Ch#1 Short Q English

KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 1
Physical Quantities and measurement
Short questions of exercise
Q#2: what is the difference between base quantities and derived quantities? Give three
examples in each case.
Answer: Base quantities: Base quantities are the quantities on the basis of which other
quantities are expressed are called base quantities.
For example: length, mass, time and temperature etc.
Derived quantities: The quantities that are expressed in terms of base quantities are called
derived quantities.
For example: force, area, pressure and work etc.
Q#3: Pick out the base units in the following:
Joule, Newton, kilogramme, hertz, mole, ampere, meter, Kelvin, coulomb and watt
Answer: The base units are: kilogramme, mole, ampere, meter and Kelvin.
Q#4: Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities:
(a) speed (b)volume (c) force (d) work
Answer:
Derived quantity Base quantities involved in derived

quantity
Speed Length , time
Volume Length
Force Mass , length and time
Work Mass, length and time
Written by: M Saqlain (M.Sc Physics)

msaqlainphy777@gmail.com
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#5: Estimate your age in seconds.
Answer: The formula used to estimate age in seconds in given bellow:
Age in seconds = years x 365 x 24 x 3600
For example: age = 15 years
Age in seconds = 15 x 365 x 24 x 3600
Age = 473,040,000 seconds
Q#6: What role SI units have played in the development of the science?
Answer: With the development in the field of science and technology, the need for a commonly
acceptable system of units was seriously felt all over the world. SI units have played an
important role to fulfill this need.
Q#7: What is meant by vernier constant?
Answer: The least count of vernier caliper is called vernier constant. Least count is the
difference between one main scale division and one vernier scale division. The formula used to
find the least count of vernier caliper is given as:
smallest main scale division
Least count = no.of division on vernier scale
1
Least count = mm = 0.1mm = 0.01cm
10
Q#8: What do you understand by the zero error of a measuring instrument?
Answer: The error in the measuring instrument is called zero error. Zero error exists if zero of
both scales of a given instrument do not coincide with each other. Zero error may be positive or
negative.
Q#9: Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?
Answer: Measuring instrument measures more or less reading than correct reading if zero
error exists in measuring instrument. So, it is necessary to find zero error and apply zero
correction to get correct reading.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: What is stopwatch? What is the least count of mechanical stopwatch you have used in
laboratories?
Answer: The instrument used to measure the time interval of an event is called stopwatch. The
least count of mechanical stopwatch is 0.1 second.
Q#11: Why do we need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Answer: There are several incidents having very short interval of times. So, we need to
measure the extremely small interval of the time in order to get more accurate results.
Q#12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?
Answer: In any measurement all accurately known digits and first doubtful digit are called
significant figures.
E .g 12.7
1, 2 are accurate digits and 7 is doubtful digit.
Q#13: How is precision related to the significant figures in a measured quantity?
Answer: Significant figures reflect the precision of a measured value of a physical quantity.
More the significant figures give greater precision.
Short questions from chapter

Q#1: Define physical quantities?
Answer: All measureable quantities are called physical quantities.
E.g. length, time, velocity, force, etc
Q#2: Differentiate between positive zero error and negative zero error?
Answer: Positive zero error: Zero error will be positive if zero line of vernier scale is on the right
side of the zero of main scale.
Negative zero error: Zero error will be negative if zero line of vernier scale is on the left side of
the main scale.
Q#3: Why screw gauge measures more accurately than vernier calliper?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: The instrument, screw gauge is more precise than vernier calliper because the least
count of vernier calliper is 0.01cm while the least count of screw gauge is 0.001cm.
Q#4: Differentiate between electronic and physical balance?
Answer: Electronic Balance: Electronic balances come in various ranges, milligram, gram, and
kilogramme ranges. Before measuring the mass of a body, it is switched on and its reading is set
to zero. Next place the object to be weighed.
Physical Balance: A physical balance is used in laboratory to measure the mass of various
objects by comparison. It consists of a beam resting at the center on a fulcrum. The beam
carries scale pans over the hooks on either side
Q#5: Define measuring cylinder and writes its uses?
Answer: A measuring cylinder is a glass of transparent plastic cylinder. It has a scale along its
length that indicates the volume in millimeter (m L).
Uses of measuring cylinder:
It is used to measure the volume of liquid or powdered substance.
It is used to measure the volume of irregular solid objects.
Q#6: Writes the four advantages of physics?
Answer: 1) Electricity is used to run the electric motor and fans.
2) Means of transportations such as car, aeroplanes and domestic appliances such as washing
machines, microwave oven etc.
3) Means of communication such as radio, TV and computer.
4) Mobile phone is the invention of physics. Mobile phone allows us to contact with people
anywhere in the world.
Q#7: Define Physics?
Answer: Physics is the branch of physical science in which we deals with the study of matter,
energy and their mutual relationship.
Q#8: Define atomic physics?
Answer: It is the study of the structure and properties of the atoms

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#9: Define Mechanics and Geophysics?
Answer:
Mechanics: It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.
Geophysics: It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Q#10: Define Plasma physics and Nuclear physics?
Answer:
Plasma physics: It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of the matter – the
fourth state of matter.
Nuclear physics: It deals with the properties and behaviour of nuclei and the particle within the
nuclei.
Q#11: Differentiate between Base units and Derived units?
Answer:
Base units Derived units
1) The units that describe base quantities 1)The units used to measure derived
are called base units. E .g meter and second etc quantities are called derived units
2) Each base quantity has its SI units. 2) Derived units are in terms of base
units can be obtained.
Q#12: Write the names of seven base quantities?
Answer: Length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, intensity of light and the amount of
substance.
Q#13: What is meant by International system of units?
Answer: The eleventh General Conference on Weight and Measures held in Paris in 1960
adopted a world-wide system of measurement called International System of Units. It is
commonly referred as SI units.
Q#14: Define electromagnetism?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: It is the study of charge at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with
magnetism.
Q#14: How many significant figures are in 0.027?
Answer: In 0.027 there are 2 significant figures because 0 inside the number is also significant
figures.
Q#15: Write down two rules to find the significant digits in measurements?
Answer: 1) Non-zero digits are always significant.
2) Zero between two significant figures are also significant.
Q#16: What is meant by prefixes?
Answer: Prefixes are the words or letters added before SI units. Such as kilo, mega, Giga etc
Q#17: How stop watch is used?
Answer:
Mechanical stop watch: It is used as a start-stop and reset button. The watch starts when the
knob is pressed once. When pressed second time, it stops the watch while the third press
brings the needle back to zero position.
Digital stop watch: The digital stop watch starts to indicate the time lapsed as the start/stop
button is pressed. As soon as start/stop button is pressed again, it stops and indicates the time
interval measured by it between start and stop of an event. A reset button restores its initial
zero setting.
Q#18: Define least count. What is least count of a meter rod?
Answer: The smallest reading that can be measured from any instruments is called least count.
The least count of meter rod is 1mm.
Q#19: Define Scientific Notation? Give an example?
Answer: In scientific notation a number is expressed as some power of ten multiplied by a

number between 1 and 10.
E .g In normal form
62750
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
In scientific notation
6.275x104
Q#20: What is Screw Gauge?
Answer: Screw gauge is an instrument that is used to measure small length with accuracy
greater than a Vernier Calliper. It is also called micrometer screw gauge.
Q#21: Write the formula to calculate the least count of screw gauge?
Answer: Least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm or 0.001cm
The formula is
pitch of screw gauge

Least count = no.of division on circular scale
Q#22: Define Science and write the name of its types?
Answer: Science: The knowledge gained through observations and experimentations is called
science.
It is Latin word Scientia
Types
1) Biological science
2) Physical science or Non-Biological science
Q#23: Differentiate between Physical science and Biological science?
Answer: Physical Science: The science which deals with the study of non-living things.
 Such as study the motion of motorcars.
Biological Science: The sciences which are concerned with the living things.
 Such as human, tree and bacteria etc.
Q#24: Define optics (Light)?
Answer: It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical
instruments.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#25: What is the multiplier of following prefixes:
i) Kilo
ii) Pico
iii) nano
iv) giga
Answer: kilo=103 pico=10-12
nano=10-9 giga=109
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 2
Kinematics
Short Questions from Exercise
Q#2: Explain translatory motion and give examples of various types of

translatory motion?
Answer: Translatory motion: In translatory motion, a body moves along a line

without any rotation. The line may be straight or curved
Example of Linear motion: Objects falling vertically down and car moving in a
straight line.
Example of circular motion: Motion of Earth around the Sun and the motion of
Moon around Earth.
Example of Random motion: Motion of butterfly and motion gas molecules.
Q#3: Differentiate between the following:
(i) Rest and Motion:
Rest: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect
to its surroundings.
E .g: passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest.
Motion: A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to

its surroundings.
E .g According to an observer outside the bus, the passengers inside the bus
are in motion.
(ii) Circular motion and Rotatory motion:

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Circular motion: The motion of an object in a circular path.
E .g The motion of Earth around the Sun.
Rotatory motion: The spinning motion of a body about its axis.
E .g Steering wheel is an example of rotatory motion.
(iii) Distance and Displacement:
Distance: Length of a path between two points is called the distance between
two points.
 It is a scalar quantity.
Displacement: Displacement is shortest distance between two points which

has magnitude and direction.
 It is vector quantity.
(iv) Speed and Velocity:
Speed: The distance covered by an object in unit time.
Formula:
distance covered
Speed =
time taken
Distance = speed x time
S=vt
Unit: ms-1
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement of a body.
Formula:

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
displacemet covered
Velocity =
time taken
Unit: ms-1
(v) Linear and Random motion:
Linear motion: Straight line motion of a body.
E .g The car moving in straight line.
Random motion: The irregular motion of an object.
E .g The motion of butterfly and motion of gas molecules.
(vi) Scalar and Vector:
Scalar: A scalar quantity is described completely by its magnitude only.
E .g mass, time, length and speed etc.
Vector: A vector quantity is described completely by magnitude and direction.
E .g velocity, displacement and force.
Q#4: Define Acceleration?
Answer: Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of a body.
Formula:
change in velocity
Acceleration =
time taken
Unit: ms-2
Q#5: Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration?
Answer: yes, a body moving at constant speed has acceleration
Because, it changes its direction in a circular path with constant speed.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#6: How do riders in a Ferris wheel possesses translatory motion but not
rotatory motion?
Answer: As passengers sitting in a box of Ferris wheel are moving in a circular

path called circular motion which is a type of translatory motion. Passengers are
not moving about the axis of Ferris wheel. So passengers have translatory motion.
Q#8: What would be the shape of a speed – time graph of a body moving with
variable speed?
Answer: The shape of speed – time graph of body moving with variable speed is
d (m)
30---- ----------------------------
20-
10-
0 5 10 15 t(s)
Q#9: Which of the following can be obtained from speed – time graph of a
body?
(i) Initial speed.

(ii) Final speed.
(iii) Distance covered in time t.
(iv) Acceleration of motion.
All the quantities are obtained from speed – time graph.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: How can vector quantities be represented graphically?
Answer: Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an

arrow head.
The line AB with an arrow head B
at B represent vector V V
Q#11: Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like a scalar
quantities?
Answer: Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted like scalar because

scalar has only magnitude but vector has magnitude as well as direction.
Vectors are added only graphically. These are not scalar quantities which are
simply added or subtracted mathematically.
Q#12: How are vector quantities important to us our daily life?
Answer: Vector quantities are important to us in our daily life in engineering,

building and drawing different techniques.
E .g We have horizontal and vertical length. By drawing meters on paper

graphically and adding it we can find out resultant easily which is difficult.
Short Question from chapter

Q#1 What is Kinematics?
Answer: Kinematics is the branch of mechanics in which we study of motion of an

object without discussing the cause of motion.

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Q#2: A sprinter completes its 100m race in 12 seconds. Find its average speed.
Answer: Data:
S = 100m t = 12 s
total distance
Average speed =
total time
Average speed = 100/12
Average speed = 8.33 ms-1

Q#3: Convert 50 kmh-1 speed of a body into ms-1?
Answer: Speed in kmh-1 = 50 kmh-1

50 x 1000
Speed in ms-1 = ms-1
3600
Speed in ms-1 = 13.89 ms-1
Q#4: Differentiate between uniform speed and variable speed?
Answer: Variable speed: A body has variable speed if it covers equal distances in
unequal intervals of time. However the short interval may be.
Uniform speed: A body has uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time. However the short interval may be.
Q#5: Write the use LIDAR gun?
Answer: A LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time
taken by laser pulse to make a series of measurements of a vehicle’s distance
from the gun. The data is then used to calculate the vehicle’s speed.
Q#6: Define uniform velocity?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Uniform velocity: A body has uniform velocity if it covers equals

displacement in equal intervals of time. However the short interval may be.
displacement
Uniform velocity =
time
d
Uniform velocity =
t
Q#7: Define gravitational acceleration and write its value?
Answer: Gravitational acceleration: The acceleration of freely falling bodies is

called gravitational acceleration. It is denote by g.
Value: Its value on surface of Earth is approximately 10 ms-2.
Q#8: Define Uniform Acceleration?
Answer: Uniform Acceleration: A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal

changes in velocity in equal intervals of time. However the short interval may be.
Q#9: Write the second and third equation of motion in mathematical form?
Answer: Second equation of motion:

1 2
S = Vit + at
2
Third equation of motion:
2aS= Vf2 – Vi2
Q#10: Find the acceleration that is produced by 20 N force in a mass of 8 kg.
Answer: Data: m = 8 kg
F = 20 N
a=?
Using the formula F = ma

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
20 N = 8 kg x a
a = 20 N / 8 kg
a = 2.5 ms-2
Q#11: Define Terminal velocity?
Answer: Terminal velocity: A paratrooper attains a uniform velocity called

terminal velocity with which it comes to ground.
Q#12: Describe with example the position of a body? Is it a scalar or vector?
Answer: Position: Position describes the location of point or place with respect to
some reference point called origin.
Example: You want to describe the position of your school from your house. Let
the school be represented by S and home by H
The position of your school from your home will be represented S
by straight line HS
It is a scalar quantity.
Q#13: What is meant by positive and negative acceleration?
Answer: Positive Acceleration: Acceleration of body is positive if its velocity

increases with time.
The direction of this acceleration is the same in which body is moving without
change in its direction.
Negative Acceleration: Acceleration of body is negative if velocity of the body

decreases.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
The direction of this acceleration is opposite to the direction in which body is

moving. Negative acceleration is also called deceleration or retardation.
Q#14: Draw the graph of constant speed?
Answer: When speed of the object is constant with time, then speed – time
graph will be horizontal straight line parallel to time axis.
v(ms-1)
4-
2-
0- t(s)
Q#15: What is meant graph?
Answer: Graph: Graph is pictorial way of presenting information about the

relation between various quantities.
Q#16: write the two methods to represent vectors?
Answer:
1. To differentiate a vector from a scalar quantity, it is generally used bold

letters to represent vector quantity. Such as F, a, d.
2. Vectors can be represented by a bar or arrow over their symbols such as F,
a etc
The End
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 3
Dynamics
Short Question from Exercise
Q#2: Define the following terms:
Answer:
(i) Inertia: Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any
change in its state of rest or motion. Inertia depends on mass of a body.
(ii) Momentum: Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it
possesses due to its mass and velocity. P = mv . It is vector quantity. Its
unit is kgms-1 or N s
(iii) Force: A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the
motion of a body. The force can also change the direction of a motion of
a body.
(iv) Centripetal force: Centripetal force is a force that keeps a body to move
in a circle. Its formula is Fc = mv2/r
(v) Force of friction: The force that opposes the motion of moving objects is
called friction.
F=𝜇R
Q#3: What is the difference between:
Answer:
(i) Mass and Weight:
Mass Weight
(i) Mass of a body is the (i) weight of a body is the
quantity of matter possessed force of gravity acting on

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
by the body. Object.
(ii) It does not change with (ii) Its value changes with
the place. the place.
(iii) Its unit is kg. (iii) It is vector quantity
(iv). Its unit is Newton.
(ii) Action and Reaction:
Let we have two bodies A and B
Action Reaction
(i) The force exerted by a (i) The force exerted by body

body A on B is the action force. B on A is called reaction
force.
reaction
A action B
(iii) Sliding friction and Rolling friction
Sliding friction Rolling friction
(i) In sliding friction, the (i) The friction produced by

Surface of a body moves rolling the surface of one
by sliding against the surface object on the other.
of another body.
(ii) In sliding friction, number of (ii) In rolling friction, the
Cold welds are greater than number of cold welds are less
Rolling friction than sliding friction
Q#4: What is the law of inertia?
Answer: Law of inertia: First law of motion is also known as law of inertia,
because “inertia is that characteristic of a body due to which it resists any change
in state of rest or of uniform motion”.
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#5: Why it is dangerous to travel on the roof of bus?
Answer: When Bus turns round, stops or suddenly speeds up the passenger on
the roof of bus cannot maintain their balance due to inertia. They may fall on
either ahead or behind or left right side.
Q#6: Why does a passenger moves outward when a bus take a turns?
Answer: When the passenger is moving around a turn due to centrifugal force
and loose of inertia the body of passenger is being turn outward.
Q#7: How can you relate a force in changing momentum of a body?
Answer: When a force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration in the body and
will be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.
F avvvv vi a vf
𝑃𝑓−𝑃𝑖
F=
𝑡
Q#8: What will be the tension in a rope that is pulled from its ends by two
opposite forces 100 N each?
Answer: The total tension in rope remains 100 N
Q#9: Action and Reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body
moves?
Answer: Actually when something is pulled action over comes the reaction force
so the body moves as the horse acts on the cart to pull it. In this case action force
of horse over comes the reaction force or weight of cart.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: A horse pushes the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite
then how does the cart move?
Answer: Horse also act action on the Earth that over comes the reaction force
which results in forward motion.
Q#11: What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Answer: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two

interacting bodies remains constant is called law of conservation of momentum.
[ total initial momentum before collision] = [total final momentum after collision]
m1u1+m2u2 = m2v2+m2v2
Q#12: When gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Answer: Consider a system of gun and a bullet. Before firing gun, both gun and
bullet are at rest, so the total initial momentum of system is zero. As the gun is
fired, bullet shoots out of the gun and acquires momentum. To conserve
momentum gun recoils.
Q#13: Describes two situations in force of friction is needed?
Answer: (i) To stop a car quickly, a large force of friction between the tyres and
road is needed.
(ii). Force of friction is needed to walk on the ground.

(iii). Force of friction is needed, when we write on the page.
Q#14: How does oiling the moving parts of machine lower friction?
Answer: Oils enters into pits and bumps by making surface fine and smooth.
When surfaces collide they do not resist too much and friction decreases.
Q#15: Describes ways to reduce the friction?
Answer: (i) making the sliding surfaces smooth.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
(ii). Lubricant the sliding surfaces.
(iii). Making the fast moving objects a streamline shape. Such as cars, aeroplanes,
etc.
Q#16: Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction??
Answer: In rolling friction the contact area and surface is less then sliding
surfaces, therefore friction is less in rolling method of motion.
Q#17: What you know about the following:
Answer:
(i) Tension in string: Let w be the weight of the block. The block pulls the
string downwards by its weight. This causes a tension T in string. The
tension T in the string acting upwards at the block.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
(ii) Limiting force of friction: The maximum value of friction against the
body.
Its formula is
FS = 𝜇 R
(iii) Braking Force: When we apply brakes suddenly to stop the car large
force of friction between the tyres and the road is needed that force is
called braking force.
(iv) Skidding of vehicles: When the force of friction exceeds the limiting
friction that tyres can provides the wheels of the car will lock up and the
car will skid.
(v) Seat Belts: The safety belts which are used while driving a bus or a car
is called seat belts. These belts make the driver safe in any accidental
case.
(vi) Banking of roads: Banking of roads means the outer edge of road is
raised at a turning point.
(vii) Cream seperator: A cream seperator is a high – speed spinner which is
used to separate fat contents of various products i.e milk.
Q#18: What would happen if all friction suddenly disappears?
Answer: If all the friction suddenly disappears then the moving bodies will
never stops and bodies at rest will never move. And also great damage may
happen.
Q#19: Why the spinner of a washing machines is made to spin at a very high
speed?
Answer: The spinner of washing machine is made to spin at very high speed so
that water from wet clothes is forced out through the holes due to lack of
centripetal force.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#1: Define Newton?
Answer: SI unit of force is Newton (N)
Newton: One Newton (1N) is the force that produced an acceleration of 1ms-1 in a
body of mass 1kg.
Q#2: State Newton’s First Law of Motion?
Answer: According to Newton’s First Law of Motion:
“ A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line provided
no net force acts on its.”
Q#3: Define Newton’s third law of motion. Give an example?
Answer: “ To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction.”
Example: Take an air – filled balloon. When the balloon is set free, the air inside it
rushes out and the balloon moves forward.
Q#4: Define centrifugal force?
Answer: The reaction of centripetal force that pulls the string outward is
sometimes called centrifugal force. Its SI unit is Newton (N)
Q#5: What is the reason for slipping on wet ground? Explain?
Answer: The reason for slipping on wet ground is that it offers very little friction.
Thus, anybody who tries to run on a slippery ground may meet an accident.
Q#6: Write down any two advantages and disadvantages?
Answer:
Advantages of friction:
(1) We cannot write if there is no friction between paper and pencil.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
(2) Birds could not fly, if there is no air friction.
Disadvantages of friction:
(1) Friction is undesirable when moving with high speeds because it oppeses
the motion and thus limits the speed of moving objects.
(2) Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to the friction
between various moving parts of machines.
Q#7: What is Atwood machine?
Answer: An Atwood machine is an arrangement of two objects of unequal

masses. Both the objects are attached to the ends of a string. The string passes
over a frictionless. This machine is used to find the acceleration due to gravity.
Q#8: Prove that: F = ma?
Answer: If a force produces acceleration “a” in a body of mass “m” then it can be
stated mathematically that
a ∝ F ___________ (i)
a ∝ 1/m _________ (ii)
By combining eq (i) and (ii)
a ∝ F/m
F ∝ ma
F = kma if k = 1
F = ma where “k” is constant of proportionality
Q#9: What is meant by dynamics?
Answer: The branch of mechanics that deals with the study of motion of an
objects and causes of its motion is called dynamics.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: State second law of Motion?
Answer: When the net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body
in the direction of net force. the magnitude of this acceleration is directly
proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to its
mass.
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 4
Turning Effect of Force
Q#2: Define the following:
(i) Resultant vector: A resultant vector is a single vector that has the same
effect as the combined effect of all vectors to be added.
(ii) Torque: The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of
force.
Formula: 𝝉 = F x L Unit: N m
(iii) Center of mass: Center of mass of a system is such a point where an
applied force causes the system to move without rotation.
(iv) Center of gravity: A point where the whole weight of the body appears
to act vertically downward is called center of gravity of a body.
Q#3: Differentiate the following:
(i) Like and unlike parallel forces:

Like parallel force Unlike parallel forces
Like parallel forces are the forces Unlike parallel forces are
that are parallel to each other and the forces that are parallel
have the same direction. but have directions opposite
(ii) Torque and Couple:
Torque Couple
The turning effect of a force A couple is formed by two
is called torque unlike parallel forces of
the same magnitude but not
𝝉=FxL along the same line.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
(iii) Stable and Neutral equilibrium:

Stable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
A body is said to be in stable A body is said to be in neutral
equilibrium if after slight tilt it equilibrium if body remains
returns to its previous position. in its new position when
disturbed from its previous
position.
Q#4: How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces?
Answer: First select a suitable scale. Then draw the lines all vectors according to
the scale ; such as vectors A and B in such a way the head of first vector A join
with the tail of second vector B and so on. The resultant vector is obtained by
joining the head of last vector and the tail of first vector A.
R B
Q#5: How can a force be resolved into its rectangular components?
Answer: A force is resolved into its rectangular components by drawing its two
mutually perpendicular components. Consider a force F is making an angle "𝜃 ”
With x- axis. This force can be resolved into its two rectangular components by
drawing its two mutually perpendicular components. The magnitude of these
rectangular components
can be calculated as FX
Fx = F cos 𝜃
FY = F sin 𝜃 F FY

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#6: When a body is said to be in equilibrium?
Answer: A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it.
Q#7:Explain the first condition for equilibrium?
Answer: According to first condition of equilibrium, a body is said to be in

equilibrium if the resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero
Mathematically:
F1 + F2 + F3--------------------- +Fn
∑ 𝐹= 0
In term of “x” and “y” components:
∑ FX = 0
∑ FY = 0
Q#8: Why there is need of second condition for equilibrium if a body satisfies
first condition for equilibrium?
Answer: When two equal but opposite forces act on a body along different lines
then they satisfy the first condition but the body is not in equilibrium because the
has the tendency to rotate. This situation demands the another condition for
equilibrium.
Q#9: What is the second condition for equilibrium?
Answer: According to second condition for equilibrium; a body is said to be in

equilibrium if the resultant torque acting on it is zero.
∑𝜏 = 0
Q#10: Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: A paratrooper coming down with constant velocity satisfies first

condition for equilibrium so it is in equilibrium.
Q#11: Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium?
Answer: A person sitting in a moving bus is at rest with respect to its other
passengers but he is not in equilibrium.
Q#12: Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to single force acting on it?
Answer: According to second condition of equilibrium; a body is in equilibrium if

the sum of torque acting on it is zero. The torque of a single force can never be
zero. Therefore a body cannot be in equilibrium under the action of single force.
Q#13: Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?
Answer: The height of vehicles is kept as low as possible so that their center of
mass must be kept as low as possible. This increases their stability.
Q#14: Explain what is meant by stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. Give
one example of each case?
Answer:
Stable equilibrium: A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if after a slight tilt it

returns to its previous position.
E .g A book lying on a table.
Unstable equilibrium: A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium if a body does

not return to its previous position when sets free after a slightest tilt.
E .g A pencil standing vertical position.
Neutral Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of neutral equilibrium if a body

remains in its new position when disturbed from its previous position.
E .g A ball or a sphere lying on the ground.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Short Question from Chapter

Q#1:Define perpendicular components?
Answer: If a force is formed from two mutually perpendicular components then

such components are called perpendicular components.
Q#2: What is resolution of force?
Answer: Resolution of force: Splitting up of a force into two mutually

perpendicular components.
Q#3: What is meant by rigid body?
Answer: A body is composed of large number of small particles. If the distance

between all the pairs of particles of the body do not change by applying a force
then it is called rigid body.
Q#4: Differentiate between moment arm and line of action of a force?
Answer:
Moment arm: The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the
line of action of a force.
® Moment arm
Axis of rotation
Line of action a force: The line along which a force ®
acts is called line of action of a force.
Line of action force

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#5: State the principle of moments?
Answer: A body is balanced if the sum of clockwise moments acting on the body
is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments acting on it.
Q#6: What is meant by plumb line?
Answer: A plumb line consists of a small metal bob (lead or brass) supported by a
string. When the bob is suspended freely by the string, it rests along the vertical
direction due to its weight of bob acting vertically downward. In this state, center
of gravity of the bob is exactly below its point of suspension.
Q#7: A force of 150 N is applied on a spanner at a distance of 10 cm. find the

torque?
Answer:
Force = F = 150 N
10
Length = L = 10 cm = m = 0.1 m
100
Torque = 𝜏 = ?
We know that
𝜏 =FxL
= 150 x 0.1
𝜏 = 15 Nm
Q#8: Define axis of rotation?
Answer: Consider a rigid body rotating about a line. The particles of the body
move in circles with centers all lying on this line. This line is called axis of rotation
of the body.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#9: In a right angled triangle length of base is 4 cm and its perpendicular is
3 cm find its hypotenus?
Answer: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
By pathagora’s theorem
(Hyp)2 = (Base)2 + (Perp)2
(Hyp)2 = (4)2 + (3)2
(Hyp)2 = 16 +9
(Hyp)2 = 25
Taking square root
Hyp = 5 cm
Q#10: On which factors, torque depends?
Answer: Torque depends upon the “ F ” and moment arm “ L “. If force is

increased, then torque will be greater. Similarly if the length of moment arm is
greater, then moment of force will also be greater.
Q#11: Differentiate between clockwise and anticlockwise moments?
Answer:
Clockwise moment: A force that turns a spanner in the clockwise direction is

generally used to tighten a nut. The torque or moment of force so produced is
called clockwise moment.
Anticlockwise moment: To loosen a nut, the force is applied such that it turns the
nut in anticlockwise direction. The torque or moment of the force so produced is
called anticlockwise direction.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#12: A mechanic tightens the nut of bicycle using a 15 cm long spanner by

exerting a force of 200 N. find the torque that has tightens it?
Answer: Length = L = 15 cm
15
= m
100
L = 0.15 m
Force = F = 200 N
We know that:
𝜏 =FxL
𝜏 = 200 x 0.15
𝜏 = 30 N m
Q#13 Write the x – components and y – components of force with an angle 𝜽?
Answer: The x – component of force is
Fx = F cos𝜃
The y – component of force is
Fy = F sin𝜃
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 5
Gravitation
Short Questions from Exercise
Q#2: what is meant by force of gravitation?
Answer: The force due to which everybody in the universe attracts every other
body is called force of gravitation.
Q#3: Do you attract the Earth or the Earth attracts you? Which one is attracting
with a larger force? you or the Earth?
Answer: Both attract each other. Earth is attracting with larger force because its
mass is greater.
Q#4: What is field force?
Answer: The gravitational pull of earth acts on the body whether the body is in
contact with the earth or not this force is called field of force.
Q#5: Why the earlier scientists could not guess about the gravitational force?
Answer: The earlier scientists never thought about the bodies falling towards the
earth. The earlier scientists never tried to solve the mystery why planets revolve
around the sun.so they could not guess about the gravitational force.
Q#6: How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?
Answer: Gravitational force not only acts on the bodies that are contact with the
earth but it acts on everybody whether the body is in contact or not. It decreases
as we go away from the center of earth so we can say it is a field force.
Q#7: Explain, what is meant by gravitational field strength?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: In the gravitational field of earth, the gravitational force per unit mass is
called gravitational field strength. Near the surface of the earth, the gravitational
field strength is 10 N kg-1.
Q#8: Why the law of gravitation is important to us?
Answer: The gravitational law is important to us because by using this law we can
find the mass of the earth. This law helps us to find the value of ‘g’ at different
height from the surface of earth.
Q#9: Explain the law of gravitation?
Answer: According to this law, everybody in the universe attracts every other
body with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 .the distance between the

center of masses is ‘d’ .
According to the law of gravitation
F ∝ m1m2--------------(i)
F ∝ 1/d2-----------------(ii)
From eq (i) and (ii)
F ∝ m1m2/d2
F = G m1m2/d2
Here G is proportionality constant. Its value is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
Q#10: How the mass of earth can be determined?
Answer: We can determine the mass of earth by formula

g
Me = R2
G

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Its value is Me = 6 x 1024 kg
Q#11: Can you determine the mass of our moon? If yes, then what you need to
know?
Answer: Yes, in order to find the mass of moon; we should know the radius of the
moon as well as the value of ‘g ‘ on the surface of moon.
Q#12: Why does the value of g vary from place to place?
Answer: The value of ‘g’ depends on the distance from the center of the earth.
The surface of the earth is not smooth. At different places the distance from the
center of earth is different that is why the value of ‘g’ vary from place to place.
Q#13: Explain how the value of ‘g’ vary with altitude?
Answer: The value of ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of
the earth. So it decreases with altitude. The value of ‘g’ is greater at sea level then
at the hills.
Q#14: What is artificial satellite?
Answer: The objects that are sent into the space by scientists and they revolve
around the earth. These objects are called artificial satellites.
Q#15: How Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of

satellites?
Answer: As we go away from the earth the gravitational force decreases. So, with
the help of Newton’s gravitational law we can find the required centripetal force
for an artificial satellite. So, by using this law we can find the velocity of the
satellite which is to be launched in an orbit by using formula:
Vo = √𝑔(𝑅 + ℎ)

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#16: On what factors the orbital speed of the satellite depends?
Answer: The orbital speed of satellite depends:
(i) The value of ‘g’ at given height

(ii) The value of altitude
Q#17: Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits?
Answer: The communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits so

that they complete their one revolution around the earth in a time as the earth
takes to complete its one revolution around its axis. In this way we get correct
information about the atmosphere and about the world.

Q#1: Why we cannot feel force of gravitation around us?
Answer: Due to small value of G, the gravitational force of attraction between

objects around us is very small and we do not feel it. Since the mass of the earth
is very large, it attracts nearby objects with a significant force.
Q#2: What do you know about G? Also write its value?
Answer: G is universal constant of gravitation. Its value is same everywhere. In SI

units its value is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2.
Q#3: Puts the value of:
(a) Radius of the Earth (R)

(b) Gravitational constant (G)
Radius of the Earth
R = 6400 km
Gravitational constant
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#4: Write the equation of gravitational acceleration at height h from the

surface of earth according to Newton’s law of gravitation?
Answer:
The equation of gravitational acceleration at height h is

M
gh =G
(R+h)²
Q#5: What is meant by global positioning system(GPS)?OR Navigation system?
Answer: Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellites navigation system. It helps

us to find the exact position of an object anywhere on the land, on the sea or in
the air. GPS consists of 24 Earth satellites. These satellites revolve around the
earth twice a day with the speed of 3.87 kms-1.
Q#6: Write the formula of artificial satellite’s orbital speed?
Answer: The formula of orbital speed of artificial satellites is:
Vo = √𝑔(𝑅 + ℎ)
Q#7: What is the direction of gravitational field?
Answer: The direction of gravitational field is toward the center of the Earth.
Q#8: What is orbital speed of low orbit satellite?
Answer: The orbital speed of low orbit satellite is 8000 ms-1 or 8 kms-1 or
29000kmh-1
Q#9: How much Moon is away from the earth and completes its cycle around
the Earth?
Answer: Moon is nearly 3,80,000 km away from the earth. Moon completes its
one revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: Define geostationary satellites?
Answer: Communication satellites take 24 hours to complete its one revolution

around the earth. As earth also completes its one revolution around its axis in 24
hours, hence these communication satellites appear to be stationary with respect
to Earth. It is due to this reason that the orbit of such a satellite is called
geostationary orbit.
Q#11: What is communication satellite? Write down its height from the surface
of Earth?
Answer: Scientists have sent many objects into the space. Some of these objects
revolve around the Earth. Some of these are used for communication purposes.
These satellites are at a height of about 42,300 km from the surface of Earth. And
their speed with respect to earth is zero.
𝑮𝑴ₑ
Q#12: If R is doubled then what will be change in g = ?
𝑹²
Answer:
𝐺𝑀ₑ
g=
𝑅²
put R = 2R
𝐺𝑀ₑ 𝐺𝑀ₑ
g= = g=
(2𝑅)² 4𝑅²
1 𝐺𝑀ₑ
g’ = ( )
4 𝑅²
1
g’ = 4 g
𝐺𝑀ₑ
If we put R = 2R in equation g = then the value of ‘g’ becomes one – fourth.
𝑅²

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#13: On which factor Gravitational acceleration depends? Describes its change

with respect to height?
Answer: Value of ‘g’ on the earth depends on its mass and radius. Its value
decreases with altitude.
Q#14: What is the relation between the value of “g” and radius of Earth?
Answer: Value of ‘g’ depends on the radius of the earth at its surface. The value
‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of earth. It does not
remain constant. It decreases with altitude.
𝐺𝑀ₑ
g=
𝑅²
Q#15: Write the value of Mass of Earth with unit?
Answer:
Mass of Earth = 6 x 1024 kg
Q#16: What is satellite and geostationary satellite?
Answer: Satellite: An object that revolves around a planet is called satellites.
Geostationary satellite: Geostationary satellites are those satellites whose

velocity relative to Earth is zero. These satellites remain stationary with respect to
the earth at a height of about 42,300 km from the surface of the earth.
Example: Communication satellites
Q#17: What is meant by Gravitational field?
Answer: The region around the earth in which earth attracts the other bodies
towards its center is called gravitational field.
Q#18: Define natural satellite give an example?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: An object that revolves around a planet naturally is called natural

satellite.
Example: Moon revolves around the Earth. So Moon is natural satellite.
Q#19: Write down the formula of mass of Earth?
Answer: The formula of mass of earth is :
R²g
Me = .
G
Q#20:What is the value of ‘g’ on Moon and on the Sun?
Answer: The value of g on:
Moon
g =1.62 ms-2
Sun
g = 274.2 ms-2
Q#21: Which and when the idea of gravity came up?
Answer: The idea of gravity was given by Isaac Newton in 1665.
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 6
Work and Energy
Q#2: Define work. What is its SI unit?
Answer: Work is done when a force acting on a body displaces it in the direction
of a force.
SI Unit: Joule.
Q#3: When does a force do work? Explain.
Answer: Work is said to be done when a force do work a force acts on a body and
moves it in the direction of the force.
Q#4: Why do we need energy?
Answer: We need energy to perform all activities of life.
Q#5: Define energy. Give two types of mechanical energy?
Answer: Energy: The ability of body to do work.
There are two types of mechanical energy:
(i) Kinetic energy

(ii) Potential energy
Q#6: Define Kinetic energy. And derive its relation?
Answer: The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic
energy.
1 2
Formula: K.E = mv
2

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#7: Define potential energy?
Answer: The energy possessed by a body due to its position.
Formula: P.E = mgh
Q#8: Why fossil fuels are called non- renewable form of energy?
Answer: Fossils fuel take millions of years for their formation. So, they are called
non- renewable form of energy.
Q#9: Which form of energy is most preferred and why?
Answer: Solar energy is most preferable because it is very cheaper and does not
cause any type of pollution or, any other environmental problem’
Q#10: How is energy converted from one form to another form? Explain.
Answer: Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some

other forms.
For example: Rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm. You have
used your muscular energy in rubbing hands as a result heat is produced. In the
process of rubbing hands, mechanical energy is converted into heat energy.
Q#11: Name the five devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy?
Answer:
(i) Electric fan

(ii) Electric motor
(iii) Electric toys
(iv) Flour mills
(v) Vacuum cleaners
Q#12: Name a devices that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer:
(i) Wind machines (v) Thermal power plant

(ii) Hydro power
(iii) Generator
(iv) dynmo
Q#13: What is meant the efficiency of a system?
Answer: The ratio between the output and input of a system is called efficiency of
that system.
Formula:
Output
Efficiency =
Input
Q#14: How can you find the efficiency of a system?
Answer: Efficiency of a system is found by dividing the work done by the system
by the work done on the system and then multiplying with 100.
Output
Efficiency = x 100
Input
Q#15: What is meant by the term power?
Answer: Power: The rate of doing work.
Formula :
W
P =
t
Unit : Js-1 or kgm2s-2
Q#16: Define Watt?
Answer: The power of a body is one watt if it do work at the rate of 1 joule per
second (1 js-1).
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
1 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
Formula: 1watt =
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Q#1: What is the unit of work. Define it?
Answer: The unit of work is joule.
Joule: The amount of work done is one joule when a force of one Newton
displaces a body through one meter in the direction of force.
1J = 1N x 1m
Q#2: What is difference between work and energy?
Answer:
Work Energy
In physics, work is said to be The ability of body to do
done when a force acts on a body work is called energy
and moves it in the direction of force.
Q#3: Differentiate between mechanical and chemical energy?
Answer:
Mechanical energy Chemical energy
The energy possessed by a body Chemical energy is present in foods,

Both due to its motion or position fuels, and in other substances. The
Is called mechanical energy. Energy is released from these
e .g water running down a stream, substances during chemical

reactions
moving car, stretched bow,

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#4: What is meant by solar cell?
Answer: A solar cell also called photo cell. It is made from silicon wafers. When
sunlight falls on a solar cell, it converts the light directly into electrical energy.
Q#5: By defining magma, describes geothermal energy?
Answer: Magma: There is hot molten part, deep in the earth called magma.
Water reaching close to the magma changes to stream due to the high
temperature magma. This energy is called geothermal energy.
Q#6: Define nuclear energy?
Answer: Nuclear energy is the energy released in the form of nuclear radiations in
addition to heat and light during nuclear fission and fusion reactions.
Q#7: Write the names of two non renewable and renewable sources of energy?
Answer:
Non – renewable source of energy:
1. Fossil fuels 2. Nuclear fuels

Renewable source of energy
1. Solar energy 2. Water power
Q#8: Write the names of the parts of Solar Heating System?
Answer: A heating system consists of:
1. A collector
2. A storage devices
3. A distribution system
Q#9: Write the uses of wind energy?
Answer:
1. Wind energy has powered sailing ships across the oceans.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
2. Wind energy has been used by wind lines to grind grain and pump water.
3. More recently, wind power is used to turn wind turbines.
Q#10: What is Biomass and how energy is produced by it?
Answer: Biomass: Biomass is plant or animals wastes that can be burnt as fuel.
How energy is produced from Biomass :
When animal dung, dead plants and dead animals decomposes, they give off a
mixture of methane and carbon dioxide which is used to generate electricity.
Q#11: Write down the equation of Einstein and value of ‘c’?
Answer: The relation between mass (m) and energy (E) is given by Einstein mass
energy equation:
E = mc2
Here ‘c’ is speed of light
Its value is 3 x 108 ms-1
Q#12: How much watt is equal to one horsepower?
Answer:
1horse power = 1 hp = 746 watt
Q#13: Write the names of types of energy?
Answer:
(1) Mechanical energy

(2) Heat energy
(3) Light energy
(4) Electrical energy
(5) Chemical energy
(6) Sound energy
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#14: How chemical energy is obtained?
Answer: Chemical energy is a big form of energy which is obtained by the burning
of wood, coal or natural gas in air is a chemical reaction which releases energy as
heat and light.
Q#15: Define electrical energy and sound energy?
Answer:
Electrical energy: The energy of moving charges is called electrical energy.
Sound energy: Sound is a form of energy. Sound is produced when a body

vibrates.
Q#16:How energy is produced by nuclear fuels? Explain.
Answer: The process taking place in nuclear reactors is known as nuclear fission.
During fission reaction, the heavy nucleus of an atom splits up into smaller parts
releasing a large amount of energy. Nuclear power plants give out a lot of nuclear
radiations and vast amount of heat.
Q#17:Write the name of major sources of energy.
Answer:
1. Fossil fuels
2. Energy from water
3. Nuclear fuels
4. Energy from Sun
5. Solar cells
6. Solar house heating
7. Wind energy
8. Energy from biomass
9. Geothermal energy

49
KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#18: A body of mass 0.5 kg strikes the ground with a velocity of 20 ms-1. Find
the kinetic energy?
Answer:
Mass = m = 0.5 kg
Velocity = v = 20 ms-1
Kinetic energy = ?
As we know that
1
K.E = mv2
2
1
= x 0.5 x (20)2
2
1
= x 0.5 x 400
2
= 200 x 0.5
K.E = 100 J
Q#19: When work is positive and when work is negative?
Answer:
When work is positive:
When 𝜃 < 90
When work is negative:
When 𝜃 > 90
Q#20: When work is zero?
Answer: Work is zero
When 𝜃 = 90o
50
KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
W = Fdcos90o cos 90o = 0
W=0
Q#21: A body of mass 50 kg is raised to height of 3m. what is potential energy?
Answer:
Mass = m = 50 kg
Height = h = 3m
P.E = ?
P.E = mgh
P.E = 50 x 10 x 3 g = 10 ms-2
P.E = 1500 J
Q#22: Describes the two uses of light energy?
Answer:
(i) Plants produce food in the presence of light.

(ii) Light is necessary to see things.
The End

51
KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 7
Properties of Matter
Q#2: How kinetic molecular model of matter is helpful in differentiating various

states of matter?
Answer: According to kinetic molecular of matter molecules attract each other.

The states of matter have different force of attraction among the molecules. In
gases the force of attraction are weak but in liquid these forces are strong than
gases but weaker than solids. So in solids the intermolecular force are very
strong.
Q#3: Does there exist a fourth state of matter? What is that?
Answer: Yes, the fourth state of matter also exit and that is plasma (ionic state of
gas)
Q#4: What is meant by density? What is its SI unit?
Answer:
Density: Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
SI Unit: Its SI unit is kgm-3.
Q#5: Can we use hydrometer to measure the density of milk?
Answer: Yes, a hydrometer can be used to measure the density of milk.
Q#6: Define term pressure?
Answer: Pressure: The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a
body is called pressure.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Formula: P = F/A SI Unit: Nm-2 or Pascal
Q#7: Show that atmosphere exerts pressure?
Answer: Atmosphere exerts pressure; this can be proved by simple experiment.
Experiment: Take an empty tin can with a lid. Open its cap and put some water in
it. Place it over flame. Wait till water begins to boil and steam expels the air out of
the can. Remove it from the flame. Close the can firmly by its cap. Now place the
can under tap water. The can will squeeze due to atmospheric pressure
Q#8: It is easy to air in a balloon but it is very difficult to remove air from a glass
bottle. Why?
Answer: It is easy to fill air in a balloon because inside the balloon there is very
less air as compare to the atmosphere so air goes into the balloon easily but it is
difficult to remove air from a glass bottle because the pressure of air outside the
bottle is greater than the pressure of air inside the bottle so due to this greater
pressure it become difficult to remove air from the bottle.
Q#9: What is barometer?
Answer: Barometer is 1m long glass tube which is filled with mercury. It is used to
measure the atmospheric pressure of any place.
Q#10: Why water is not suitable to be used in a barometer?
Answer: Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold
vertical column of water about 13.6 times the height of mercury column at a
place. Thus, at sea level, vertical height of water column would be 0.76m x 13.6 =
10.34 m. thus, a glass tube more than 10m long is required to make a water
barometer. So it is not suitable.
Q#11: What makes a sucker pressed on smooth wall sticks to it?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: The difference in pressure inside and outside the sucker make a sucker
pressed on a smooth wall sticks to it. The atmospheric pressure is greater than
the pressure in the sucker. So this pressure pressed it on the wall.
Q#12: Why does the atmospheric pressure vary with height?
Answer: As we go up the air becomes less dense that is why the atmospheric
pressure decreases as we go up. The atmospheric pressure on mountains is lower
than at sea level.
Q#13: What does it mean when the atmospheric pressure at a place fall suddenly?
Answer: If the atmospheric pressure falls suddenly it means there may be a
storm, rain and typhoon will occur in a few hours time.
Q#14: What changes are expected in weather if the barometer reading shows a
sudden increase?
Answer: A sudden increase in the barometer reading shows that it will so be

followed by a decrease in the atmospheric pressure indicating poor weather a
head.
Q#15: State the Pascal’s law.
Answer: Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a container, is

transmitted without loss to all other parts of the liquid.
Q#16: Explain the working of hydraulic press?
Answer: Hydraulic press is a
machine works on Pascal’s law
It consists of two cylinders of F2 F1
different cross sectional area as

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
shown in fig. they are fitted with
pistons of area ‘a’ and ‘A’. The
object to be compressed is pl aced over the piston of large cross sectional area A.
the force F1 is applied on the piston of small area ‘a’ the pressure ‘p’ produced by
small piston is transmitted equally the large piston and a force F2 acts on ‘A’ which
is much larger than F1.
Q#17: What is meant by elasticity?
Answer: The property of a body to restore its original size and shape as deforming
force ceases to act is called elasticity.
Q#18: State the Archimedes principle?
Answer: When an object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an up thrust

acts on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces.
Q#19: What is up thrust? Explain the principle of floatation.
Answer:
Up thrust: The upward force acting on the object is called up thrust.
Principle of floatation: A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to

the weight of the object.
 In case of floating object, the object may be partially immersed.
Q#20: Explain how submarine moves up the water surface and down into
water?
Answer: A submarine can travel over as well as under water. It works on the
principle of floatation. It floats over water when the weight of water equal to its
volume is greater than is weight. It has a system of tanks which can be filled with
and emptied with seawater, when these tanks are filled with seawater, the weight
of submarine increases. As soon as its weight becomes greater than the up thrust
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
it dives into the water and remains under water. To come up on the surface, the
tanks are emptied from seawater.
Q#21: Why does a piece of stone sink in the water but a ship with huge weight
floats?
Answer: The stone sinks in water because the up thrust force acting on the stone
is smaller than its weight. The ship of huge weight floats on the surface of water
because it is designed in such a way that its volume is so large so the up thrust
force balances the weight of ship.
Q#22: What is Hook’s law? What is meant by elastic limit?
Answer:
Hook’s law: The strain produced is body by the stress applied to it is directly
proportional to the stress within the elastic limit of the body.
Stress ∝ strain
Elastic limit: The limit within which a body recovers its original length, volume or
shape after the deforming force is removed.
Q#1:What is stess and strain?
Answer:
Stress: The force acting on unit area at the surface of body is called stress.
Formula = F/A
Unit = Nm-2 or Pascal
Strain: A comparison of such a change caused by stress with the original length,
volume and shape is called strain.
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
It has no unit.
Q#2: Define Tensile strain?
Answer: If stress produces a change in length of an object then this strain is called
tensile strain.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Tensile strain =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Q#3: Write some important features of kinetic molecular model of matter?
Answer:
(1) Matter is made up of particles called molecules.

(2) The molecules remain in continuous motion.
(3) Molecules attract each other.
Q#4: What is meant by atmospheric pressure?
Answer: The earth is surrounded by a cover of air is called atmosphere. It extends

to a few kilometers above the sea level. The pressure of atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure.
Q#5: A wooden block floats on water. Why?
Answer: A wooden block floats on water. It is because the weight of an equal

volume of water is greater than the weight of the block.
Q#6: What is meant by mercury barometer?
Answer: One of the simple barometer is a mercury barometer. It consists of a

glass tube 1m long closed at one end. After filling it with mercury, it is inverted in
a mercury trough. Mercury in the tube descends and stops at a certain height. The
column of mercury held in the tube exerts pressure at its base.
Q#7: How “Plasma” the fourth state of matter is formed?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Plasma: At very high temperature, the matter assumes the state of ions
and electrons. This is called plasma.
Formation of plasma: The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing if a

gas is heated continuously. This causes the gas molecules to move faster and
faster. The collisions between atoms and molecules of the gas become so strong
that they tear off the atoms. Atoms lose their electrons and becomes positive ions
this ionic state is called plasma.
Q#8: How does heat affects the motion of molecules of a gas?
Answer: By heating the gas, its molecules get high kinetic energy and start to
collide more randomly. And motion of gas molecules is increased by heating.
Q#9: Why the air becomes thinner and thinner as we go up?
Answer: Earth’s atmosphere extends upward about a few hundered kilometers

with continuously decreasing density. Nearly half of its mass is between sea level
and 10 km . Up to 30 km from sea level contains about 99% of the mass of the
atmosphere. The air becomes thinner and thinner as we go up.
Q#10: The mass of 200 cm3 of stone is 500 g, find its density?
Answer:
Data: m = 500 g
V = 200 cm3
To find: Density = ?
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Solution: Density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
500
Density =
200
Density = 2.5 g cm-3
Q#11: Give the application of Pascal’s law?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Applications:
(1) Automobiles
(2) Hydraulic brake system.
(3) Hydraulic jack
(4) Hydraulic press.
Q#12: What is hydrometer?
Answer: Hydrometer is a glass tube with a scale marked on its stem and heavy
weight in the bottom. It is partially immersed in a fluid, the density of which is to
be measured.
Q#13: Define acid meter?
Answer: The hydrometer which is used to measure the concentration of acid in a

battery is called acid meter.
Q#14: Define Young’s modulus?
Answer: The ratio of stress to tensile strain is called Young’s modulus.

𝐹 𝐿˳
Formula: Y=
𝐴 ∆𝐿
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Unit No: 8
Thermal Properties of Matter
Q#2: Why does heat flow from hot body to cold body?
Answer: The heat flows from hot body to cold body due to the difference of
temperature between them.
Q#3: Define the terms heat and temperature?
Answer:
Temperature: Temperature of a body is the degree of hotness and coldness of the

body.
Heat: Heat is the energy that is transferred from one body to the other in thermal
contact with each other as a result of the difference of temperature between
them.
Q#4: What is meant by term internal energy of a body?
Answer: Once heat enters a body it becomes its internal energy.
Internal energy: The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy associated with
the atoms, molecules and particles of a body.
Q#5: How does heating affect the motion of gas molecules?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: When a gas is heated the kinetic energy of the molecules also increases
because the K.E of the molecules is directly proportional to temperature, so their
motion increases and produced more heating effect.
Q#6: What is thermometer? Why mercury is preferred as a thermometric

substance?
Answer:
Thermometer: A device that is used to measure the temperature of a body.
Preference of mercury: Mercury freezes at -39o C and boils at 357o C. It has all
thermometric properties. Thus mercury is one of the most suitable thermometric
material.
Q#7: What is the volumetric thermal expansion?
Answer: The volume of a solid changes with the change in temperature and is
called volumetric or cubical thermal expansion.
Formula: V = Vo (1 + 𝛽∆𝑇)
Q#8: Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of a solid?
Answer:
Specific heat: Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg mass of that substance through 1 K.
To find the specific heat of solid: The specific heat of a solid is found by using the
law of heat exchange. For this purpose colorimeter is used.
Q#9: Define and explain latent heat of fusion?
Answer:
Latent heat of fusion: Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance
from solid to liquid state at its melting point without change in its temperature.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Denoted by: Hf
∆𝑄
Formula: Hf =
𝑚
Q#10: Define latent heat of vaporization?
Answer: The quantity of heat that changes unit mass of a liquid completely into
gas at its boiling point without any change in its temperature is called latent heat
of vaporization.
∆Q
Denoted by: Hv Formula: Hv =
𝑚
Q#11: What is meant evaporation? On what factor the evaporation of liquid

depends? Explain how cooling is produced by evaporation?
Answer:
Evaporation: Evaporation is the changing of a liquid into vapours (gaseous state)

from the surface of the liquid without heating it.
Factors:
(1) Temperature.
(2) Surface area.
(3) Wind.
(4) Nature of the liquid.
Production of cooling: During evaporation, fast moving molecules escape out

from the surface of the liquid. Molecules that have lower kinetic energies are left
behind. This lowers the average kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the
temperature of the liquid. Since temperature of a substance depends on the
average K.E of its molecules. Evaporation of perspiration helps to cool the body.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#1: Convert 20 O C on celsius scale to kelvin scale temperature?
Answer:
C = 20 O C
As T(K) = 273 + C
T(K) = 273 + 20 = 293 K
Q#2: Convert 100 o F into the temperature on Celsius scale?
Answer:
F = 20 o C
Since 1.8C = F – 32
1.8C = 100 – 32
1.8C = 68
C = 68/1.8
C = 37.8 o C
Q#3: Change 300 k on kelvin into the temperature on celsius scale?
Answer:
T = 300 K
Since C = T(K) – 273
C = (300 – 273) O C
C = 27 O C
Q#4: What is meant by upper and lower fixed points of thermometer?
Answer:

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Upper fixed point: Upper fixed point is marked to show the position of liquid in
the thermometer when it is placed in steam at standard pressure above boiling
water.
Lower fixed point: The lower fixed point is marked to show the position of liquid
in the thermometer when it is placed in ice.
Q#5: Convert 50 o C on celsius scale into Fahrenheit temperature scale?
Answer:
C = 50 o C
Since F =1.8C +32
F = (1.8 x 50) +32
F = 122 o F
Q#6: Describe the use and range of a clinical thermometer?
Answer: A clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human

body. It has a narrow range from 35 o C to 42 o C.
Q#7:Write the characteristics of liquid used in thermometer?
Answer:
(1) It should be visible.

(2) It should have uniform thermal expansion.
(3) It should have a low freezing point
(4) It should have a high boiling point.
(5) It should not wet glass.
(6) It should be a good conductor of heat.
(7) It should have a small specific heat capacity.
Q#8: What is meant by heat capacity and write its formula?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Heat capacity of a body is the quantity of thermal energy absorbed by it

for one kelvin (1K) increase in its temperature.
Formula: Heat Capacity = mc
Q#9: What is the effect of temperature on evaporation?
Answer: Evaporation takes place at all temperature from the surface of a liquid.
Evaporation is faster at high temperature, more molecules of a liquid are moving

with high velocities. Thus, more molecules are escaping from its surface. Thus,
evaporation is faster at high temperature than at low temperature.
Q#10: Describes the use of Bimetal strip?
Answer:
(1) To measure the temperature: Bimetal strips are used in thermometers

to measure temperatures especially in furnances and ovens
(2) To maintains the temperature: Bimetal strips are used in thermostats
to maintain the temperature.
(3) Use in electric iron: Bimetal thermostats switch is used to control the
temperature of heater coil in an electric iron.
Q#11: What is meant by thermal expansion?
Answer: Expansion of a body due to heating is called thermal expansion.
Q#12: Define co-efficient of linear thermal expansion and write its formula?
Answer: Co-efficient of linear thermal expansion of a substance can be defined as

fractional increase in its length per kelvin rise in temperature.
∆𝐿
Formula: 𝛼= 𝐿˳∆𝑇
Q#13:Define co-efficient of volume thermal expansion and writes its formula?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Co-efficient of volume thermal expansion of a substance can be defined

as fractional increase in its volume per kelvin rise in temperature.
∆𝑉
Formula: 𝛽= 𝑉˳∆𝑇
Q#14: Why gaps are left in railway tracks? Explain it.
Answer: Gaps are left in railway tracks to compensate thermal expansion during
hot season.
Q#15: Define fahrenheit scale and kelvin scale?
Answer: Fahrenheit scale:
 Its lower fixed point is marked as 32 o F.

 Its upper fixed point is marked as 212 o F.
 On fahrenheit scale, the interval between lower and upper fixed point is
divided into 180 equal parts.
Kelvin scale:
 In SI units, the unit of temperature is Kelvin (K) and its scale is called Kelvin
scale.
 Its lower fixed point is marked as 273 K.
 Its upper fixed point is marked as 373 K.
 The interval between the lower and upper fixed points is divided into 100
equal parts.
Q#16: What is absolute zero?
Answer: The zero on kelvin scale is called absolute zero and is equal to – 273 o C.
Q#17: Differentiating between freezing and melting point?
Answer:
Freezing point Melting point

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
The temperature at which a substance The temperature at which
changes from liquid to solid state is called a solid starts melting is called
freezing point its fusion or melting point.
Q#18:Write two scales of temperature?
Answer: (1) Celsius scale (2) Kelvin scale (3) Fahrenheit scale.
Q#19: Write down two uses of thermal expansion in daily life?
Answer:
(1) Railway tracks buckled on the hot summer day due to expansion if the gaps
are not left between sections.
(2) The expansion of solid may damage the bridges and roads as they are
constantly subjected to temperature changes. So provision is made during
construction for expansion and contraction with temperature.
Q#20: Define linear thermal expansion?
Answer: The length of solids changes with the change in temperature is called
linear thermal expansion.
Formula: L = Lo(1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
Q#21: What is thermal contact and thermal equilibrium?
Answer: Thermal contact: The contact point between two bodies in which heat
flow from hot body to cold body.
Thermal equilibrium: The equilibrium point where no more heat flow from one
body to another body.
Q#22:Define Bimetal strip?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: A Bimetal strip consists of two thin strips of different metals such as
brass and iron. On heating the strip, brass expands more than iron. This unequal
expansion causes bending of the strip.
The End
Unit No: 9
Transfer of Heat
Q#2: Why metals are good conductor of heat?
Answer: Metals have free electrons and close to each other, heat is easily
transferred from one electron to another. So they are good conductor of heat.
Q#3: Explain why:
(a) a metal feels colder to touch than wood kept in a cold place?
Answer: A good absorber is also a good emitter. Metals are good absorber as well
as good emitter. While wood is bad absorber as well as bad emitter. So metals
lose heat quickly than wood. So, it feels colder to touch.
(b) Land breeze blows from land towards sea?
Answer: At night land cools faster than the sea. Therefore, air above the sea is
warmer, rises up and the cold air from the land begins to move towards the sea. It
is called land breeze.
(c) Double walled glass vessel is used in thermos flask?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Double wall glass vessel used in thermos flask because between these
two walls air is present which is insulator so the loss of heat due to conduction
and convection minimized.
(d) Deserts soon get hot during the day and soon get cold after sunset?
Answer: In deserts, the specific heat capacity of sand is very low so during day
time, their temperature rises quickly while at night time they lose the heat quickly
so they get cold.
Q#4: Why conduction of heat does not take place in gases?
Answer: For conduction the heat is transmitted by the collision of molecules and
molecules do not leave their places. But in gases molecules move freely. So in
gases heat does take place.
Q#5: What measures do you suggest to conserve energy in houses?
Answer:
(1) Hot water tanks are insulated with plastic or foam lagging.
(2) Wall cavities are filled with plastic foam or wool.
(3) Ceiling of room is covered by insulating materials (false ceiling).
(4) Double glazed window panes are used. These window panes have air between
glass sheets that provides good insulation.
Q#6: Why transfer of heat in fluids takes place by convection?
Answer: In fluids heat is transferred by convection because in liquids, molecules

move freely and after getting the heat they moves in the upward direction and
new molecules to the source of heat.
Q#7: What is meant by convection current?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: In liquids and gases, when molecules get heat they rise up and cooler
molecules take their place and move downward so this continuous flow of
molecules from colder to hotter region is called convection current.
Q#8: Suggest a simple activity to show convection of heat in gases not given in
the book?
Answer: Take a glass box with two holes in its top. Place a burning candle below
the one hole and smoking sticks on the other hole. After sometimes you will see
the current of smoke moving towards the hotter region. This shows the
convectional current in gases.
Q#9: How does heat reach us from the Sun?
Answer: From the Sun heat reaches to us by the process of radiation. There is no
in medium between earth and sun but light have tendency to cross it by radiation.
Q#10: How various surfaces can be compared by a Leslie cube?
Answer: It is metal box with four surfaces:
(i) A shining silvered surface.

(ii) A dull black surface.
(iii) A white surface.
(iv) A colored surface.
Hot water is filled cube and is placed with one of its face towards radiation
detector showing that black dull surface is good emitter.
Q#11: What is green house effect?
Answer: In green house, the rays having longer wavelength cannot pass easily
through the walls of green house and warm the gases inside the house. This
increase in temperature of the green house is called green house effect.
Q#12: Explain the impact of green house effect in global warming?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Carbon dioxide and water in the earth’s atmosphere absorb heat and
causes the green house effect. During the recent years, the percentage of carbon
dioxide has been increased considerably. This has caused an increase in average
temperature of the earth by trapping more heat due to green house. This
phenomenon is known as global warming.
Q#1: What is transfer of heat? Write the names of its method.
Answer: Transfer of heat: When two bodies at different temperature are in

thermal contact with each other. Thermal energy from hot body flows to the cold
body in the form of heat.
Names of methods:
(1) Conduction
(2) Convection
(3) Radiation
Q#2: What is thermos flask?
Answer: In a thermos flask, most of the heat is prevented to enter or leave the
flask. This is done by suitable measures to reduce the transfer of heat due to
conduction, convection and radiation. Thus anything kept in it, maintains its
temperature for a long time.
Q#3: What is meant by conduction?
Answer: The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in
solids from hot to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#4: Define the rate of flow of heat?
Answer: The amount of heat flows in unit time is called rate of flow of heat.
Rate of flow of heat =Q/t
Q#5: Why is not advisable to wear dark colors in summer?
Answer: It is not advised to wear dark colors in summer, because dark colors
absorb more radiations and heat.
Q#6: Describes the effect of length on thermal conductivity?
Answer: Larger is the length between the hot and cold ends of the solid, more
time it will take to conduct heat to the colder end and smaller will be the rate of
flow of heat, thus
Rate of flow of heat ∝ 1/L
Q#7: What is meant by convection?
Answer: Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a

cold place is known as convection.
Q#8: What cause a glider to remain in air?
Answer: Gliders ride over these thermals( the rising currents of hot air) the
upward movement of air current in thermals helps gliders to stay in air for a long
time.
Q#9: What is gliding?
Answer: A glider looks like a small aeroplane without engine.
Glider pilots use upward movement of hot air currents due to convection of
heat. The rising currents of hot air are called thermals.
Gliders ride over these thermals. The upward movement of air currents in
thermals helps them to stay in air for a long time, which is called gliding.
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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#10: Differentiate between land breeze and sea breeze?
Answer: Land breeze: At night, the land cools faster than sea. Therefore, air
above the sea is warmer, rises up and the colder air from the land begins to move
towards the sea.
Sea breeze: On a hot day, the temperature of the land increases more quickly
than the sea. It is because the specific heat of land is much smaller as compared
to water. The air above land gets hot and rise up. The cold air from the sea begins
to move towards the land.
Q#11: What is meant by radiation?
Answer: Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat from one place to another in
the form of waves called electromagnetic waves or radiation.
Q#12: On what factors radiation depends?
Answer:
1. Color and texture of the surface.

2. Surface temperature.
3. Surface area.
Q#13: Why does a cup of hot tea become cold after some time?
Answer: Since thermal energy of hot bodies flows to cold body in the form of
heat. Because of this process a cup of hot tea becomes cold after some time
thermal energy of cup transfer to the air.
Q#14: Why the bottoms of cooking utensile become black?
Answer: A black colored body gets hot quickly absorbing heat reaching it during a
sunny day and also cools down quickly by giving out its heat to its surroundings.so
the bottom of cooking pots are made black to increase the absorption of heat
from fire.

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#15: Describe the use of convection currents?
Answer:
1. Convection currents set up by electric, gas or coal heaters help to warm our
homes and officers.
2. Central heating systems in building works on the principle by convection.
3. Land and sea breezes are also example of convection currents.
Q#16: Write down the names of four surfaces of Leslie’s Cube?
Answer:
1. A shining silvered surface.

2. A dull black surface.
3. A white surface
4. A colored surface.
Q#17:Write two consequences of Radiation.
Answer:
1. We wear white or light colored clothes in summer which reflect most of the
heat radiation reaching us during the hot day.
2. Interior of the cooking pots are polished for reflecting back most of the
heat radiation within them.
Q#18: Mention the use of Leslie’s cube?
Answer: A Leslie cube is a metal box having faces of different nature. The rate at
which various surfaces emit heat depends upon the nature of the surfaces can be
compared using Leslie cube.
Q#19: Describes relation of radiation of heat and surface area?

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Answer: Transfer of heat by radiation is also affected by the surface area of the
body emitting or absorbing heat.
Larger is the area, greater will be the transfer of heat. It is due to this reason that
large numbers of slots are made in radiations to increase their surface area.
Q#20: On what factors the rate of heat flow in solids depends?
Answer:
1. Cross – sectional area of the solid.

2. Length of the solid.
3. Temperature difference between ends.
Q#21: Define thermal conductivity?
Answer: The rate of flow of heat across the opposite faces of meter cube of a
substance maintained at a temperature difference of one kelvin is called thermal
conductivity.
Q#22: Why sauce – pans are made up of metals?
Answer: Sauce – pans are made up of metal for quick transfer of heat.
Q#23: What is the use of styrofoam?
Answer: Styrofoam boxes are used to keep food hot or ice cream cold for a long
time. Styrofoam is a bad conductor of heat. It does not allow heat to leave or
enter the box easily.
Q#24: Describe the effect of surface area on thermal conductivity?
Answer: Larger cross – sectional area ‘A’ of a solid contains larger number of
molecule and free electrons on each layer parallel to its cross – sectional area and
hence greater will be the rate of flow of heat
Rate of flow of heat = Q/t ∝ A

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY
Q#25: Which type of radiation allowed by glass and polythene sheet of green
house?
Answer: Glass and polythene sheets allow radiations of short wavelength
(ultraviolet radiations) to pass through easily but not long wavelengths of thermal
radiations.
The End

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KAG SCIENCE ACADEMY

For example: length, mass, time and temperature etc.

For example: force, area, pressure and work etc.

Q#3: Pick out the base units in the following:

(a) speed (b)volume (c) force (d) work

Derived quantity Base quantities involved in derived

Written by: M Saqlain (M.Sc Physics)

Q#5: Estimate your age in seconds.

Answer: The formula used to estimate age in seconds in given bellow:

Age in seconds = years x 365 x 24 x 3600

For example: age = 15 years

Age in seconds = 15 x 365 x 24 x 3600

Age = 473,040,000 seconds

Q#7: What is meant by vernier constant?

Q#8: What do you understand by the zero error of a measuring instrument?

Q#9: Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?

Written by: M Saqlain (M.Sc Physics)

Q#11: Why do we need to measure extremely small interval of times?

Q#12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?

1, 2 are accurate digits and 7 is doubtful digit.

Q#13: How is precision related to the significant figures in a measured quantity?

Short questions from chapter

Answer: All measureable quantities are called physical quantities.

E.g. length, time, velocity, force, etc

Written by: M Saqlain (M.Sc Physics)

Q#4: Differentiate between electronic and physical balance?

Q#5: Define measuring cylinder and writes its uses?

Uses of measuring cylinder:

It is used to measure the volume of liquid or powdered substance.

It is used to measure the volume of irregular solid objects.

Q#6: Writes the four advantages of physics?

Answer: 1) Electricity is used to run the electric motor and fans.

3) Means of communication such as radio, TV and computer.

Q#7: Define Physics?

Q#8: Define atomic physics?

Answer: It is the study of the structure and properties of the atoms

Q#9: Define Mechanics and Geophysics?

Mechanics: It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.

Geophysics: It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.

Q#10: Define Plasma physics and Nuclear physics?

Q#11: Differentiate between Base units and Derived units?

Base units Derived units

Q#12: Write the names of seven base quantities?

Q#13: What is meant by International system of units?

Q#14: Define electromagnetism?

Written by: M Saqlain (M.Sc Physics)

Q#14: How many significant figures are in 0.027?

Answer: 1) Non-zero digits are always significant.

2) Zero between two significant figures are also significant.

Q#16: What is meant by prefixes?

Q#17: How stop watch is used?

Q#18: Define least count. What is least count of a meter rod?

Q#19: Define Scientific Notation? Give an example?

Answer: In scientific notation a number is expressed as some power of ten multiplied by a

Q#20: What is Screw Gauge?

Answer: Least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm or 0.001cm

pitch of screw gauge

Q#22: Define Science and write the name of its types?

It is Latin word Scientia

Q#23: Differentiate between Physical science and Biological science?

 Such as study the motion of motorcars.

 Such as human, tree and bacteria etc.

Q#24: Define optics (Light)?