REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

Peanut

Peanut originated and was domesticated in South and Central America 3,500

years ago, and is now grown in tropical and warm-temperate regions worldwide for its

seeds and their oil. It grows 30 to 50 centimeters tall. The leaves are opposite, pinnate

with four leaflets,each measuring 1 to 7 centimeters long and 1 to 3 centimeters across.

Its flower is a typical pea-flower in shape, 2 to 4 centimeters in diameter, and with

yellow with reddish veining. Hypogaea means "under the earth"- after pollination the

flower stalk elongates causing it to bend until the ovary touches the ground. Stalk

growth continues and pushes the ovary underground where the mature fruit develops

into a pod. Pods are about 3 to 7 centimeters long containing 1 to 4 seeds. Production

Trends Globally, peanut is the 13th most important food crop with 50% of it is used as

raw material for the manufacture of peanut oil, 37% for confectionery, and 12% for seed

purposes. The vegetative part of peanut is excellent hay for feeding livestock because it

is rich in protein and has better palatability and digestibility than other fodders.

The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) consists of an external hull

(or shell) (21-29%) surrounding the nut (79- 71%) (van Doosselaere, 2013; Davis et al.,

2016). Peanut hulls, not to be confounded with peanut skins (which are the thin paper-

like seed coats enclosing the kernel), are a by-product of peanut processing. Peanut

hulls are a bulky waste generated in large amounts. In peanut-producing countries, they
are often burned, dumped, or left to deteriorate naturally (Kerr et al., 1986). In the recent

past environmental concerns have led to an interest in using peanut shells for a variety

of purposes: fuel, mulch, carrier for chemicals and fertilizers, bedding for livestock and

poultry, pet litter, soil conditioners, etc. (Hill, 2002). However, these residues are not

efficiently managed; they are mainly burned in the field, particularly in developing parts

of the world. Since there is lack of waste management, there is a need for applications

of such residues.

Mesh

Wire Mesh is a factory-made product created from the intertwining of lustrous

wire that has been merged and interweaved to form consistent parallel spaces with

symmetrical gaps. There are several materials used in making wire mesh, however, the

major materials are generally from metals. They include: low-carbon steel, high-carbon

steel, copper, aluminum, and nickel.

The major functions of wire mesh are separating, screening, structuring, and

shielding. The services or functions offered by a wire mesh or wire cloth is beneficial to

the agricultural, industrial transportation, and mining sectors. Wire mesh is designed for

the movement of bulk products and powders because of its strength and durability.

Manufacturers produce wire mesh using two methods–weaving and welding.

Weaving involves the use of industrial looms, especially rapier looms. Manufacturers

may use the loom to weave mesh of many different standard and custom patterns.

When they are done, manufacturers load the mesh onto rolls, which they cut off and use
as needed. They refer to wires woven horizontally, or lengthwise, as warp wires, and

wires woven vertically, or crosswise, as weft wires.

Welding is a process during which metalworkers electrically bond wires at the points

where they intersect. Metalworkers complete welded wire mesh products by cutting and

bending them into shape. Welding creates mesh that is strong and that cannot unravel

or fall apart. (https://www.iqsdirectory.com/resources/basics-of-wire-mesh/)

Wall Panel

A wall panel is single piece of material, usually flat and cut into

a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering for a wall. Wall

panels are functional as well as decorative, providing insulation and soundproofing,

combined with uniformity of appearance, along with some measure of durability or ease

of replaceability. While there is no set size limit for a piece of material fulfilling these

functions, the maximum practical size for wall panels has been suggested to be 24

inches by 8 feet, to allow for transportation.

Use of wall panels can reduce construction costs by providing a consistent

appearance to the panelled surface without requiring the application of paint or another

finishing material. Wall panels may be finished on only one side, if the other side is

going to be against a brick or concrete wall, or a comparable structure. Alternately, the

panels may, if assembled to an appropriate framework, substitute for having any other

kind of wall at all. Holes may be cut or drilled into a wall panel to

accommodate electrical outlets and other devices coming out of the wall.
Related Studies

There is a new type of eco-friendly 3d wall panel made out of the fibrous residue

of sugarcane. This fibres of crushed sugarcane stalks, remaining after raw sugar is

extracted from the juice of the sugarcane by shredding it, is now the raw material, called

bagasse, that forms the base of this easily installed eco-friendly product. The raw

material used for this 3d wall panel is 100% recycled. (Salyer, Ival O. Arthur M. Usmani

(1982). "Utilization of bagasse in new composite building materials". Industrial &

Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development.)

The Investigation on Wall Panel Sandwiched with Lightweight Concrete studied

by KN Lakshmikandhan, BS Harshavardhan, J Prabakar and S Saibabu carried out to

develop a simple, lightweight and cost effective technology for replacing the existing

wall systems. The lightweight concrete is developed for the construction of sandwich

wall panel. The EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) beads of 3 mm diameter size are mixed

with concrete and developed a lightweight concrete with a density 9 kN/m3. The

lightweight sandwich panel is cast with a lightweight concrete inner core and

ferrocement outer skins. This lightweight wall panel is tested for in-plane compression

loading. A nonlinear finite element analysis with damage plasticity model is carried out

with both material and geometrical nonlinearities. The experimental and analytical

results are compared. The finite element study predicted the ultimate load carrying

capacity of the sandwich panel with reasonable accuracy. The study showed that the

lightweight concrete is well suitable for the lightweight sandwich wall panel.

Another study from Walter L. Kaiser (1983) entitled “Peanut Hull Thermal

Insulation” a method of making insulation wherein peanut hulls are screened

successively through three screens providing a very coarse grade of hulls to be

reground, a coarse grade and a medium grade for blown insulation, and a fine grade

mixed with dust formed into building panels. Making insulation from peanut hulls

consisting of screening and separating said hulls into sizes so that a maximum of said

hulls are suitable for pneumatic application as insulation in walls of existing buildings

and the remainder of said hulls suitable for use in insulation panel.

A study by Paolo Riva and Alberto Franchi (2001) states that reinforced concrete

(RC) structural walls are widely recognized for providing adequate lateral load

resistance and drift control for multistory buildings in seismic regions. If properly

designed and detailed, they can exhibit high ductility and excellent energy dissipation

capacity. In practice, distributed shear reinforcement, obtained by use of ordinary

longitudinal bars and transverse stirrups, can be conveniently substituted by welded

wire mesh fabric. Little is known, however, about the influence of welded mesh fabric on

structural ductility. This paper presents the results of an experimental research project

on 18 cantilever walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. The main objective is to

establish whether welded wire mesh fabric can provide sufficient ductility for seismic

applications. The tests show that walls reinforced by means of hot-rolled (HR) mesh

exhibit ductility properties comparable to those reinforced with ordinary reinforcement

only. On the contrary, traditional cold-drawn (CD) mesh fabric proved to be unsuitable

for seismic applications.

Use of Ferrocement for Confinement of Concrete by P. Balaguru states that the

paper presents the results of an investigation on the behavior of plain concrete cylinders

confined in ferrocement shells. The experimental part of the investigation consisted of

strength tests using 6in.x12 in. (1501runx 300 mm) cylinders. The primary variables

were: compressive strength of concrete in the range of 3 ksi to 6 ksi (20 MPa to 40

MPa) and 1 to 4 layers of wire mesh. The wire mesh provided effective confinement,

resulting in increase of compressive strength and increase in ductility. The increase in

number of wire mesh resulted in consistent increase in both s1rength and ductility. The

increase in compressive strengths es1imated using constitutive models for confined

concre1e compares well with the experimental results.