Sunteți pe pagina 1din 67

ELECTRICAL

SYSTEM
Overview:
• Electricity
• Units of Electricity
• Electric Current
• Comparison of AC & DC
Electricity
• The Ohms Law
• Series & Parallel Circuit
• Volt Transformation
• Power & Energy
• Voltage & Voltage Drop
a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical
change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
Definition of
ELECTRICITY
the motion of free electrons
through a solid conductor.
ELECTRICITY

Invisible force that provides


light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all of


the properties of that element
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of
an atom containing the
protons and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged
atomic particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic
particles
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Atomic Number
The atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus
of an atom.

The atomic number


identifies the element.

How many
protons are in
this nucleus?
Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electrons
Negatively charged
particles

Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom

Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electricity is a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.

In short, Electricity is …

Electrons in motion.
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY

UNIT OF QUANTITY UNIT OF RESISTANCE

✓COULOMB – a coulomb of electricity


comprises approximately 6.25 x 10 18 ✓OHM – The resistance which will
electrons. allow one ampere of current to flow
when one volt is impressed upon it.
✓AMPERE – An ampere of current
represents a rate of flow of one UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER
coulomb or 6.25 x 10 18
electrons/second through a given ✓WATT – is the rate or measure
cross section. of power used or consumed.
- the unit of electric
UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL power or the rate of doing
electrical work.
✓VOLT or VOLTAGE – is the
electromotive force or potential
difference between two points in an UNIT OF ENERGY
electric field which will move a ✓WATT-HOURS – the unit of
charge of one coulomb between energy or the capacity for doing
these points. work.
Electric Current is the flow or rate of
flow of electric force in a conductor.

Electric
Current
A Current will only flow if a circuit is formed
comprising a complete loop and contains all the
following required components.
A means of
Source of A closed loop An electric opening and
Voltage of wiring load closing the
circuit
TYPES OF CURRENT

✓ALTERNATING CURRENT – a ✓DIRECT CURRENT – a current


current which is periodically which flows at a constant time rate
varying in time rate and in and in the same direction.
direction. It rises from zero to
maximum, falls to zero, reverses
its direction and again returns to
zero.
✓STORAGE BATTERIES

• are used to supply emergency


lighting circuits for hallways,
stairways, exits and to energize
police and fire alarm systems
and certain types of signal
systems.
Hertz
• The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in
the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as cycles
per one second.
• It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to
provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic
waves.
• Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples: kilohertz (103 Hz,
kHz), megahertz (106 Hz, MHz), gigahertz (109 Hz, GHz),
terahertz (1012 Hz, THz), petahertz (1015 Hz, PHz), exahertz
(1018 Hz, EHz), and zettahertz (1021 Hz, ZHz).
Advantages of Alternating Current:
• Universally accepted
• Unlimited number of application
• Easily produced
• Cheaper to maintain
• Could be transfer into higher voltage
• For distribution to far distances with low voltage
drop
• More efficient compared with direct current
✓GENERATORS

❖ for generating electric current

• Alternating Current Generators or


Alternators – The bulk of electrical energy
utilized today is in the form of alternating
current, including energy for power and
lighting.

• Direct Current Generators – These


furnish electrical energy for elevators,
escalators, intercommunicating telephone
systems, control of signal systems, and
clock systems.
OTHER DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES

✓MOTORS – for converting


electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
✓TRANSFORMERS – for
converting one voltage to
another, from lower to higher
or from higher to lower
✓ROTARY CONVERTERS –
for changing alternating
current to direct current and
vice versa.
Maria Cristina Falls

• the primary source of electric


power for the city's industries,
being harnessed by the Agus
VI Hydroelectric Plant.
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components forming a
complete path for current to travel

Properties of an electrical circuit include


Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω
Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,


is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.


When the switch is on, there is current.
Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes that
current flows out of the positive side
of the battery, through the circuit, and
back to the negative side of the Conventional
battery. This was the convention Current
established when electricity was first
discovered, but it is incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of the
negative side of the battery, through
the circuit, and back to the positive Electron
side of the battery. Flow
Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current
is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is
used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional Current
.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?


YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push


current through the bulb when the switch is on.
Electricity
in Philippines is 220
Volts, alternating at
60 cycles per
second.
If you travel
to Philippines with a
device that does not
accept 220 Volts at
Voltage, Frequency and 60 Hertz, you will
Plug/Outlet Type need
a voltage converter.
in Philippines
Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock


gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
Resistance (R)
• In hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by
friction between the wall of the pipe, fittings and other turns
and offsets.
• In the same manner, the flow of current in a circuit (electrical
wiring installation) is also impeded or resisted by the wire,
transformer and other devices.
• Impedance is the electrical form of friction in AC electricity.
• In a DC circuit, the Impedance is called Resistance.
• Both are expressed in Ohms.
Resistance in a Circuit

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.


Reducing current causes the bulb to become
more dim.
Composition of the Conductor

Factors that Length of Wire


Influences
Conductor
Resistance: Cross Sectional Area of Wire

Temperature
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance

If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviations Units Symbols
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω

V=IR I=V/R R=V/I


Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for V
V
I xR
V=IR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6-volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR = = = 0.04 A = 40 mA
R 150 
BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

2.1 BRANCH CIRCUITS


An electrical circuit may be defined as a
complete conducting path carrying current
from a source of electricity to and through
some electrical device or load and back to the
source. The two wire circuit, which is the
most elementary of all wiring systems,
consists of a live wire carrying the current to
the various power consuming devices in the
circuit and a neutral or grounded wire which
is the return wire carrying the circuit back to
the source of supply.

✓SERIES CIRCUIT

✓PARALLEL CIRCUIT
R1 R2
10 amp 10 amp

✓SERIES CIRCUIT – is one in which the


R3
components are connected in tandem. All
ELEC
SOURCE separate loads of the circuit carry the
same equal current and the total
10 amp
R5 R4
10 amp resistance, R, is the sum of the
CIRCUIT IN SERIES resistances around the circuit.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5

✓PARALLEL CIRCUIT (or Multiple


3 amp Circuit) – is one in which the
+
1 amp 1 amp 1 amp components or loads are so arranged
that the current divides between them.
ELECTRICAL R1 R2 R3
SOURCE Each outlet has a live wire connected to
the current carrying wire of the circuit
CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
and also a neutral wire or grounded wire
connected to the return wire of the
1
R= circuit. With this system, the total current
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 flowing through the circuit is the sum of
the current flowing through each outlet.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BRANCH CIRCUITS

General Purpose Branch Circuit -


GENERALLY
15, 20A
LTG A supplies outlets for lighting and
appliances, including convenience
receptacles.

Appliance Branch Circuit - supplies


15, 20, 30,
or 50A A A outlets intended for feeding appliances.
Fixed lighting is not supplied.

Individual Branch Circuit - is


SIZE REQUIRED
SINGLE ITEM
designed to supply a single specific item,
FOR ITEM FED
such as a motor load or a unit air-
conditioner.
Branch Circuit
The portion of an electrical
system extending from the final
overcurrent device protecting a
circuit to the outlets served by
the circuit General Purpose Circuit
A branch circuit that supplies
current in a number of outlets for
lighting and appliances

Appliance Circuit
A branch circuit that supplies
current in one or more outlets
specifically intended for
appliances

Individual Circuit
A branch circuit that supplies
current only to a single piece of
electrical equipment
Distribution Panel
A panel for distributing
power to other panels or to
motors and other heavy
power-consuming loads.
Controls, distributes and
protects a number of similar
branch circuits in an Low-Voltage
electrical system Of or pertaining to a circuit in which alternating
current below 50 volts is supplied by a step-down
transformer form the normal line voltage used in
residential systems to control doorbells,
intercoms, heating and cooling systems and
remote lighting fixtures. Low-voltage circuits do
not require a protective raceway
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the components
connected end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single path • There are multiple paths for
for current to flow. current to flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied voltage

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):


The total current in a parallel circuit equals
the sum of the individual branch currents
Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.
Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the
total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

VR1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = 220  + 470  + 1.2 k 
RT = 1900  = 1.9 k

Current Through Each Component:


VT
IT = (Ohm's Law) V

RT
I R
12 v
IT = = 6.3 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit:


IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = 6.3 mAmp
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1 = IR1  R1 = (Ohm's Law)
VR1 = 6.349 mA  220 Ω = 1.397 volts

VR2 = IR2  R2 (Ohm's Law) V

VR2 = 6.349 mA  470 Ω = 2.984 volts I R

VR3 = IR3  R3 (Ohm's Law)

VR3 = 6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω = 7.619 volts


Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

VT = VR1 + VR2 + VR3


12 v = 1.397 v + 2.984 v + 7.619 v
12 v = 12 v
Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for current
flow

If a component is removed, then it is possible


for the current to take another path to reach
other components.
Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + RT =
R T theR1currents
R 2 Rin 1 1 1
• The sum of all of 3
each branch+ (IR1
+ + IR2 + IR3) is equal
R1 R 2 Current
to the total current (I ). This is called Kirchhoff’s R3 Law.
T

IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3


+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

54
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
470  2.2 k 3.3 k

RT = 346.59 = 350 
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = 15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1 = (Ohm's Law)
R1

VR1 15 v
IR1 = = = 31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470 

VR2 15 v
IR2 = = = 6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k 

V V
15 v
IR3 = R3 = = 4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k 
I R

VT 15 v
IT = = = 43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59 
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3


43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA

43.278 mA (43 mA) = 43.278 mA (43mA)


Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements

What would happen if you removed light 1? light 2?


light 3?

2 3
Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.

P = I •V
Power is measured in watts
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators

Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult


between atoms between atoms

1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in


outer orbit outer orbit

Examples: Silver, Examples: Mica, Glass,


Copper, Gold, Aluminum Quartz
Conductors and Insulators
Identify conductors and insulators

Conductors Insulators
Voltage Drop

• In Series Circuit, Current is


the same all throughout but
Voltage differs. … the sum of the voltage drop around a
circuit is equal to the supply voltage.
• In Parallel Circuit, Voltage is
the same, but Current differs.
… all current loads are cumulatively added.
Voltage Drop

• In Parallel Circuit, Voltage Drop:

VOLTAGE DROP IN WIRE = CARRIED CURRENT x RESISTANCE OF WIRE

Thus,
POWER LOSS = VOLTAGE x CURRENT
Voltage Drop
Example No. 1:
Consider 3600 WATTS appliance
For 120v current supply: For 240v current supply:
Current drawn = 3600 watts Current drawn = 3600 watts
120 volts 240 volts
= 30 amperes = 15 amperes

“ Therefore, bigger wire is required on a 120volts


than on a 240 volts current supply “
Voltage Drop
Example No. 2:
5kw electric motor irrigation pump to be connected from the electric cooperative. If the
resistance of the circuit line is 0.42ohms, 120 volts or 240 volts?
120 volts 240 volts Advantages of 240v over
Current drawn = 41.66 A = 20.83 A 120v current supply:
Minimum wire size 1. Smaller wire is
required to carry the
No. 8 AWG No. 12 AWG required which
current without
overheating means, lower in cost.
Relative Cost of the No. 8 2. Less power loss.
and No. 12 wire in the 2.2 1.0
comparative ratio 3. Smaller percentage of
Voltage Drop 41.66 x .42 20.83 x .42 voltage drop.
= 17.50v =8.75v
=14.60% =3.60%
Voltage Drop
Wire Size and Ampere Capacity
Wire Size No. AWG Amperes
14 15
12 20
10 30 “Size of conductor wire is
8 40 relatively proportional with the
6 55 amount of load”
4 70
2 95
0 125
00 145
000 165
Voltage Drop
Load limit in watts
Circuit Assembly in Load Limit in
Amperes Watts “Capacity of the circuitry
15 18000 increases as wire decreases”.
20 2400
30 3600

Note:
(1) Applicable only to copper wire, solid or stranded type.
(2) Aluminum wires is not recommended for circuitry or
house wiring.

S-ar putea să vă placă și