NUCLEOLUS is an important membrane, which protects the nucleus

by surrounding and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other
of a cell.
From Encyclopedia:
The nucleolus is by far the most easily recognized substructure in the
eukaryotic nucleus, and can be seen by using a variety of dyes as well as
by phase contrast microscopy. The nucleolus is a ribosome factory,
composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and
protein.

EXPLANATION:
 Nucleolus found in the cell nucleus that is concerned with
producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes. Ribosomes are
transported to the cell cytoplasm where they serve as the sites for
the protein synthesis.
FACTS ABOUT NUCLEOLUS :
1. Paramecium (which is a single-celled organism found in
freshwater) is known to have two Cell Nuclei (singular is the
nucleus; the plural is nuclei). Slime mold, on the other hand, can
have millions of nuclei.
 2. Those Eukaryotic cells that do have any nuclei are referred to as
enucleate. Those that have two or more nuclei are known as
multinucleate.
3. Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 to 1723) was once
studying the red blood cells of a salmon. That is when he found the
‘lumen’ or the nucleus. It must be noted that red blood cells of
mammals do not have a nucleus in their red blood.
4. It was Matthias Schleiden who introduced the name Cytoblast
(which means Cell Builder). The reason why came up with such a
proposal was that the saw new cells getting assembled around the
Cytoblasts.
5. This finding of Oscar Hertwig was the reason why for the first time
it was suggested that individuals develop from a nucleated cell.
Hertwig’s finding was totally against the theory given by Ernest
Haeckel where it was proposed that a species’ complete phylogeny
is repeated during the development of the embryo.
6. According to Haeckel’s theory, even the first nucleated cell is
generated during the embryonic development and that it happens
from a structure mass of a primordial mucus. This structure mass
was known as Monera while the primordial mucus was known as
Urschleim.

RIBOSOMES are small spherical organelles, composed of two

subunits, which can be found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(and also in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria, and other places).
Ribosomes translate genetic information in the form of mRNA into
proteins.
ENCYCLOPEDIA:
The Ribosome is the molecular machine inside the cell that makes
proteins from amino acids in the process called translation. It binds to a
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and reads the information
contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA. Transfer RNAs
(tRNAs) containing amino acids enter the ribosome in a special pocket,
or binding site, called the acceptor site (A site). Once correctly bound,
the ribosome can add the amino acid on the tRNA to the growing protein
chain.

EXPLANATION:
 Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of
the cell. Ribosomes are the small organelles found in each type of
cell and not membrane bounded.

FACTS ABOUT RIBOSOMES :

1. Ribosomes are cell organelles. This means, they are present
inside a cell. We know that cell organelles have their
 predefined functions and hence, Ribosomes have their own
functions as well.
2. Ribosomes are present in every single cell in this world. This
mean, they are present in both Eukaryotic cells as well as in
Prokaryotic cells. Since Ribosomes are present in all
Eukaryotic cells, they are present in both animal and plant
cells. So, Ribosomes can be found even in human begins.
3. Ribosomes have a very interesting structure. It is basically a
complex of ribonucleoprotein or RNA- protein. As far as the
size of Ribosomes is concerned, it is anywhere between 20
and 30 nanometers.
4. Since Ribosomes are made of rRNA and proteins, it is
natural that proteins will be required for synthesis of
Ribosomes. It turns out that the Ribosomes that stay
scattered in the Cytoplasm of a cell are the ones that produce
the proteins required by nucleolus for Ribosome synthesis.
5. Once Transcription is completed and mRNA is ready, it is
sent out of the nucleus into the Cytoplasm where a
Ribosome picks it up and reads the genetic information. This
reading of the genetic information is known as ‘Translation’.
6. Once the Ribosome read the mRNA, it produces the protein
using amino acids are joined together by the Ribosome in
the exact same pattern (template) that was inscribed on the
mRNA.
MITOCHONDRIA are round double membrane-bound organelles
responsible for Aerobic Respiration. Their inner membrane is folded
inside to form cristae, which are folded in the matrix- the central part of
mitochondrion. During aerobic respiration, ATP is produced in the
mitochondria.
ENCYCLOPEDIA:
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic
cells. They vary considerably in shape and size, but are all composed of
four compartments: a smooth outer membrane, a convoluted inner
membrane that forms recognizable structures called cristae, the
intermembrane space, and the matrix. Mitochondria are the
“powerhouses” of cells; their function is to convert energy found in the
nutrient molecules and store it in high-energy phosphate bonds in a
molecule called adenosine triphosphate, which is the universal energy-
yielding component necessary for the reactions that modulate many
fundamental cellular processes.
EXPLANATION:
 Mitochondria known as the powerhouses of the cell is subcellular
that located in eukaryotes. These organelles are shaped in a rod-
like structure that locate in both plant and animal cells.
FACTS ABOUT MITOCHONDRIA:
1. Mitochondria are the site of the stages of aerobic respiration. They
are too small to be visible with the light microscope.
2. Mitochondria have a double membrane around them.
3. The inner membrane is highly folded to form structures called
cristae.
4. The inner section is called the matrix.
5. Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP.
6. Cells that require a lot of energy to perform their function will
have particularly high numbers of mitochondria.

QUESTION:
1. Mitochondria know as________________.
Answer: “POWERHOUSE” OF THE CELL
2. It is the function of the convert energy found in nutrient molecules
and store it in high-energy phosphate bonds in a molecule
called_______________.
Answer: ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE