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SYSTEM
Overview:
• Electricity
• Units of Electricity
• Electric Current
• Comparison of AC & DC
Electricity
• The Ohms Law
• Series & Parallel Circuit
• Volt Transformation
• Power & Energy
• Voltage & Voltage Drop
a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical
change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
Definition of
ELECTRICITY
the motion of free electrons
through a solid conductor.
ELECTRICITY
How many
protons are in
this nucleus?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electrons
Negatively charged
particles
Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom
Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electricity is a form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.
In short, Electricity is …
Electrons in motion.
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
Electric
Current
A Current will only flow if a circuit is formed
comprising a complete loop and contains all the
following required components.
A means of
Source of A closed loop An electric opening and
Voltage of wiring load closing the
circuit
TYPES OF CURRENT
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Pipe (Wiring)
off on
Temperature
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance
If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviations Units Symbols
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω
Solve for V
V
I xR
V=IR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6-volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-
VR 6V
IR = = = 0.04 A = 40 mA
R 150
BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
✓SERIES CIRCUIT
✓PARALLEL CIRCUIT
R1 R2
10 amp 10 amp
Appliance Circuit
A branch circuit that supplies
current in one or more outlets
specifically intended for
appliances
Individual Circuit
A branch circuit that supplies
current only to a single piece of
electrical equipment
Distribution Panel
A panel for distributing
power to other panels or to
motors and other heavy
power-consuming loads.
Controls, distributes and
protects a number of similar
branch circuits in an Low-Voltage
electrical system Of or pertaining to a circuit in which alternating
current below 50 volts is supplied by a step-down
transformer form the normal line voltage used in
residential systems to control doorbells,
intercoms, heating and cooling systems and
remote lighting fixtures. Low-voltage circuits do
not require a protective raceway
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the components
connected end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single path • There are multiple paths for
for current to flow. current to flow.
Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied voltage
VR1
IT + -
+ +
VT VR2
- -
- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -
+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -
- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = 220 + 470 + 1.2 k
RT = 1900 = 1.9 k
RT
I R
12 v
IT = = 6.3 mAmp
1.89 k
1 1 1 1 1
= + + RT =
R T theR1currents
R 2 Rin 1 1 1
• The sum of all of 3
each branch+ (IR1
+ + IR2 + IR3) is equal
R1 R 2 Current
to the total current (I ). This is called Kirchhoff’s R3 Law.
T
IT
+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT
54
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
470 2.2 k 3.3 k
RT = 346.59 = 350
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = 15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1 = (Ohm's Law)
R1
VR1 15 v
IR1 = = = 31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470
VR2 15 v
IR2 = = = 6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k
V V
15 v
IR3 = R3 = = 4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k
I R
VT 15 v
IT = = = 43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
2 3
Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.
P = I •V
Power is measured in watts
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Voltage Drop
Thus,
POWER LOSS = VOLTAGE x CURRENT
Voltage Drop
Example No. 1:
Consider 3600 WATTS appliance
For 120v current supply: For 240v current supply:
Current drawn = 3600 watts Current drawn = 3600 watts
120 volts 240 volts
= 30 amperes = 15 amperes
Note:
(1) Applicable only to copper wire, solid or stranded type.
(2) Aluminum wires is not recommended for circuitry or
house wiring.