Advance Comm Manual - FINAL

ESTD: 1999
18th K.M. Bannerghatta Road, Kalkere,

Bengaluru - 560 083
E-mail: principal@amcec.edu.in,
hodmech@amceducation.in
Website: www.amcgroup.edu.in
Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB
15ECL76
ANALOG ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

LAB MANUAL
15ECL37
15ECL76-ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB
DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Program Outcomes
Program Specific Outcomes of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department

PO1.
Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
PO3.
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations
Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
PO4. methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5. engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
PO6. societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
PO7. solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PO8.
norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
PO9.
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
PO10.
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
PO11. engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12.
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Develop the models in analog and digital circuits, communication systems, control and
PSO-1 signal processing systems using acquired knowledge of basic skills and various design
tools.
Formulate the solution for inter disciplinary problems through acquired programming
PSO-2
knowledge in the respective domain by complying real-time constraints.

ESTD: 1999
AMC
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
Approved by Government of Karnataka, and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Vision of the Institution

“To be a leader in imparting value based Technical Education and Research for the benefit
of society”
Mission of the Institution
M1 To provide State of the art Infrastructure facilities.
To implement modern pedagogical methods in delivering the academic programs with experienced
M2 and committed faculty.
M3 To create a vibrant ambience that promotes Learning, Research, Invention and Innovation.
M4 To undertake Skill Development Programs for Academic Institutions and Industries.
M5 To enhance Institute Industry Interaction through Collaborative Research and Consultancy.
M6 To relentlessly pursue professional excellence with ethical and moral values.
18th K.M. Bannerghatta Road, Kalkere, Bengaluru - 560 083

E-mail: principal@amcec.edu.in, hodece@amceducation.in
Contact No. 9902044113, 9902044114
Website: www.amcgroup.edu.in

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE

th
18 K.M., Bannerghatta Road
Bangalore-560083
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum and recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL

VIi SEMESTER B.E
COURSE CODE: 15ECL76
Academic Year 2018- 19
NAME OF THE STUDENT: ------------------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY SEAT NO : ------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION : ---------------------------------------------------------

: ------------------------------------------------------------
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

Subject Code : 15ECL76 IA Marks : 20
No. of Practical Hrs/Week: 03 Exam Hours : 03
Exam Marks : 80
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART-A-Following Experiments No. 1 to 4 has to be performed

using discrete components.
1 Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two bandlimited signals.
2 ASK generation and detection
3 FSK generation and detection
4 PSK generation and detection

Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation
5
in microwave test bench.
6 Measurement of directivity and gain of micro strip dipole and Yagi antennas.
Determination of
a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip directional coupler.
7 b. Resonance characteristics of micro strip ring resonator and computation of
Dielectric constant of the substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of micro strip power divider.
Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of an
8
Optical fiber.
PART-B-Simulation Experiments using
SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or Lab View
Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye
1
diagram for binary polar signaling.
Simulate the Pulse code modulation and Demodulation system and display
2
the Waveforms.
Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its
3
constellation diagram.
Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by
4
simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.
Contents
Sl.No Name of the Experiment Page No
PART-A
Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two
1
bandlimited signals.
2 ASK generation and detection
3 FSK generation and detection
4 PSK generation and detection

Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR
5
and attenuation in microwave test bench.
Measurement of directivity and gain of micro strip dipole and
6
Yagi antennas.
Determination of
a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip
directional coupler.
7
b. Resonance characteristics of micro strip ring resonator and
computation of Dielectric constant of the substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of micro strip power divider.
Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and
8
numerical aperture of an optical fiber.
PART-B
Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses
1
and generate eye diagram for binary polar signaling.
Simulate the Pulse code modulation and Demodulation
2
system and display the Waveforms.
Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals
3
and its constellation diagram.
Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift
4 keying system by simulating the non-coherent detection of
binary DPSK.
COURSE OUTCOMES FOR ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB (15ECL76)
CO. Bloom’s
OUTCOMES PO PSO
No. Cognitive Level
Analyze the basic circuits to carry

out modulation experiments and
CO1 Analyze 2 1
multiplexing using discrete
electronic components.
Interpret the characteristics of

CO2 various antennas and losses in Apply 1 1
optical fiber
Determine the characteristics and

parameters associated with
CO3 Apply 1 1
microwave devices and optical
waveguides.
Simulation and computation of

CO4 parameters of the digital Apply 1,5 1
modulation techniques.
Test the digital modulation

CO5 circuits and display the Apply 1,5 1
waveforms.
Experiment No: 1
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 1 VII SEMESTER

AIM: Design and demonstrate the working of TDM for PAM signals with ……………
&………………Hz message signals with the help of suitable circuit demultiplex the
above message signals.
Apparatus: resistors 10k-4, BC107 transistor, two 4051 ICs, signal generator, CRO,
probes
Theory: Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital multiplexing in which
two or more apparently simultaneous channels are derived from a given frequency
spectrum, i.e., bit stream, by interleaving pulses representing bits from different channels.
In some TDM systems, successive pulses represent bits from successive channels, e.g.,
voice channels in a T1 system
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is the means by which multiple digital signals (or
analogue signals carrying digital data) can be carried on a single transmission path by
interleaving portions of each signal in time; Interleaving can be done at bits or blocks of
bytes.
Circuit:
m1 (t) = 1 kHz 3V
m2 (t) = 2 kHz 3V
Waveform:

Procedure:
1. Rig up the TDM circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply 2 PAM signals of frequency FPAM1 >>FPAM2 to the circuit as shown in the figure.
4. Apply the clock pulse for the 4051 IC where f clock << FPAM1 or FPAM2.
5. Observe the TDM waveform on CRO and plot them on a graph paper.
6. Note down the frequencies for the ON and OFF periods of the clock pulse.
Observations:
Result: The desired TDM waveforms are obtained.

Reference: Introduction to digital communication by Simon Haykin
Experiment No: 2
ASK MODULATION & DE-MODULATION

Aim: Design and demonstrate an ASK system to transmit 1000bps/sec. digital data using a
suitable carrier. De-modulate the above signal with the help of suitable circuit.
Apparatus:
Resistors - 10k - 2, 1k - 2, Transistor SL100-1, Capacitor -0.1f, Diode 0A79,
Opamp- 741, Signal Generator, CRO, Probes
Theory:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation which represents digital data as

variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The simplest and most common form of
ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one
and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying,
and is used at radio frequencies
Circuit:
ASK MODULATOR
Design: Let the given data be = 1000bps = 1 kHz

Time period for 1 bit = 1/1000 = 1msec
For NRZ, Period for 2 bits = 2*T = 2*1msec = 2msec = Tm
Thus input frequency Fm = 1/2msec = 500Hz m (t)
Let the carrier frequency = Fc = 5 KHz
Hence Tc = 1/5 KHz = 0.2msec
For an envelope detector: Tc << RC << Tm
0.2msec << RC << 2msec
Let RC = 1msec and C = 0.1f, Thus R = 1msec/0.1uf = 10k.
Waveforms:


Procedure:
1. Rig up the modulating circuit.
2. Apply a sinusoidal carrier signal c (t) whose amplitude is 3V (p-p) and frequency is 5
KHz.
3. Apply a square wave (message signal) m (t) whose amplitude is 5V (p-p) and
frequency is 500 Hz.
4. Observe the waveforms on the CRO and plot them on graph paper.
5. Rig up the de-modulator circuit.
6. Apply ASK signal as the input to the de-modulator circuit.
7. Since the op-amp is working as a comparator, vary the reference voltage till
demodulated square wave o/p appears at the o/p terminal
8. Observe the de-modulated o/p on the CRO and plot it.
9. Note down the frequency of the message signal m (t) and the de-modulated signal.
Observations:
Result: The desired ASK modulated and de-modulated waveform is obtained.

The demodulated signal matches with the actual message signal in terms of
frequency but not in amplitude.
Reference: Digital communication by J.S.Chitode

Experiment No: 3
FSK MODULATION & DE-MODULATION
Aim: Design FSK with a suitable circuit and determine the corresponding frequency
deviation and modulation index.
Demodulate the above signal with the help of suitable circuit.
Apparatus: 10k-5,22k-1,82k-1,1k-1,capacitors 10f-1,.001f-1, 0.1f-1,diode-
0A79,opamp-741,ic8038, signal generator ,CRO ,probes
Theory:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a form of frequency modulation in which the

modulating signal shifts the output frequency between predetermined values.
Usually, the instantaneous frequency is shifted between two discrete values termed the
mark frequency and the space frequency. This is a noncoherent form of FSK.
Coherent forms of FSK exist in which there is no phase discontinuity in the output signal.
Other names for FSK are frequency-shift modulation and frequency-shift signaling.
Circuit:
FSK Generation

FSK Detection
Design:
Generation:
Let
Ie = Ic = 2.5mA, hfe = 100, Vre = 2.5V
Then,
Re = Vre/Ic = 1K
Assuming a peak to peak value of 7V, 300Hz for m (t), we get
Vrb = Vm,p-p/2 – Vbe,sat – Vremax
= 3.5 -0.7 – 2.5 = 0.3V
Ib = Ic/hfe = 25uA
Ib, sat = 1.2Ib = 30uA
Rb = Vrb/Ib, sat = 10K
Detection:
For the low pass filter,
F1 =1/2∏R1C1
Given, F1 = 3 KHz, assuming C1 =0.1uF, we get
R1 = 560
Given, Fm = 300 Hz,
Fm = 1/2∏R2C2
Let C2 = 0.1uF, then, R2 = 5.6k.

Waveform
Procedure:
Generation:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure for the generation section.
2. Apply m (t) > 7V (p-p), 300Hz square wave.
3. apply C1(t) = 3V(p-p),2Khz and C2(t) = 3V(p-p),10kHz,sine wave
4. Observe the FSK output at the emitter of the transistor on an oscilloscope.
Detection:
1. Refer the detection part of the circuit
2. after the first RC network, the waveform becomes that of an ask
3. observe the amplitude and waveform at pin no.3 of the opamp, which is the output
of the envelope detector-Rc combination network, a ramp
4. Since the opamp is working as a comparator, vary the reference dc voltage applied
to a desired value such that a square wave form appears at the output.
5. The reproduced signal matches with the actual message signal in terms of
frequency but not in amplitude.
Observations:

Result: The FSK modulated and de-modulated waveforms are obtained.

On period frequency and the off period frequency are noted down.
Frequency deviation f  f h  fl =………..Hz

Modulation index,   f / f m =……………….
Where fm is the message frequency
Reference: Digital communication by J.S.Chitode

Experiment No: 4
BPSK MODULATION & DE-MODULATION
Aim: Design and Demonstrate the working of BPSK modulated signal for a given carrier
signal of 5 KHz to transmit a given digital data of 500Hz.De-modulate the BPSK
signal to recover the digital data.
Apparatus: Resistors10k-8,1k-2,4.7k-1,100k-1,transistor SL100 , SK100, A741-
3,capacitor-0.1f,diode-0A79 ,signal generator ,CRO ,probes
THEORY: BPSK is the simplest form of PSK. It uses two phases which are separated by
180° and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the
constellation points are positioned, and in this figure they are shown on the real axis, at 0°
and 180°. This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes serious
distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to
modulate at 1bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate
applications.
Circuit

Design: Given Fc = 5 KHz, Tc = 1/5 KHz = 0.2msec

Fm = 500 Hz, Tm = 1/500 = 0.02sec
0.02sec = Tm >> RC >>Tc =0.2msec
Let RC = 5Tc = 5*0.2msec = 1msec
Let C = 0.1f
Hence R = 1msec/0.1f = 10K
Expected Wave forms:

m
(t)
t
Output of SL100
t
Output of SK100 t
Procedure:
1. Rig up the modulator circuit.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply a sinusoidal carrier signal c (t) whose amplitude is 5V (p-p) and frequency 5
KHz.
4. Apply a square wave (message signal) m (t) whose amplitude is 10V (p-p) and
frequency 500Hz.
5. Observe the BPSK O/P on the CRO.
6. Rig up the de-modulator circuit.
7. Apply carrier signal c (t) and BPSK signal to the adder.
8. Observe the filter o/p.
9. Observe the De-modulated o/p by adjusting the threshold voltage Vth by varying the
potentiometer.
10. Compare the frequency of un-modulated message signal with the de-modulated signal.
Observations:

Result: The modulated and de-modulated BPSK waveforms are observed.
Reference: Digital communication by J S Chitode

: Introduction to digital communication by Simon Haykin
Alternate circuit for BPSK

Experiment No: 5
MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS USING KLYSTRON

POWER SUPPLY



Experiment No: 6
MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN OF ANTENNA
[Standard dipole (or printed dipole), micro strip patch antenna and Yagi
antenna (printed).]
Aim: Study of directivity and gain of Antenna
Equipments Needed:
1. Microwave Generator
2. SWR Meter
3. Detector
4. RF Amplifier
5. Transmitter and receiving mast
6. Mains cord
7. Antennas
· Yagi Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 4.7) 2 nos.
· Dipole Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 4.7) 1 no.
· Patch Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 3.02) 1 no.
Circuit Setup:
Procedure :
Directivity Measurement:
1. Connect a mains cord to the Microwave Generator and SWR Meter.
2. Now connect a Yagi antenna in horizontal plane to the transmitter mast and connect it to the
RF Output of microwave generator using a cable (SMA to SMA).
3. Set both the potentiometer (Mod Freq & RF Level) at fully clockwise position.
4. Now take another Yagi antenna and RF Amplifier from the given suitcase.
5. Connect the input terminal of the Amplifier to the antenna in horizontal plane using an SMA
(male) to SMA (female) L Connector.
6. Now connect the output of the Amplifier to the input of Detector and mount the detector at
the Receiving mast.

7. Connect one end of the cable (BNC to BNC) to the bottom side of receiving mast, and
another end to the input of SWR meter.
8. Now set the distance between Transmitter (feed point) and the receiver (receiving point) at
half meter
9. Now set the receiving antenna at zero degree (in line of Transmitter) and switch ‘On’ the
power supply for Microwave Generator, SWR Meter. Also connect DC Adapter of RF
Amplifier to the mains.
10. Select the transmitter for internal AM mode and press the switch “RF On”.
11. Select the range switch at SWR meter at – 40dB position with normal mode.
12. Set both the gain potentiometers (Coarse & Fine) at fully clockwise position and input
select switch should be at 200Ω position. In case if reading is not available at – 40dB range
then press 200 kΩ (Input Select) to get high gains reading.
13. Now set any value of received gain at – 40dB position with the help of -
· Frequency of the Microwave Generator.
· Modulation frequency adjustment.
· Adjusting the distance between Transmitter and Receiver.
14. With these adjustments you can increase or decrease the gain.
15. Mark the obtained reading on the radiation pattern, plot at zero degree position.
16. Now slowly move the receiver antenna in the steps of 10 and plot the corresponding
0
readings.
17. This will give the radiation pattern of the antenna under test.
18. Directivity of the antenna is the measures of power density. An actual antenna radiates in
the direction of its strongest emission, so if the maximum power of antenna (in dB) is received
at  0 then directivity will be .........dB at .............. (Degree).
0
19. In the same way you can measure the directivity of the Dipole antenna.
20. For directivity measurement of the transformer fed Patch antenna, connect transmitter Yagi
antenna in the vertical plane (Patch Antenna is vertically polarized). Since it is comparatively
low gain antenna distance can be reduced between transmitter and receiver.
Radiation Patterns for Different Antennas:

Gain Measurement :
1. Connect a power cable to the Microwave Generator and SWR Meter.
2. Now connect a Yagi antenna in horizontal plane to the transmitter mast and connect it to the
RF Output of microwave generator using a cable (SMA to SMA).
3. Set both the potentiometer (Mod Freq & RF Level) at fully clockwise position.
4. Now take another Yagi antenna from the given suitcase.
5. Connect this antenna to the detector with the help of SMA (male) to SMA (female) L
Connector.
6. Connect detector to the receiving mast.
7. Connect one end of the cable (BNC to BNC) to the bottom side of receiving mast, and
another end to the input of SWR meter.
8. Now set the distance between Transmitter (feed point) and the receiver (receiving point) at
half meter.
9. Now set the receiving antenna at zero degree (in line of Transmitter) and switch ‘On’ the
power from both Generator & SWR Meter.
10. Select the transmitter for internal AM mode and press the switch “RF On”.
11. Select the range switch at SWR meter at – 40dB position with normal mode.
12. Set both the gain potentiometers (Coarse & Fine) at fully clockwise position and input
select switch should be at 200Ω position. In case if reading is not available at – 40dB range
then press 200 kΩ (Input Select) to gets high gain reading.
13. Now set the maximum gain in the meter with the help of following -
· Frequency of the Microwave Generator.
· Modulation frequency adjustment.
· Adjusting the distance between Transmitter and Receiver.
14. Measure and record the received power in dB.P r = ..................dB
15. Now remove the detector from the receiving end and also remove the transmitting Yagi
antenna from RF output.
16. Now connect the RF Output directly to detector without disturbing any setting of the
transmitter (SMA-F to SMA-F connector can be used for this).
17. Observe the output of detector on SWR meter that will be the transmittingpower P t.
Pt = ..................dB
18. Calculate the difference in dB between the power measured in step 14 and 17which will be
the power ratio Pt/Pr.
Pt/Pr =........................
Pr/Pt =........................
19. Now we know that the formula for Gain of the antenna is:
r
0t
G= 4πs/ √Pr/Pt} = 4πs/  
Where:
Pt is transmitted power Pr is received Power, G is gain of transmitting/receiving antenna (since
we have used two identical antennas)
S is the radial distance between two antennas  is free space wave length (approximately
12.5cm).
20. Now put the measured values in the above formula and measure the gain of the
antenna which will be same for both the antennas. Now after this step you can connect one
known gain antenna at transmitter end and the antenna under test at receiver end, to
measure the gain of the antennas.
Observations:

Results: The Directivity and gain of different types of antennas are measured.
References:
Antenna and Wave Propagation – Krauss
Microwave workbench - MICS

Experiment No: 7
Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline (or

microstrip) 3dB directional coupler
Aim:
To Measure the coupling and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3 dB branch line
directional coupler in the frequency range 2.2 to 3 GHz.
Equipments Needed:
1. Microwave signal source with modulation (1 KHz)
2. Attenuator pad
3. VSWR meter
Items from the Kit:
1. 3 dB branch line coupler (DUT).
2. Directional coupler
3. Detector
4. Matched loads
5. Cables and adapters
Theory:
Provided in the Kit is a 3 dB branchline coupler . The impedance of input/output lines is 50 .
Identify anyone port as the input port (port1). With respect to the input port, identify the
directly coupled port (port 2), the coupled port (port 3) and the isolated port (port 4).
Measurement of coupling involves measuring the transmission response between the input
port (port l) and the coupled port (port 3). Similarly, measurement of isolation of the coupler
involves measuring the transmission response between the input port and the isolated port
(port 4). While making the measurement between any two ports, the remaining two ports will
have to be terminated in matched loads.
Circuit Setup :
Procedure :
1. Assemble the set up shown in figure (connect P to Q directly).
2. Switch ‘On’ the source and the VSWR meter.( Before switching ‘On’ the source, ensure that
there is sufficient attenuation to keep the RF output low)
3. Set the frequency of the source to 2.2 GHz. Adjust the power output of the source for a
reasonable power indication on the VSWR meter. Note the reading of the VSWR meter.

Increase the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1 GHz to 3 GHz and note the corresponding
readings of the VSWR meter. Record the frequencies in column 1 and VSWR meter readings
as Pin dB in column 2 of Table This is the reference input power.
4. Insert the branchline coupler (DUT) between P and Q with input port (port 1) connected to
P and the direct output port (port 2) to Q. Terminate ports 3 and 4 of the branchline coupler in
matched loads. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above frequencies as P 2out dB in
column 3 of Table
5. Interchange ports 2 and 3. That is, connect port 3 to Q and terminate port 2 in matched load.
Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as P3 out dB in column 4 of
the Table.
6. In order to determine the isolation property of the coupler, connect port 4 to the output end
(at Q). Terminate ports 2 and 3 in matched loads. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at
the same frequencies as P4out dB in column 5 of the Table.
Coupling and Isolation :
Power at direct output port in dB = Pin (dB) - P2out (dB). Denote this loss as S21 (dB) and enter
at column 6 of Table
Coupling C (dB) = Pin (dB) - P3out (dB). Denote this coupling loss as S31 (dB) and enter at
column 7 of Table
Isolation in dB = Pin (dB) - P4out (dB). Denote this loss as S41 (dB) and enter at column 8 of the
Table.
Directivity D (dB) = P30ut (dB) - P4out (dB). Denote this as S43 (dB) and enter at column 9 of the
Table.
Observation Table:
Analysis of Results:
1. Plot power division S21 and S31 in dB as a function of frequency. Ideally both S 21 and S31
should be equal to 3 dB at the center frequency. In the actual device, because of the losses in
the connectors and in the micro strip line, the measured loss will be approximately 3.4dB.
Away from the center frequency, observe the variation in power output to the coupled port
(port 3) and also at the direct port (port 2). Explain the variation.
2. Plot isolation as a function of frequency. In the ideal case, the isolation is infinity at the
center frequency and then it deteriorates as the frequency is either increased or decreased. A
practical micro strip coupler gives isolation in the range 15 to 18 dB at the center frequency.
Observe the variation in isolation in the coupler supplied.

References:
Microwave and Radar- Annapurna Das
Microwave Workbench- MICS
Experiment No: 7(a)
Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a strip line (or

micro strip) parallel line directional coupler
Aim:
Measurement of the coupling and isolation characteristics of a parallel line micro strip
directional coupler in the frequency range 2.2 to 3 GHz.
Equipments Needed:
2. Attenuator pad
3. VSWR meter
Items from the Kit:

1. Parallel line micro strip directional coupler (DUT).
3. Detector
4. Matched loads
Theory:
Provided in the Kit, is a parallel line (backward wave) directional coupler (15 dB) in micro
strip. The impedance of input/output lines is 50 . The length of the parallel-coupled line
region is quarter wavelength at the center frequency (around 2.4 GHz). The ports are
decoupled by bending the auxiliary line and main line at either ends of the parallel-coupled
section. For the experiment, anyone of the ports can be chosen as the input port. With respect
to this input port, identify the direct output port (port 2), the coupled port (port 3) and the
isolated port (port 4).
Measurement of coupling involves measuring the transmission response between the input
port (port 1) and the coupled port (port 3). Similarly, measurement of isolation of the coupler
involves measuring the transmission response between the input port and the isolated port
(port 4). While making the measurement between any two ports, the remaining two ports will
have to be terminated in matched loads.
Circuit Setup:

Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up shown in figure (connect P to Q directly).
2. Switch ‘On’ the source and the VSWR meter. (Before switching ‘On’ the source, ensure that
there is sufficient attenuation to keep the RF output low).
(Pin dB) in column 2 of Table. This is the reference input power.
4. Insert the parallel line coupler (DUT) between P and Q with input port (port 1) connected to
P and the coupled port (port 3) to Q. Terminate ports 2 and 4 of the parallel line coupler in
matched loads. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above frequencies as P 3out dB in
column 3 of Table.
5. In order to determine the isolation property of the coupler, connect port 4 to the output end
(at Q). Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as P 4out dB in column
4 of the Table.
Coupling, Isolation and Directivity:
Coupling in dB = Pin (dB) - P3out (dB). Denote this coupling as C (dB) = S 31 (dB) and enter at
column 5 of Table 10.
Isolation in dB = Pin (dB) - P4out (dB). Denote this loss as S41 (dB) and enter at column 6 of the
Table.
Directivity in dB = Isolation (dB) - Coupling (dB). Enter this as D (dB) = S 43 (dB) at column 7
of the Table.
Observation table:

Expected Waveform:
1. Plot coupling S31 and isolation S41 in dB as a function of frequency.
2. Plot the directivity S43 in dB as a function of frequency. In the ideal case, the isolation, and
hence the directivity is infinity at the center frequency and then it deteriorates as the frequency
is either increased or decreased. Observe the variation in directivity of the micro strip coupler
supplied.
3. Because the even- and odd modes travel with different phase velocities, the directivity
achievable in a micro strip coupler is poor. For a micro strip coupler, a directivity of about 10
dB can be expected.
4. From the measured plots, determine the mean coupling and the bandwidth corresponding to
a coupling variation of ± 1 dB about the mean value.
References:


Microwave Work Bench- MICS
Experiment No: 7(b)

Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator
and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate.
Aim: To Measure the resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and
Determine the dielectric constant of the substrate.
Equipment: Power supply, microwave source, attenuator, micro strip ring resonator,
Detector, active filter, VSWR meter, CRO.
Circuit Setup:
Procedure:
Part A: (Measurement of resonance characteristics of a ring resonator)
1. Assemble the set up as shown in figure. (Connect P to Q directly)
2. Switch ‘On’ the source and the VSWR meter. Before switching ‘On’ the source, ensure that
there is sufficient attenuation to keep the RF power output low.
as Pin dB in column 2 of Table. This is the reference input power.
4. Insert the Ring Resonator (DUT) between P and Q with input port (port 1) connected to P
and the output port (port 2) to Q. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above
frequencies as P2out dB in column 3 of Table.
5. Plot the graph of Frequency v/s power.

Part B: (determination of the relative dielectric constant r of the

substrate)
The known parameters are,
Strip conductor width (in the ring) w = 1.847 mm
Height of the substrate h = 0.762 mm
Mean radius of the ring ro = 12.446 mm
Velocity of light vo = 3*10 8 m.
1. Note the resonance frequency from the previous part i. e. f o
2. The effective dielectric constant of any material can be found using the formula
ε= (εr + 1)/2 + (εr - 1)/2 ([1 + 12h/W])-1/2
eff
Where h = height of the known own sample (substrate used for ring resonator)
w= width of the transmission line
Also the effective dielectric constant εef of the substrate can be calculated using the formula
2πro = nλ = nvo / fo√εef , n=1

i.e.
εef = { nvo/2πro fo }2
3.Now calculate the relative dielectric constant εr of the substrate using the formula
εr = { 2 εef - [ 1 – { 1 + 10h/w}-1/2 ] }/ {1 + [ 1 + 10h/w ] -1/2 }.
For e.g. suppose

Fo = 5 GHz , h = 0.762mm , w= 1.836mm εr= 3.2
 = c/ fo = (3 * 1010)/ (5 * 109) = 6 cm
Thus the effective dielectric constant of the material

εeff = (3.2 + 1)/2 + (3.2r - 1)/2 ([1 + 12* 0.762/1.836])-1/2
= 2.717
Observation Table:
Freq. VSWR
f(GHz) meter readings(dB)
Pin P2out
2.2
.
.
.
.
3.0
Expected Waveform:

RESULT: The resonance characteristics and dielectric constant of the substrate are
Determined.
References: Microwave and Radar- Annapurna Das, Microwave Workbench- MICS
Experiment No: 7(c)
Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro

strip 3 dB power divider
Aim:
Measurement of the power division, isolation and return loss characteristics of a matched
3 dB power divider in the frequency range 2.2 to 3 GHz.
Equipments Needed:
2. Attenuator pad
3. VSWR meter
Items from the Kit:
1. Matched power divider (DUT).
3. Detector
4. Matched loads
Theory:
The micro strip power divider provided in the Kit is of the 3 dB Wilkinson type The
impedance of the input/output lines is 50 and the isolation resistor connected between
the two output lines has a value of 100 .
Measuring the power division property involves measuring the transmission response
between the input port (port 1) and the two output ports (ports 2 and 3). While measuring
the transmission response between any two ports, the third port has to be terminated in a
matched load. Measuring the isolation property involves measuring the transmission
response between ports 2 and 3 by terminating port 1 in a matched load.
Circuit Setup:

Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown in figure (connect P to Q directly).
2. Switch ‘On’ the source and the VSWR meter. Before switching ‘On’ the source, ensure that
there is sufficient attenuation to keep the RF power output low.
as Pin dB in column 2 of Table. This is the reference input power.
4. Insert the power divider (DUT) between P and Q with input port (port 1) connected to P
and one of the output ports (port 2) to Q. Terminate port 3 of the power divider in matched
load. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above frequencies as P 2out dB in column 3
of Table.
5. Interchange ports 2 and 3. That is, connect port 3 to Q and terminate port 2 in matched load.
Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as P 3out dB in column 4 of the
Table.
6. In order to determine the isolation between the two output ports, remove the power divider
and reconnect with port 2 at the input end (at P) and port 3 at the output end (at Q). Terminate
port 1 in matched load. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as
P32out dB in column 5 of the Table.
Power Division:
Power loss from port 1 to port 2 = Pin (dB) - P2out (dB) = - 20 log10|S21|. Denote this
Loss as S21 (dB) and enter at column 6 of the Table.
Power loss from port 1 to port 3 = Pin (dB) - P3out (dB) = - 20 log10|S31|. Denote this
Loss as S31 (dB) and enter at column 7 of the Table.
Isolation:
Isolation between ports 2 and 3 = Pin (dB) - P32out (dB) = - 20 log10|S32|. Denote this
Isolation as S32 (dB) and enter at column 8 of the Table.
Observation Table

Expected Waveform:
RESULT:
The power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3 dB power Divider are
measured.
1. Plot power division S21 and S31 in dB as a function of frequency. Ideally the
Values of both these should be 3 dB at the center frequency. In the actual device,
Because of the losses in the connectors and in the microstrip line, the measured
Loss will be around 3.5 dB. Compare the variation in the loss characteristic with
The ideal response given in figure .

2. Plot isolation S32 in dB as a function of frequency. Compare with the ideal

response and explain the difference.
3. Plot returns loss S11 in dB as a function of frequency. Compare with the ideal
response and explain the difference.
4. Calculate the magnitudes of the scattering parameters from the measured loss at
the center frequency. Compare with the theoretical values.
References:
Microwave Workbench- MICS
Experiment No: 8
Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber (propagation loss, bending

loss) and numerical aperture
Aim: a) To conduct a suitable experiment to determine the Attenuation loss & Bending
Loss of a optical cable
b) To conduct a suitable experiment to determine launching angle in a given fiber
Optical cable
Equipments: Fiber optic analog link model AL-001, Function Generator, CRO, 1 and 1/2
Meter optical fiber cables
Theory:
Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of
fiber to another end, part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also
part of the light is reflected back or in some other directions from the impurity particles
present in the material contributing to the loss of the signal at the end of the fiber. In
general terms it is known as propagation loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order
of 180 db/km. whenever the conduction for angle of incident light is violated the losses are
introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending.
Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber
end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone of
acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of
acceptance; else it is refracted out of the fiber core.



PART –B
EXPERIMENT SOFTWARE
Introductory Information
MATLAB is widely used in all areas of applied mathematics, in education and

research at universities, and in the industry. MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory
and the software is built up around vectors and matrices. This makes the software
particularly useful for linear algebra but MATLAB is also a great tool for solving
algebraic and differential equations and for numerical integration. MATLAB has
powerful graphic tools and can produce nice pictures in both 2D and 3D. It is also a
programming language, and is one of the easiest programming languages for writing
mathematical programs. MATLAB also has some tool boxes useful for signal
processing, image processing, optimization, etc. How to start MATLAB Mac: Double-
click on the icon for MATLAB. PC: Choose the submenu "Programs" from the "Start"
menu. From the "Programs" menu, open the "MATLAB" submenu. From the
"MATLAB" submenu, choose "MATLAB". Unix: At the prompt, type matlab. You can
quit MATLAB by typing exit in the command window. MATLAB is a high-
performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include: Math
and computation Algorithm development Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data
analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application
development, including Graphical User Interface building MATLAB is an interactive
system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This
allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix
and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a
scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB stands for
matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix
software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together represent
the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is
the tool of choice for high productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB

features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to

most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files)
that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in
which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural
networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts: The MATLAB language. This is a
high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and "programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application
programs. The MATLAB working environment. This is the set of tools and facilities
that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It includes facilities for
managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting data. It also
includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's
applications. Handle Graphics. This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-
level commands for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image
processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands
that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build
complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications. The MATLAB
mathematical function library. This is a vast collection of computational algorithms
ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to
more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions,
and fast Fourier transforms. The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API). This
is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking),
calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files
Experiment No : 1

Simulate NRZ, RZ, Half-Sinusoid raised cosine pulses and generate Eye diagram for
Binary polar signaling
Matlab Source Code
% (binary_eye.m)
% this program uses the four different pulses to generate eye diagrams
of
% binary polar signaling
clear all; close all; clc;
data=sign(randn(1,400)); % generate 400 random bits
Tau=64; % define the symbol period
for i=1:length(data)
dataup((i-1)*64+1:i*64)=[data(i),zeros(1,63)];% Generate impluse
train
end
% dataup=upsample(date,Tau);% Generate impluse train
yrz=conv(dataup,prz(Tau));% Return to zero polar signal
yrz=yrz(1:end-Tau+1);
ynrz=conv(dataup,pnrz(Tau));% Non-return to zero polar
ynrz=ynrz(1:end-Tau+1);
ysine=conv(dataup,psine(Tau)); % half sinusoid polar
ysine=ysine(1:end-Tau+1);
Td=4; % truncating raised cosine to 4 periods
yrcos=conv(dataup,prcos(0.5,Td,Tau));% rolloff factor=0.5
yrcos=yrcos(2*Td*Tau:end-2*Td*Tau+1);% generating RC pulse train
eye1=eyediagram(yrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2);title('RZ eye-diagram');
eye2=eyediagram(ynrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2);title('NRZ eye-diagram');
eye3=eyediagram(ysine,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2);title('Half-sine eye-diagram');
eye4=eyediagram(yrcos,2*Tau,Tau);title('Raised-cosine eye-diagram');
Experiment No : 2
Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the
waveforms
Matlab Source Code

clc
close all
clear all
t = 0:0.0001:20; %sampling at nyquist rate
c=input('Enter Bit Depth Of PCM Coding:');
part = -1:0.1:1;%A quantization partition defines several contiguous, non overlapping
ranges
%of values within the set of real numbers.
codebook = -1:0.1:1.1;%A codebook tells the quantizer which common value to assign
to inputs that
%fall into each range of the partition.
msg = cos(t);
[~,quants] = quantiz(msg,part,codebook);%returns a vector that tells which interval each
input is in
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,msg);
title('Message Signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,quants);
title('Quantized Signal');
y = uencode(quants,c);
ybin=dec2bin(y,c); %converting it to final binary form to make it transmit ready
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PCM PLOT');
Experiment No: 3
Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation
Theory:
For long distance communication as in analog modulation, digital modulation schemes
Frequency shift keying (FSK), phase Shift Keying (PSK) are the basic digital modulation
schemes. Differential Phase shift keying (DPSK) and Quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) are derived from PSK.
Quadrature phase shift keying is another digital modulation scheme, which has the
advantage of having lower bandwidth requirement compared to FSK, PSK and DPSK. The
modulation consists of taking 2 bits of the information-bearing stream and encoding them
as per the table given.
QPSK TRANSMITTER:
QPSK Transmitter consists of Data generator, Data formatting circuit, and Carrier
generator, Unipolar to bipolar Circuits, modulation carrier circuits and Summing
Amplifier.
INPUT BITS Phase of For example:

B0 B1 QPSK If Q = 0 and I = 0
Q I Then output of balanced modulator = -1 sin wct
0 0 -135 Q balanced modulator = -1 cos wct
0 1 -45 And the output of the summer is,
1 0 +135 = (- sin wct) + (- cos wct)
1 1 = - sin wct - cos wct
+45
= - sin wct – 135
for the reaming bit codes (01, 10 and 11). The procedure is
same.

I Q cos wct I Q
- Sin wct + cos wct sin wct + cos wct
sin wct + 135 sin wct + 45
- sin wct - sin wct
I Q I Q
- sin wct - cos wct sin wct + cos wct
sin wct - 135 - cos wct sin wct - 45
Fig: Signal Space characteristics of QPSK
Matlab Source Code
clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=[0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]; % information
%Number_of_bit=1024;
%data=randint(Number_of_bit,1);
figure(1)
stem(data, 'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' Information before Transmiting ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]);
data_NZR=2*data-1; % Data Represented at NZR form for QPSK modulation

s_p_data=reshape(data_NZR,2,length(data)/2); % S/P convertion of data
br=10.^6; %Let us transmission bit rate 1000000

f=br; % minimum carrier frequency
T=1/br; % bit duration
t=T/99:T/99:T; % Time vector for one bit information
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX QPSK modulatio

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
y=[];
y_in=[];

y_qd=[];
for(i=1:length(data)/2)
y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t); % inphase component
y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t) ;% Quadrature component
y_in=[y_in y1]; % inphase signal vector
y_qd=[y_qd y2]; %quadrature signal vector
y=[y y1+y2]; % modulated signal vector
end
Tx_sig=y; % transmitting signal after modulation
tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data))/2;
figure(2)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(tt,y_in,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' wave form for inphase component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel(' amplitude(volt0');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,y_qd,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' wave form for Quadrature component in QPSK modulation ');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3), grid on;
title('QPSK modulated signal (sum of inphase and Quadrature phase signal)');
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX QPSK demodulation

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig; % Received signal
for(i=1:1:length(data)/2)
%%XXXXXX inphase coherent dector XXXXXXX

Z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
% above line indicat multiplication of received &inphasecarred signal
Z_in_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);% integration using trapizodialrull

if(Z_in_intg>0) % Decession Maker
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;

end
%%XXXXXX Quadrature coherent dector XXXXXX

Z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
%above line indicat multiplication ofreceived&Quadphasecarred signal
Z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,Z_qd))*(2/T);%integration using trapizodialrull

if (Z_qd_intg>0)%Decession Maker
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end
Rx_data=[Rx_dataRx_in_dataRx_qd_data]; % Received Data vector

end
figure(3)
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3)
title('Information after Receiveing ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]), grid on;
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX end of program

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Experiment No: 4
Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by

Simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)
Theory:

also require a carrier signal. The digital information which could have been preprocessed
is made to modulate the analog carrier signal before it is transmitted, over a distance.
Unlike analog modulation schemes, there is variety of digital modulation schemes.
Amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase shift Keying (PSK)
are the basic digital modulation schemes. Differential Phase shift keying (DPSK) and
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) are derived from PSK
In PSK, a single frequency carrier is used for transmission. However the phase of
the carrier frequency alternates between 0 and 180 corresponding to the digital “0” and
“1” respectively. This amounts to transmitting a sine wave for “0” and sinebar for “1”
In DPSK, the information bearing digital bit stream is precoded before it modulates
the carrier frequency. An incoming information bit is XORed with the preceding bit, prior
to entering dpsk modulator. For the first data bit, there is no preceding bit with which to
compare. Therefore an initial reference bit is assumed. For ex: Let the reference bit is “0”.
Input Data 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

XOR
Output 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Output Phase 0 0  0    
Matlab Source Code
function [Passband] = DPSK_mod(Baseband)
%%The DPSK reference phase

dk_1 = 1 ;
N = length(Baseband);
%%The DPSK feedback loop

for j = 1 : N
Passband(j) = not(xor(dk_1,Baseband(j)));
dk_1 = Passband(j) ;
end
%% The Amplitude level shifter
Passband = 2*Passband -1
%%% The demodulator

function [Baseband] = DPSK_demod(Passband)
%% The Amplitude level recovery
Passband = (Passband + 1)/2;
%%The DPSK reference phase

dk_1 = 1 ;
N = length(Passband);
%%The DPSK feedback loop

for j = 1 : N
Baseband(j) = not(xor(dk_1,Passband(j)));
dk_1 = Passband(j) ;
end

EXPERIMENTS BEYOND CURRICULUM
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
Aim: (i) To measure the different signals in DPSK generation.
(ii) To measure the various signals in the DPSK receiver and to verify the
recovered data.
Requirements: DPSK module( Futuretech),Regulated power supplies +5V and +12V /

-12V CRO
Theory:

also require a carrier signal. The digital information which could have been preprocessed
is made to modulate the analog carrier signal before it is transmitted, over a distance.
Unlike analog modulation schemes, there is variety of digital modulation schemes.
Amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase shift Keying (PSK)
are the basic digital modulation schemes. Differential Phase shift keying (DPSK) and
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) are derived from PSK
In PSK, a single frequency carrier is used for transmission. However the phase of
the carrier frequency alternates between 0 and 180 corresponding to the digital “0” and
“1” respectively. This amounts to transmitting a sine wave for “0” and sinebar for “1”
In DPSK, the information bearing digital bit stream is precoded before it modulates
the carrier frequency. An incoming information bit is XORed with the preceding bit, prior
to entering dpsk modulator. For the first data bit, there is no preceding bit with which to
compare. Therefore an initial reference bit is assumed. For ex: Let the reference bit is “0”.
Input Data 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
XOR
Output 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Output Phase 0 0  0    
Table1

Transmitter: The transmitter part consists of data generator, data formation circuit,
unipolar to bipolar conversion, Carrier generator and carrier modulator which gives the
DPSK output. Choose carrier generator frequency as 960 KHz.(Ref Fig1)
Receiver:
By connecting the output of DPSK transmitter and the input of DPSK receiver module, the
transmitter signals are fed to the DPSK receiver. DPSK receiver consists of signal squarer,
PLL, Phase adjust circuit, low pass filter and a comparator. The output of the comparator
is decoded by a bit deco coder to get original data stream. (Ref Fig 2)
Fig 2 DPSK demodulation

Procedure:
DPSK Transmitter:(Modulation)
1.Connect data, clock and ground from data generator to the data formation circuit.
2.The output of data formation circuit (NRZ (M)) is connected to unipolar to bipolar
circuit.
3. The outputs of carrier generator and unipolar to bipolar are connected to carrier
modulator.
4.Obtain DPSK output from the carrier modulator.
DPSK Receiver:(Demodulation)
1. The DPSK output is connected to demodulation input (Signal squarer….Block)
2. Connect the output of phase adjust to low pass filter.
3. Connect the output of low pass filter to the comparator
4. Connect the output of comparator to bit decoder.

5. Connect the same clock used in transmitter to the bit decoder.

6. Connect the grounds of transmitter and receiver.
7. Obtain the demodulated output.
8. Trace the modulated and demodulated waveforms.
CLK
WP
NRZ(L)
DPSK
DATA
DPSK O/P
Fig. 3
DPSK
O/P
DPSK
Data
Fig 4
Result: The modulated and de-modulated DPSK waveforms are observed

Introduction to digital communication by Simon Haykin

Training kit by FURURETECH.
Experiment No: 2
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)
Aim: 1. To measure the different signals in QPSK generation.

2. To measure the various signals in the QPSK receiver and to verify the recovered
Data.
Requirements:
· QPSK module (futuretech)
· Data Generator Circuit.
· CRO.
Theory:
Frequency shift keying (FSK), phase Shift Keying (PSK) are the basic digital modulation
schemes. Differential Phase shift keying (DPSK) and Quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) are derived from PSK.
Quadrature phase shift keying is another digital modulation scheme, which has the
advantage of having lower bandwidth requirement compared to FSK, PSK and DPSK. The
modulation consists of taking 2 bits of the information-bearing stream and encoding them
as per the table given.
QPSK TRANSMITTER:
QPSK Transmitter consists of Data generator, Data formatting circuit, and Carrier
generator, Unipolar to bipolar Circuits, modulation carrier circuits and Summing
Amplifier.
INPUT BITS Phase of For example:
B0 B1 QPSK If Q = 0 and I = 0
Q I Then output of balanced modulator = -1 sin wct
0 0 -135 Q balanced modulator = -1 cos wct
0 1 -45 And the output of the summer is,
1 0 +135 = (- sin wct) + (- cos wct)

1 1 +45 = - sin wct - cos wct

= - sin wct – 135
for the reaming bit codes (01, 10 and 11). The procedure is
same.
I Q cos wct I Q
- Sin wct + cos wct sin wct + cos wct
sin wct + 135 sin wct + 45
- sin wct - sin wct
I Q I Q
- sin wct - cos wct sin wct + cos wct
sin wct - 135 - cos wct sin wct - 45
Fig: Signal Space characteristics of QPSK
QPSK TRANSMITTER: GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig QPSK modulation Circuit
Procedure: (Modulation)

1. Connect the data, clock and Gnd to the corresponding terminals in Data Formation
Circuit.
2. Connect the MSB and LSB Outputs from Data Formation Circuit to the
Corresponding Unipolar to Bipolar circuits.
3. Connect the inphase carrier (960KHz-Sinewave) output and MSB bipolar output to
the MSB Modulation Carrier Circuit.
4. Connect the Quadrature phase carrier (960 KHz-Cosinewave) output and LSB
bipolar output to the LSB Modulation Carrier Circuit.
5. Connect the outputs of the MSB and LSB Modulation Circuits to the summer.
6. Trace the QPSK output from the summer.
INPUT:
Example:
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 (From Data Generator)
NRZ(L) Code Old meaning New meaning

the phase The phase change
0 0 45 No change(0)
0 1 315 90
1 0 135 180
1 1 225 270
clk
wp
NRZ (L)
B1
B

QPSK O/P
QPSK RECEIVER:
QPSK receiver consists of two Signal squarer, PLL, Divide by 4 circuit, phase adjust, two
low pass filters, comparator and dibit decoder.
Fig QPSK Demodulation Circuit

1. Connect the QPSK output to input of the Demodulation circuit.
2. Connect the outputs I (MSB) and Q (LSB) to the corresponding low pass filter
circuits.
3. Connect the LPF outputs to the Comparator.
4. Connect the outputs of the comparator to the corresponding MSB and LSB inputs
in dibit decoder.
5. Connect the same clock from the transmitter to the Dibit decoder.
6. Connect the grounds of the transmitter and receiver.
7. Obtain the output of the decoder, which gives the transmitted data.
QPSK I/P
PROCEDURE: (Demodulation)

Pre B1
PRE B
Result: The modulated and de-modulated QPSK waveforms are observed

: Introduction to digital communication by Simon Haykin
Training Kit by FUTURETECH.
Experiment No: 3
PCM Generation and Demodulation

Aim:

To study PCM Generation and Demodulation of analog signal.
Equipments Needed:
1. VCT-07B Generation and Demodulation using CODEC chip trainer
2. 2 mm Patch chords.
3. Oscilloscope.
Procedures:
1. switch on the trainer
2. Display the AC source at test point P1 using a probe on channel 1 of the oscilloscope
3. Connect the AC source output at test point P1 to analog i/p at test point P3 of the
coder by using patch chord
4. Set the SPDT switch SW1 in On position
5. Connect the CRO channel1 to AC source o/p at test point P1 and CRO channel 2 to
the PCM o/p at test point P11.
6. Display the PCM o/p (serial data) waveform on channel 2 of CRO and note down the
waveform.
7. Increase the sine wave amplitude by rotating POT1 in clockwise direction and note
down the corresponding PCM o/p.
8. Plot the noted waveforms, AC source (modulating signal) and PCM o/p on a linear
graph sheet.
9. Connect the PCM o/p (P11) to PCM input (P12) of the decoder by using patch chord.
10. Set the SPDT switch SW2 in ON position.
11. Replace the channel 2 waveform by analog o/p(test point P4) waveform ,which is the
recovered o/p.
12. Observe the recovered sine wave at test point P4 and note down the waveform
Observations:



 Signals available on output (VOUT), after PCM coding followed by decoding is

same as analog signal given at input of codec.
 PCM Coding is method of converting analog signal to digital signal that’s why the
output of ADC
Conclusion:
 The PCM codec is an analog-digital interface for voice band signals designed with
a combinations of coders and decoders (codecs) and filters.
References:
Digital communication by J S Chitode

Introduction to digital communication by Simon Haykin
Training Kit

Advance Comm Manual - FINAL

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ESTD: 1999

18th K.M. Bannerghatta Road, Kalkere,

Department of Electronics and Communication

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

ANALOG ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

Vision of the Institution

M1 To provide State of the art Infrastructure facilities.

M4 To undertake Skill Development Programs for Academic Institutions and Industries.

M5 To enhance Institute Industry Interaction through Collaborative Research and Consultancy.

M6 To relentlessly pursue professional excellence with ethical and moral values.

18th K.M. Bannerghatta Road, Kalkere, Bengaluru - 560 083

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL

COURSE CODE: 15ECL76

Academic Year 2018- 19

NAME OF THE STUDENT: ------------------------------------------------------------

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO : ------------------------------------------------------------

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC VII SEMESTER

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

PART-A-Following Experiments No. 1 to 4 has to be performed

2 ASK generation and detection

3 FSK generation and detection

4 PSK generation and detection

3 FSK generation and detection

4 PSK generation and detection

COURSE OUTCOMES FOR ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB (15ECL76)

Analyze the basic circuits to carry

Interpret the characteristics of

Determine the characteristics and

Simulation and computation of

Test the digital modulation

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 1 VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 2 VII SEMESTER

1. Rig up the TDM circuit as shown in the figure.

Result: The desired TDM waveforms are obtained.

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 3 VII SEMESTER

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation which represents digital data as

Design: Let the given data be = 1000bps = 1 kHz

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 4 VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 5 VII SEMESTER

Result: The desired ASK modulated and de-modulated waveform is obtained.

Reference: Digital communication by J.S.Chitode

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 6 VII SEMESTER

FSK MODULATION & DE-MODULATION

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a form of frequency modulation in which the

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 7 VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 8 VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 9 VII SEMESTER

Result: The FSK modulated and de-modulated waveforms are obtained.

Frequency deviation f  f h  fl =………..Hz

Reference: Digital communication by J.S.Chitode

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 10 VII SEMESTER

BPSK MODULATION & DE-MODULATION

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 11 VII SEMESTER

Design: Given Fc = 5 KHz, Tc = 1/5 KHz = 0.2msec

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 12 VII SEMESTER

DEPT. OF ECE, AMCEC 13 VII SEMESTER