William Harvey

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For other people named William Harvey, see William Harvey (disambiguation).

William Harvey

William Harvey

Born 1 April 1578

Folkestone

Died 3 June 1657 (aged 79)

Roehampton

Nationality England

Fields Medicine
Physiology

Doctoral advisor Hieronymus Fabricius

Known for Systemic circulation

William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first to describe
correctly and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by
the heart.

Contents
 [hide]

• 1 Family

• 2 Life

○ 2.1 Early life and the University of Padua

○ 2.2 The College of Physicians, Marriage and Saint Bartholomew's

Hospital

○ 2.3 Lumleian Lecturer

○ 2.4 Physician to James I

○ 2.5 Excursions abroad, election as physician to Charles I and the English

Civil War

○ 2.6 Harvey's later years, death and burial

• 3 "De Motu Cordis" (otherwise known as "On the Motion of the Heart and

Blood")

• 4 The circulation of blood before William Harvey

• 5 More facts on Harvey

• 6 See also

• 7 References

• 8 Further reading

• 9 External links

[ edit]Family
Harvey's father Thomas Harvey, was a jurat of Folkestone where he served the office of mayor in 1600.
Records and personal descriptions delineate him as an overall calm, diligent and intelligent man whose
"sons... revered, consulted and implicitly trusted in him... (they) made their father the treasurer of their
wealth when they acquired great estates...(He) kept, employed and improved their gainings to their great
advantage."[1] Thomas Harvey's portrait can still be seen in the central panel of a wall of the dining-room
at Rolls Park, Chigwell, in Essex.

[ edit]Life
[edit]Early life and the University of Padua
Harvey's initial education was carried out in Folkestone, where he learned Latin. He then entered the King's
School (Canterbury). Harvey remained at the King's School for five years, after which he joined Caius
College in Cambridge.
Harvey graduated as a Bachelor of Arts from Caius College in 1597.[2] He then traveled
through France and Germany to Italy, where he entered the University of Padua, apparently in 1598.

During Harvey's years of study there, he developed a relationship with Fabricius and read Fabricius' De
Venarum Ostiolis.

Harvey graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at the age of 24 from the University of Padua on 25 April 1602.
It reports that Harvey had

"conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination and had shown such skill, memory and learning
that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him."[3]

[edit]The College of Physicians, Marriage and Saint Bartholomew's

Hospital
After graduating from Padua, Harvey immediately returned to England where he obtained the degree of
Doctor of Medicine from the University of Cambridge that same year. Following this, Harvey established
himself in London, joining the College of Physicians on 5 October 1604.

A few weeks after his admission, Harvey married Elizabeth Browne, "daughter of Lancelot Browne,
(himself) Dr. Physic".[4] They had no children.

Elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians on 5 June 1607, Harvey accepted a position at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital that he was to occupy for almost all the rest of his life. Succeeding a Dr Wilkinson
on 14 October 1609, he became the Physician in charge at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, which enjoined
him, "in God's most holy name" to "endeavor yourself to do the best of your knowledge in the profession of
physic to the poor then present, or any other of the poor at any time of the week which shall be sent home
unto you by the Hospitaller... You shall not, for favor, lucre or gain, appoint or write anything for the poor
but such good and wholesome things as you shall think with your best advice will do the poor good, without
any affection or respect to be had to the apothecary. And you shall take no gift or reward... for your
counsel... This you will promise to do as you shall answer before God... "[5]

Harvey earned around thirty-three pounds a year and lived in a small house in Ludgate, although two
houses in West Smithfield were attached as fringe benefits to the post of Physician. At this point, the
physician's function consisted of a simple but thorough analysis of patients who were brought to the
hospital once a week and the consequent writing of prescriptions.

[edit]Lumleian Lecturer
The next important phase of Harvey's life began with his appointment to the office of Lumleian lecturer on 4
August 1615. The Lumleian lectureship, founded by a Lord Lumley and a Dr. Caldwell in 1583, consisted in
pronouncing lectures for a period of seven years, with the purpose of "spreading light" and increasing the
general knowledge of anatomy throughout England.
Harvey began his lectures in April 1616. At this time, at the age of thirty-seven, he was described as "a
man of lowest stature, round faced; his eyes small, round, very black and full of spirit; his hair as black as a
raven and curling".[6] The notes which he used at the time are preserved in the British Museum.

At the beginning of his lectures, Harvey laid down the canons for his guidance:

 "To show as much as may be at a glance, the whole belly for

instance, and afterwards to subdivide the parts according to their
positions and relations.

 To point out what is peculiar to the actual body which is being

dissected.

 To supply only by speech what cannot be shown on your own

credit and by authority.

 To cut up as much as may be in the sight of the audience.

 To enforce the right opinion by remarks drawn far and near, and
to illustrate man by the structure of animals.

 Not to praise or dispraise other anatomists, for all did well, and
there was some excuse even for those who are in error.

 Not to dispute with others, or attempt to confute them, except by

the most obvious retort.

 To state things briefly and plainly, yet not letting anything pass
unmentioned which can be seen.

 Not to speak of anything which can be as well explained without

the body or can be read at home.

 Not to enter into too much detail, or in too minute dissection, for
the time does not permit.

 To allot a definite time to each part of the body (i.e. first day's
lectures dedicated to the abdomen, the second to the thorax, the
third to the brain and so on."[7]

[edit]Physician to James I
Harvey continued to participate in the Lumleain lectures while also taking care of his patients at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital; he thus soon attained an important and fairly lucrative practice, which climaxed
with his appointment as 'Physician Extraordinary' to King James I on 3 February 1618. He seems to have
similarly served various aristocrats, including Lord Chancellor Bacon).

In 1628 he published in Frankfort-on-the-Main his completed treatise on the circulation of the blood, the De
Motu Cordis. As a result of negative comments by other physicians Harvey "fell mightily in his practice",
[8]
but continued advancing his career. He was re-elected 'Censor' of the College of Physicians in 1629,
having been elected for the first time in 1613 and the second time in 1625. Eventually, Harvey was also
elected Treasurer of the College.

[edit]Excursionsabroad, election as physician to Charles I and the

English Civil War
At the age of fifty-two, Harvey received commands by the king to accompany the Duke of Lennox during
his trip abroad. This voyage - the first after his return from Padua - lasted three years, taking Harvey
through the countries of France and Spain during the Mantuan War and Plague. During this journey he
wrote to Viscount Dorchester:

"I can complain that by the way we could scarce see a dog, crow, kite, raven or any other bird, or anything
to anatomize, only some few miserable people, the relics of the war and the plague where famine had
made anatomies before I came. It is scarce credible in so rich, populous, and plentiful countries as these
were that so much misery and desolation, poverty and famine should in so short a time be, as we have
seen. I interpret it well that it will be a great motive for all here to have and procure assurance of
settled peace. It is time to leave fighting when there is nothing to eat, nothing to be keep, and nothing to be
gotten".[9]

Having returned to England in 1632, Harvey accompanied King Charles I wherever he went as 'Physician
in Ordinary.' In particular, Charles' hunting expeditions gave Harvey access to many deer carcasses; it was
upon them that Harvey made many observations and consequent theories.

During the English Civil War a mob of citizen-soldiers against the King entered Harvey's lodgings, stole his
goods, and scattered his papers. The papers consisted of the records of a large number of dissections... of
diseased bodies, with this observations on the development on insects, and a series of notes on
comparative anatomy."[10] During this period, Harvey maintained his position, helped the wounded on
several occasions and protected the King's children.

The conflicts of the Civil War soon led King Charles to Oxford, with Harvey attending, where the physician
was made 'Doctor of Physic' in 1642 and later Warden of Merton College in 1645. "In Oxford he (Harvey)
very soon settled down to his accustomed pursuits, unmindful of the clatter of arms and of the constant
marching and countermarching around him, for the city remained the base of operations until its
surrender... "[11]

[edit]Harvey's later years, death and burial

The surrender of Oxford in 1645 marks the beginning of Harvey's gradual retirement from public life and
duties. Now sixty-eight years old and childless, Harvey had lost three brothers and wife at this time. He
thus decided to return to London and live with his brothers Eliab and Daniel separately and in different
periods of time. Having retired from St Bartholomew's Hospital and his various other aforementioned
positions, he passed most of this time reading general literature. Several attempts to bring Harvey back into
the 'working world' were made, however; here is an excerpt of one of Harvey's answers:
"Would you be the man who should recommend me to quit the peaceful haven where I now pass my life
and launch again upon the faithless sea? You know full well what a storm my former lucubrations raised.
Much better is it oftentimes to grow wise at home and in private, than by publishing what you have
amassed with infinite labour, to stir up tempests that may rob you of peace and quiet for the rest of your
days."[12]

Harvey died at Roehampton in the house of this brother Eliab on 3 June 1657. Descriptions of the event
seem to show that he died of a cerebral hemorrhage from vessels long injured by gout: it is highly probable
that the left Sylvian artery malfunctioned, leading to a gradual accumulation of blood to the brain which
eventually overwhelmed it. There exists a fairly detailed account of what happened on that day; according
to the information at hand, Harvey:

"went to speak and found that he had the dead palsy in his tongue; then he saw what was to become of
him. He knew there were then no hopes of his recovery, so presently he sends for his young nephews to
come up to him. He then made signs (for seized with the dead palsy in his tongue he could not speak) to let
him blood his tongue, which did him little or no good, and so ended his days, dying in the evening of the
day on which he was stricken, the palsy giving him an easy passport."[13]

His will distributed his material goods and wealth throughout his extended family also left a substantial
amount of money to the College of Physicians.

Harvey was buried in Hempstead, Essex. The funeral procession started on the 26 June 1657 leading
Harvey to be placed in the 'Harvey Chapel' built by Eliab. The conditions of Harvey's burial are also known:
"Harvey was laid in the chapel between the bodies of his two nieces, and like them he was lept in lead,
coffin less "[14]. On St.Luke's Day, October 18, 1883, Harvey's remains were reinterred, the leaden case
carried from the vault by eight Fellows of the College of Physicians, and deposited in a sarcophagus
containing his works and an inscription:

"The body of William Harvey lapt in lead, simply soldered, was laid without shell or enclosure of any kind in
the Harvey vault of this Church of Hempstead, Essex, in June, 1657. In the course of time the lead
enclosing the remains was, from expose and natural decay, so seriously damaged as to endanger its
preservation, rendering some repair of it the duty of those interested in the memory of the illustrious
discoverer of the circulation of the Blood. The Royal College of Physicians, of which corporate body Harvey
was a munificent Benefactor did in the years 1882-1883, by permission of the Representatives of the
Harvey family, undertake this duty. In accordance with this determination the leaden mortuary chest
containing the remains of Harvey was repaired, and was, as far as possible, restored to its original state...
"[15]

[ edit]"De Motu Cordis" (otherwise known as "On the Motion of the

Heart and Blood")

Published in 1628 in the city of Frankfurt (host to an annual book fair that Harvey knew would allow
immediate dispersion of his work), this 72 page book contains the matured account of the circulation of
the blood. Opening with a simple but clear dedication to King Charles I, the quarto has 17 chapters which
give a perfectly clear and connected account of the action of the heart and the consequent movement of
the blood around the body in a circuit. Having only a mere lens at his disposal, Harvey was not able to
reach the adequate images that were attained through such microscopes used byLeeuwenhoek; thus he
had to resort to theory – and not practical evidence – in certain parts of his book. After the first chapter,
which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the heartand lungs, Harvey moves on to a
fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the heart when it was
active in order to truly comprehend its true movement; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he
says:

"...I found the task so truly arduous... that I was almost tempted to think... that the movement of
the heart was only to be comprehended by God. For I could neither rightly perceive at first when
the systole and when the diastole took place by reason of the rapidity of the movement..."[16]

This initial thought led Harvey's ambition and assiduousness to a detailed analysis of the overall structure
of the heart (studied with less hindrances in cold-blooded animals.) After this, Harvey goes on to an
analysis of the arteries, showing how their pulsation depends upon the contraction of the left ventricle,
while the contraction of the right ventricle propels its charge of blood into the pulmonary artery. Whilst doing
this, the physician reiterates the fact that these two ventricles move together almost simultaneously and not
independently like had been thought previously by his predecessors. This discovery was made while
observing the heart of such animals as the eel and several other types of fish; indeed, the general study of
countless animals was of utmost importance to the physician: among the ones already cited, one can add
the study of the snail, the invisible shrimp, the chick before its hatching and even the pigeon. A digression
to an experiment can be made to this note: using the inactive heart of a dead pigeon and placing upon it a
finger wet with saliva, Harvey was able to witness a transitory and yet incontrovertible pulsation. He had
just witnessed the heart's ability to recover from fatigue.

As early as the 17th century, William Harvey had already discerned the existence of the Ductus
Arteriosus and explained its relative function. Here he says, "...in embryos, whilst the lungs are in a state of
inaction, performing no function, subject to no movement any more than if they had not been
present, Nature uses the two ventricles of the heart as if they formed but one for the transmission of
the blood."[17] However, the apex of Harvey's work is probably the eighth chapter, in which he deals with the
actual quantity of blood passing through the heart from the veins to the arteries. Coming into conflict
with Galen's accepted view of the liver as the origin of venous blood, Harvey estimated the capacity of
the heart, how much blood is expelled through each pump of the heart, and the amount of times
the heart beats in a half an hour. All of these estimates were purposefully low, so that people could see the
vast amount of blood Galen's theory required the liver to produce. He estimated that the capacity of
the heart was 1.5 ounces, and that every time the heart pumps, 1/8 of that blood is expelled. This led to
Harvey's estimate that about 1/6 of an ounce of blood went through the heartevery time it pumped. The
next estimate he used was that the heart beats 1000 times every half an hour, which gave 10 pounds 6
ounces of blood in a half an hour, and when this number was multiplied by 48 half hours in a day he
realized that the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.

Having this simple but essential mathematical proportion at hand - which proved the overall impossible
aforementioned role of the liver - Harvey went on to prove how the blood circulated in a circle by means of
countless experiments initially done on serpents and fish: tying their veins and arteries in separate periods
of time, Harvey noticed the modifications which occurred; indeed, as he tied theveins, the heart would
become empty, while as he did the same to the arteries, the organ would swell up.

Image of veins from Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

This process was later performed on the human body (in the image on the right): the physician tied a tight
ligature onto the upper arm of a person. This would cut off blood flow from the arteries and the veins. When
this was done, the arm below the ligature was cool and pale, while above the ligature it was warm and
swollen. The ligature was loosened slightly, which allowed blood from the arteries to come into the arm,
since arteries are deeper in the flesh than the veins. When this was done, the opposite effect was seen in
the lower arm. It was now warm and swollen. The veins were also more visible, since now they were full
of blood. Harvey then noticed little bumps in the veins, which he realized were the valves of the veins,
discovered by his teacher, Hieronymus Fabricius. Harvey tried to push blood in the vein down the arm, but
to no avail. When he tried to push it up the arm, it moved quite easily. The same effect was seen in
other veins of the body, except the veins in the neck. Those veins were different from the others - they did
not allow blood to flow up, but only down. This led Harvey to believe that the veins allowed blood to flow to
the heart, and the valves maintained the one way flow.

It is also important to state how Harvey had theorized the existence of capillaries: however, unable to
discern them due to the aforementioned scarcity of instruments at this disposal, he was never truly capable
of understanding how blood passed from the arterioles into the venules.

[ edit]The circulation of blood before William Harvey

Theory regarding the role of the heart and circulation of the blood has been reviewed by many
physiologists and scientists over many centuries. Contributions of Galen and Harvey are examples of core
encyclopedic reference to this knowledge.
In the past, the heart was thought of as being a mere "productor of heat", while the function of its affluents,
the arteries, was that of cooling the blood as the lungs "...fanned and cooled the heartitself"[18]. To put it into
more precise terms, it was thought that during dilation the arteries sucked in air, while during their
contraction they discharged vapours through pores in the flesh and skin. Of course, this idea seems to
have been founded upon an overall incorrect apprehension of the nature of the heart. Harvey puts it best
when he states:

"We are too much in habit of worshipping names to the neglect of things. The word 'Blood' has nothing of
grandiloquence about it, for it signifies a substance which we have before our eyes and can touch..."[19]

Up until the 17th century, two closed systems were thought of existing in our circulation: (1)
The natural system, containing venous blood which had its origin in the liver. (2) The vital system,
containing another blood and the 'spirits' which flowed from the heart, distributing heat and life to all parts.
Like bellows, the lungs fanned and cooled this vital blood.

It is also important to cite how several men before Harvey had ventured close in their own methods to the
discovery of the circulation of Blood, including Ibn al-Nafis, Renaldus Columbus, Michael
Servetus and Andrea Cesalpino, hence we can truly say that this discovery was only a matter of time. All of
these men theorized the circulation of blood; it was William Harvey who first and most accurately described
the systemic circulation through experimental method.

At the time of Harvey's publication, Galen had been the established medical authority for centuries — his
works were taught and accepted without question. As Harvey's discoveries came into conflict with Galen's
teachings, the publication of his treatise incited considerable controversy, with some doctors proclaiming
they would "rather err with Galen than proclaim the truth with Harvey."[20][21]

[ edit]More facts on Harvey

In terms of his personality, information shows that William Harvey was seen as a "...humorous but
extremely precise man..."[22], how he was often so immersed in his own thoughts that he would often suffer
from insomnia (cured with a simple walk through the house), and how he was always ready for an open
and direct conversation. He also loved the darkness, for it is said that it was there where "...he could best
contemplate", thus sometimes hiding out in caves. A heavy drinker of coffee, Harvey would walk out
combing his hair every morning full of energy and enthusiastic spirit through the fields. We have also come
to understand Harvey's somewhat unorthodox method of dealing with his gout, here cited completely: "...his
(Harvey's) cure was thus: he would sit with his legs bare...put them into a pail of water till he was almost
dead with cold, then betake himself to his stove, and so 'twas gone"[23]. Apart from the already mentioned
love of literature, Harvey was also an intense and dedicated observer of birds during his free time: several
long and detailed passages of citations could be written delineating his observations in such places as the
"Pile of Boulders" (a small island inLancashire), 'Bass Rock' (island of the East Coast of Scotland) and "The
Bass" (another Scottish island).
A final allusion to the rules established and followed by the physician throughout his life can be made:
general canons which are still followed in hospitals today, they embody a final representation of the man
that was, William Harvey.

1. "That none be taken into the Hospital but such as be curable,

or but a certain number of such as are curable.

2. That none lurk here for relief only or for slight causes.

3. That the Chirurgions, in all difficult cases or where inward

physic may be necessary, shall consult with the Doctor, at
the times he sitteth once in the week and then the Surgeon
himself relate to the Doctor what he conceiveth of the cure
and what he hath done therein.

4. That no Chirurgion or his man do trepan the head, pierce the

body, dismember, or do any great operation on the body of
any but with the approbation and the direction of the
Doctor..."[24]

William Harvey Color Portrait William Harvey, after a painting by Cornelius Jansen William Harvey

Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. included William Harvey in a list of "The Ten Most
Influential People of the Second Millennium" in the World Almanac & Book of Facts.

[ edit]See also
 Amato Lusitano - Portuguese 16th century physician, also credited with
the discovery of the circulation of the blood

 Josephus Struthius

 Scientific revolution

 List of multiple discoveries

[ edit]References
1. ^ William Harvey by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 4)
 2. ^ Harvie, William in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni
Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.

3. ^ William Harvey by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 26-27)

4. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 29)

5. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 35-36)

6. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 52)

7. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 62-64)

8. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 74)

9. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 85-86)

10. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 125)

11. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 130)

12. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 150-151)

13. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 166-167)

14. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 169)

15. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 174-175)

16. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 193)

17. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 202-203)

18. ^ The Evolution of Modern Medicine, by William Osler

19. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 192)

20. ^ Regina Bailey. "William Harvey - Father of Cardiovascular

Medicine". about.com. Retrieved September 26, 2010.

21. ^ National Anti-Vivisection Society (Great Britain) (1894). The

Animal's defender and zoophilist, Volume 13. 20, Victoria Street,
London, S.W.: The Victoria Street Society for the Protection of
Animals from Vivisection. p. 297. Retrieved September 26, 2010.

22. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 145)

23. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Page 144)

24. ^ William Harvey, by Sir D'Arcy Power. (Pages 99-103)

[ edit]Further reading
 Butterfield, Herbert (1957). The Origins of Modern Science (revised ed.).
New York: The Free Press.
  Gregory, Andrew (2001). Harvey's Heart, The Discovery of Blood
Circulation. Cambridge, England: Icon Books.

 Harvey, William (1889). On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals.
London: George Bell and Sons.

 Harvey, William; Translated by Kenneth J. Franklin. Introduction by Dr.

Andrew Wear (1993). The Circulation of the Blood and Other Writings.
London: Everyman: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-460-87362-8.

 Harris, Paul (2007). William Harvey, Folkestone's Most Famous Son.

Folkestone: Lilburne Press.

 Kearney, Hugh (1971). Science and Change 1500 - 1700. New York:
McGraw-Hill.

 Mitchell, Silas Weir (1907). Some Memoranda in Regard to William

Harvey, M.D..

 Munk, William (1878). The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of

London, Vol. I (2nd ed.). London. pp. 124 – 146.

 Rapson, Helen (1982). The Circulation of the Blood. London: Frederick

Muller.

 Singer, Charles (1959). A History of Biology (third, revised ed.). London:

Abelard-Schuman.

 Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain) (1913). Portraits of Dr. William

Harvey. London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.

 Willis, Robert (translator) (1847). The Works of William Harvey. London:

Sydenham Society.

[ edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to: William
Harvey

Wikiquote has a collection of

quotations related
to: William Harvey

 William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum

 The life and work of William Harvey @ Ward's Book of Days

  The Harvey Genealogist: The Harvey Book: PART ONE (mentions William
Harvey and various ancestors and relatives)

 William Harvey: "On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals",
1628

Academic offices

Preceded by Warden of Merton College, Oxford Succeeded by

Nathaniel Brent 1645–1648 Nathaniel Brent

Categories: 1578 births | 1657 deaths | 17th-century English physicians | 17th-century Latin-language
writers | Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge | Alumni of the Medical College of St
Bartholomew's Hospital | British anatomists | British biologists | English Anglicans | Fellows of Merton
College, Oxford | History of anatomy | People in the history of medicine | Old King's Scholars |People from
Folkestone | University of Padua alumni | Wardens of Merton College, Oxford

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