc.

2.1.3. INCIDENT:

An unexpected, undesired event that interrupt the work or task and may cause some harm,
adverse effects and property loss or some combination of all these. Incident can range from
minor to catastrophic.

2.1.4. ACCIDENT:

It is similar to incident but it follows the mentality that this could not have been prevented. An
accident always challenges the safety polices that is to find, fix and prevent hazards.

2.1.5. NEAR MISS:

Near miss is that incident which may have caused some harm,injury or damage. It is the warning
that some tragic incident may occur if the root cause is not eliminated

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2.1.6. OCCUPATIONAL INJURY:

Occupational injury is the harm or illness due to any work activity at work. It ranges from First
Aid Case (FAC) to fatality. Petroleum and Gas industries have 7 times more fatality rate then
other industries.

2.1.7. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):

Personal protective equipments is the equipment for the protection of an individual during
performing work in
petroleum and gas
engineering. PPE include
following equipments.

• Safety Glasses
• Safety Helmet
• High impact gloves
• Reflective shirts
• Safety boots
• Hearing protection

2.2 TYPES OF SAFETY:

2.2.1 PROCESS SAFETY: Figure 1: PPE

Process safety is mix of management and engineering which focuses on the prevention of
catastrophic incidents like fire, explosion and toxic releases of hydrocarbons and other gases
associated with petroleum and gas products.

2.2.2 PERSONAL SAFETY:

Personal safety refers to safety of the workers from injury or harm at the field. Personal safety is
ensured by PPE.

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 Chapter 3
HAZARDS AND SAFETY
3.1. PRESSURE HAZARDS:
The high pressure of oil and gas when it is extracted from
reservoir to the surface. There is also high pressure inside pipes
and vessels. Steam from boiler also have very high pressure.

SAFETY:

• Blow Out Preventer (BOP) must be installed during the

drilling process.
• Christmas tree should be installed during production.
• Choke lines and kill lines must be present.
• Required PPE must be used. Figure2:Christmas tree

3.2. TEMPERATURE HAZARDS:

There is very high pressure at compressor discharge pipes because
during compression the kinetic energy absorbed will be
transformed into heat.

SAFETY:

• Pipe insulation must be installed which can withstand the

maximum heat of compressor so that its outer surface is
safe to touch for worker.
• At least safety induction for the worker by administration.
• Required PPE must be used. Figure 3: Pipe insulation

3.3. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS:

Electrical power lines in industries may cause serious damage to workers and workplace hazard.
Electric equipments that in normal operation produce spark, flames and arcs when expose to the
combustible materials like petroleum products and gas may cause catastrophic incident.

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SAFETY:

• Safety signs and symbols must be placed at the place of

electrical hazard
• PPE related to electrical use must be used
• Keep electrical materials and equipments in good
condition.
• Equipments that in operation produces spark and flames
should be properly covered and isolated from the
combustible materials.

Figure 4: Electrical Hazards

3.4. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:

The most dangerous and most vulnerable hazard in oil and gas industry is fire and explosion
because petroleum and gas products catch fire very easily. The workers face the hazard of fire
and explosion due to the flammable gases like oil vapors, hydrogen sulfide and well gasses when
exposed to ignition. Ignition can be caused by
smoking, electrical equipment sparks, friction sparks,
cutting welding machines and lightening.

SAFETY:

• Safe, isolated and covered storage of

combustible materials.
• Smoking, matches and any other source of
ignition should be prohibited.
• Cellars, ground areas, floors and equipments
adjacent to the well should be kept free from
gas and petrol accumulation that may cause
fire. Figure 5: Fire and Explosion Hazards

• Fire Fighting equipments should be located on suitable areas.

• Crew members should know the use of firefighting equipments.
• Proper PPE must be used

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3.5. CONFINED SPACES HAZARDS:
Confined space is that which have very limited entrance/exit
and contain known or potential hazard due to insufficient
ventilation and other hazardous gasses. Excavation and
cellarsfallin the definition of confined spaces.

SAFETY:

• Atmospheric test should be done to determine Oxygen

content, combustible dust and flammable gasses
• Emergency and rescue must be present
• Proper PPE must be used e.g. Respiratory equipment Figure 6: Confined spaces

3.6. FALL HAZARDS:

Workers might have to access or work on the platforms and machineries above the ground like
mast, drilling platform and many other elevated equipments.
Workers have the risk of falling so for fall protection following
safety measures should be taken.

SAFETY:

• Train person should be allowed to work on elevated

places
• Fall protection PPE must be used.

Figure 7: Fall hazards

3.7. CHEMICAL AND ATMOSPHERE HAZARDS:

Workers in the field are continuously exposed to the chemical present in oil and gas industry.
The chemicals produced and used in oil and gas industry can cause occupational injury such as
lung disease. Hazardous chemicals that are present in oil and gas industry are hydrogen sulfide,
silica and mercury.

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SAFETY:

• Use proper ventilation systems and exhausts to

minimize the level of hazardous chemicals present
in air.
• First responder must be skillful and properly
protected from chemicals.
• Use proper respiratory equipment and other PPE.

Figure 8: Chemical Hazards

3.8. MACHINE HAZARDS:

Machine hazards may include struck by/ caught in / caught between hazards due to use of heavy
machinery in oil and gas industry. Oil and gas extraction worker are exposed to heavy machinery
like rotating wellhead equipment, Kelly drives, pumps, top drives, compressors, belt wheels,
catheads, hoist blocks, and conveyors. These unguarded heavy machineries can cause
occupational injuries to the workers.

SAFETY:

• Worker shall operate only that machinery in

which he is qualified.
• Guards should be installed to the moving and
rotating parts so that contact should be
avoided.
• Proper PPE for the machinery must be used.

Figure 9: Machine Hazards

3.9. MANHANDLING AND OTHER HAZARDS:

About 90% of the accident occur due to the man errors rather then machine failure. Other
hazards include noise hazard which can damage the hearing power of the worker exposed to it.
Radioactive hazard also causes illness and harm to the worker working oil and gas industry.

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SAFETY:

• The worker should be properly trained for the job he is doing.

• Special safety trainings should be given to the workers so as to minimize the human
errors.
• Proper PPE should be used to protect against noise and radioactive hazard.

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 Chapter 4
EVALUATING RISK/HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS:
Risk assessment process is method to identify the risk which can harm and then analyze and
evaluate the risk associated with that particular hazard. Risk assessment is essential in industry
because it is to ensure the safety and health of the workers working in that industry. This process
consist of

• Hazard identification
• Risk analysis
• Risk evaluation
• Risk control

First of all we will identify the hazard which can cause harm or occupational injury to the
workers. Hazard identification include finding and characterizing the hazard.

Risk analysis consist of determining the nature, level and who can be affected from that
particular hazard. In risk analysis historical and current data is collected and compared.

Risk evaluation is used to evaluate the risk keeping in view the record. It is used to make
decision to avoid and eliminate the risk.

Risk control is implementing the methods to eliminate the risk and doing re-evaluation if needed.

In petroleum and gas industries risk assessment process is frequently use to identify and
eliminate hazards present industries. In industry risk assessment should be done before

• new processes
• maintenance or installation of new machinery
• If hazard is identified

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 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
The discussion in this report is to improve the safety and health in petroleum and gas engineering
projects and industries. Oil and gas industry almost provide 55% of the world energy need so it
should be operates safely at all cost. All the safety measures listed in the report for the associated
hazards should be strictly followed in order to meet the safety aims and objectives. Following the
aims and objectives we can make oil and gas industry safer for the people as well as for the
environment.

The occupational injuries , fatalities and catastrophic incidents can only be avoided by
considering safety measure at every stage. More than 90% of the accidents can be avoidable
because they are caused by human errors. In order to avoid such incidents following things
should be done

• Safety awareness should be given to workers

• Proper training should be given
• Safety culture should be promoted

Last but not the least risk assessments should be done at every stage in oil and gas industry as it
is the integral part of occupational health and safety management plan of any organization.

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 Chapter 6
REFERENCES
1. https://www.hsmemagazine.com/article/petroleum-plant-safety-785/
2. https://www.ehstoday.com/safety/focus-renewable-energy-leads-standardized-safety-
training
3. https://www.hsmemagazine.com/article/refining-safety-1038/
4. https://www.hsmemagazine.com/article/process-safety-management-923/
5. www.osha.gov

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