Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty Member: Umair Hashmi Dated: 29-11-19

Semester: 5th Section: BEE-9B

EE-351: Communication Systems

Lab exercise 7-1, 7-2

PLO4 PLO5 PLO8 PLO9

Analysis Ethics
Viva / Modern Individual
of data and
Quiz / Lab Tool and Team
Name Reg. No in Lab Safety
Performa Usage Work
Report
nce

5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks

Ammar Ahmed 208861

Anwar Sarwar 212291

Rao Waqas Ali 210042

 Lab 7-1
Lab objective:
After completing we will be able to describe:

● The PLL circuit.

● VCO’s free running frequency.
● PLL’s capture and lock ranges.

Part (A)
2. On oscilloscope channel 2, the VCO signal should appear. Accurately measure the period T between
the peaks of the waveform. Each horizontal division is 0.5 us.

​T = 2.3 us

3. From the period T of the VCO signal, calculate the free-running frequency. Give your answer in kHz.

f = 434.7 kHz

4. Set the voltmeter to measure volts dc. Measure and record the VCO dc input voltage V​i​ .

V​i​ = -3.55 V

5. Does V​i ​ control the VCO output’s amplitude or its frequency?

Frequency.

11. Did the change in RF frequency f​i ​on channel 1 affect the VCO frequency f​VCO ​on channel 2? Why or
why not?

No, because there is no feedback.

15. What is the name of the frequency range in which the VCO signal starts to track the RF input
signal?

Capture range.

16. What determines the capture range of the PLL?

LPF.

17. On the oscilloscope screen, compare f​VCO​ to f​i ​ by overplaying the signal traces. Are the frequencies
about equal?

Yes in capture range.

18. While observing the oscilloscope screen, turn the negative supply knob slightly CCW and then
slightly CW. Does f​VCO​ track f​i​?

Yes
19. While observing the VCO’s dc input volatege, vary f​i​ by turning the negative supply knob slightly
CCW and then slightly CW. When f​VCO​ tracks f​i​ does V​i​ change?

Yes

20. What is the name of the frequency range over which f​VCO​ tracks f​i​?

In Lock range.

22. On the oscilloscope screen, compare f​VCO​ to f​i​ by overlaying the signal trace. Are the frequencies
equal?

No

23. On channel 1, accurately measure the period (T) between peaks of the RF input signal waveform.
Each horizontal division is 0.5 us. Record your answer below.

T=2.14us

24. From T, calculate the frequency of the RF signal. Write your answer below.

f=468 kHz

26. On the oscilloscope screen, compare f​VCO​ to f​i​ by overlaying the signal trace. Are the frequencies
equal?

Yes.

27. Turn the negative supply knob slighttly CW and then slightly CCW. Does f​VCO​ track f​i​?

yes.

29. On channel 1, accurately measure the period T between peaks of the RF signal waveform. Each
horizontal division is 0.5us.

T = 2.52us

30. From T, calculate the frequency of the RF input signal.

f= 4 kHz

31. You determined that when f​i​ is between the frequencies you calculated in steps 24 and 31, f​VCO
track f​i​. What is the lock range of PLL?

67 kHz

Conclusion :
PLL has a phase detector, a LPF, and VCO on the circuit board, an amplifier before the VCO.
1. The PLL’s phase detector outputs is an error signal that is fed back to control the VCO frequency
so that it is equal to the RF frequency.
2. LPF removes the high frequency components from the phase detector’s output.
3. When RF is in capture VCO will track it, over the lock range.
 Lab 7-2
Objective:
After completion of this exercise, we will be able to explain how the phase detector’s input frequencies
affect the output signals, explain how the feedback signal to the VCP varies with the phase change
between the input signals, and describe how a PLL demodulates an FM signal. You will use an
oscilloscope and dc voltmeter to make measurements.

8. On the oscilloscope screen, compare f​VCO​ to f​i​ by overlaying the signal trace. Are the frequencies
equal?

Yes.

10. When the RF input frequency equals the VCO output frequency, what signals are in the phase
detector’s output?

at the output signal frequencies are equal so the phase detectors output and it contains the sum and
difference components.

11. Connect the channel 2 probe to the phase detector’s output. Set channel 2 to 0.1 V/DIV. Is the
frequency of the signal on channel 2 twice the frequency of the RF signal on channel 1?

Yes, the output frequency is twice the input frequency.

12. Is the phase detector’s output signal, shown on channel 2, the sum frequency or the difference
frequency?

sum component

13. Connect the channel 2 probe to the filter’s output. Set channel 2 to dc and trigger on channel 1.
While observing the filter’s output on channel 2, slightly vary f​i by
​ slowly turning the negative supply
knob CCW and then, CW. When f​i ​varies, does the filter’s dc output voltage level change?

yes it changes with change in f​ introducing

​ a phase difference

14. Is the filter’s output signal, shown on channel 2, the phase detector’s sum frequency or difference
component.

low freq component i.e. difference

15. Does difference between f​i ​and f​VCO​ cause the phase detector’s dc difference component to change
with varying f​i​?

No

16. Does the change in the filter’s sc output voltage cause V​i ​to change?
Yes, the filtered dc output voltage is passed through an amplifier.

17. Does V​i​ control f​vco​ or f​i ?​

Yes

19. While observing f​vco​ on channel 2 and V​i​ on the voltmeter, vary f​i​ by slughtly turning the negative
supply knob CW and then CCW. When V​i​ changes, what does f​vco​ do?

f​vco​ becomes equal to f​i​ and V​i​ changes to control f​vco

25. What signals compose the phase detector output signal on channel 2?

The sum frequency component and DC voltage difference frequency component.

26. is the varying dc voltage difference component the FM carrier signal or the recovered message
signal?

message signal

29. Slightly vary the frequency and amplitude of the message signal from the signal generator. Do the
frequency and amplitude of the recovered message signal vary with the message signal?

Yes.

30. Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe to the VCO input. Set channel 2 to 1V/DIV. Does the
message signal feedback to VCO change f​VCO​ to match the varying f​i ?​

Yes

32. Is the signal on channel 2 the recovered message signal?

Yes but as amplitude increases the frequency bandwidth beyond the lock range, f​vco sets
​ back to its free
running freq.

Conclusion:
1. When the PLL is locked, the phase detector output is a dc voltage difference component that
changes with the phase change between the RF and VCO input signals.
2. When the RF input is an FM signal, the phase detector’s dc voltage difference component varies
with the message signal contained in the FM signal.
3. The low-pass filter of the PLL in the phase detector’s output passes the low-frequency recovered
message signal only. it is then fed back to control the frequency of the VCO to match the
frequency of the FM input signal.
4. To recover the message signal, the bandwidth of the FM signal must be within the PLL’s lock
range.