Design of R.C.C.

Bridge Piers
Design parameters :
Canal discharge Q = 188.45 cumecs
Clear span between piers = 8.00 m
Thickness of road way deck slab = 0.8 m
F.S.L. of canal U/S of Bridge = 256.42
F.S.L. of canal D/S of Bridge = 256.42 m
Canal bed Level D/S of Bridge = 253.22 m
Lacey's Silt factor (f) = 1.00
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 25 t/m2
Width of roadway slab of bridge = 3.5 m
Width of Kerb on roadway bridge = 0 m
Thickness of Kerb = 0 m
Weight of Railing per m run of bridge = 0.7 ton/m
Height of Pier upto Bed block top LVL from CBL = 4.1 m
Thickness of Bed block = 0.6 m
Width of pier 1.5 m
Length of pier at bed block bottom level = 5 m
Length of pier at CBL = 5.3 m
LVL of wearing top of road way deck slab = 258.22 m
LVL of deck slab bearing 257.32 m
LVL of top of foundation block of Pier 253.22 m
No of bays of bridge 3 Nos
Length of Pier at FSL D/S of bridge 5.03 m
Length of Pier at CBL D/S of bridge 5.3 m
Length of foundation block at foundation LVL 7.5 m
Width of foundation block at foundation LVL 4 m
Height of foundation block at Pier-footing junct 1.5 m
Height of foundation block at edge of footing 1 m
(i) Foundation Level of Piers
Normal depth of scour (R) =0.47(Q/f)1/3 2.69 m
Anticipated depth of scour around piers = 1.5 ( R ) =
4.04 m

Level of foundation of Piers should not be less than 1 m below anticipated depth of scour
Level of foundation = 251.38 m
say 251.70 m
Evaluation of forces acting on the Pier
(a) Dead weight of super structure
(i) Weight of slab with wearing coat = 66.50 tonnes
(iii) Weight of Railings = 13.30 tonnes
Total 79.80 tonnes
(b) Live Loads
Maximum live load reaction on pier is obtained when fourth axle load 11.4 t at center of pier
(i) Reaction from right span = 16.70 tonnes
(ii) Reaction from left span = 12.55 tonnes
Total Live Load reactio on the Pier from live loads = 29.24 tonnes
Impact Factor = 0.29
So Maximum live load reaction with impact = 37.82 tonnes
Eccentricity of live load
eccentricity of L.L. from center of pier about Y-Y axis = 0.55 m
eccentricity of L.L from center of pier about X-X axis = 0.11 m

(c) Braking Force

It is equal to 20% of total live load present on the bridge = 8.36 tonnes
Reduced level of application of braking force = 259.42 m
Height of appication force above bearing level = 2.100 m
Increase in reaction due to braking force = 1.85 tonnes

(d) Temperature force due to sliding friction

Reaction on sliding end when loads are placed so as to produc maximum reaction at sliding end
Live load Reaction at sliding end = 14.32 tonnes
Impact factor = 0.29
Live load with impact = 18.51 tonnes
Dead Load reaction = 79.80 tonnes
Increase due to braking force = 1.85 tonnes
Total : 100.45 tonnes
Friction in sliding bearing ( with coeff. of sliding friction as 0.03) = 3.01 tonnes
R.L. of point of application = 257.32 m

(e) Wind force

Since intensity of wind pressure depends upon the height of the point above mean retarding surface, so
two cases for calculation of wind forces have been considered
(i) When level of water in the canal is at F.S.L.
(ii) When depth of water is zero

(i) When level of water in the canal is at F.S.L.

Average height of elevation area = 1.80 m
2
Intensity of wind pressure = 46.3 kg/m
Exposed Elevation area = 17.10 m2
Total Wind force on structure = 0.79 tonnes
R.L. of point of application = 257.32 m

Wind force on live load

Intensity of wind force = 300.00 kg/m
Length of live load = length of one span = 9.50 m
Total wind force on live load = 2.85 tonnes
R.L. of point of application = 259.42 m

(ii) When depth of water is zero

Average height of area of elevation above bed level = 5.00 m
Intensity of wind pressure = 85.0 kg/sqm
Exposed Elevation area = 47.5 sqm
Total wind force on structure = 4.04 tonnes
R.L. of point of application = 255.72 m
Wind force on live load
Total wind force on live load = 2.85 tonnes
R.L. of point of application = 259.42 m

(f) Dead Loads of Sub Structure

(i) Dead Load of bed block

Plan area = 10.62 Sqm
Thickness = 0.6 m
Weight of bed block = 15.93 tonnes

(ii) Dead Load of pier

Dead load of pier = 23.10 tonnes

(iii) Force due to buoyancy

Plan area at F.S.L. = 6.60 Sqm
Weight of Water displaced = 21.12 tonnes
Force due to buoyancy allowing 15% upward force = 3.17 tonnes

(g) Force on pier due to current of water

Maximum Velocity of flow (V) = Q/PR = 2.45 m/s
V2 = 6.02
Maximum value of depth of scour = 1.5 R = 4.04 m
2
Assuming variation of V to be linear than its value at bed level = 1.25
Pressure due to water current = K V2 where K = 26 for pointed Nose 45 degree angled
Pressure at water level = 156.56 kg/m2
Pressure at bed level = 32.61 kg/m2
Area on which pressure acts = 4.80 Sqm
Total force due to water current = 0.45 tonnes
Height of center of pressure from bed level = 1.95 m

(h) Force on pier due to current of water perpendicular to length of pier

Maximum variation in direction of current = 200
Maximum Velocity at top = V sin 20 = 0.84
V2 = 0.70
2
Value of V at bed level = 0.02
Assuming K = 80 for rectangular shape
2
Pressure at water level = 56.30 kg/m
Pressure at bed level = 1.27 kg/m2
Area on which pressure acts = 16.48 Sqm
Total force due to water current = 0.47 tonnes
Height of center of pressure from bed level = 2.11 m

(i) Force on pier due to pressure of water perpendicular to length of pier when water flows in alternate bays
Lateral Forces on pier when one gate is opened for flow and adjacent one are closed F = g `h A
`h = 1.61 m
Area under influence for water pressure = 14.13 sqm
Total pressure force F = g `h A = 22.80 tonnes
Center of pressure below water surface yp =( I0/A`h ) +`h
3 2 2
I0= h (a +4ab+b )/36 a b= 5.46 m3
y p= 1.85 m
Level of center of pressure above base = 254.566 m
Check for stresses in the pier at Bed Level with R.L. = 253.22 m
Area (A) = 6.83 Sqm
Ixx= 1.17 m4
Iyy= 12.16 m4

Case 1 : When Live load on the bridge and canal is running at F.S.L.
(i) Vertical dead loads
(a) Dead Load of super structure = 79.80 tonnes
(b) Dead load of bed block = 15.93 tonnes
(c) Dead Load due to self weight of Pier = 23.10 tonnes
(d) Increase in reaction due to braking = 1.85 tonnes
(ii) Live load with impact factor = 37.82 tonnes
(iii) Buoyancy force acting upwards = -3.17 tonnes
So Net vertical downward force (P) = 155.33 tonnes

Moment about x-x axis

Due to braking force = 51.83 t.m
Due to sliding friction = 12.36 t.m
Due to water current in perpendicular direction = 1.00 t.m
Due to water pressure when alternate gates open = 30.70 t.m
Total Moment (Mx) = 95.89 t.m
say 96.00 t.m

Moment about y-y axis

Due to eccentricity of Live Load = 20.80 t.m
Due to wind force on super structure = 3.25 t.m
Due to wind force on live load = 17.67 t.m
Due to water current force in long. Dir = 0.89 t.m
Total Moment (My) = 42.60 t.m
say 43.00 t.m
P Mx My
Now stress =  ( xm )  ( y m )
A I xx I yy

Maximum compressive stress σ com,max= 90.26 t/m2 < 250 t/m2

Minimum compressive stress σ com,min= -45.27 t/m2 = -0.453 N/mm2
However steel provided in pier will take care of tension.
Case 2 : When Live load on the bridge and No water in canal
(i) Vertical dead loads
(a) Dead Load of super structure = 79.80 tonnes
(b) Dead load of bed block = 15.93 tonnes
(c) Dead Load due to self weight of Pier = 23.10 tonnes
(d) Increase in reaction due to braking = 1.85 tonnes
(ii) Live load with impact factor = 37.82 tonnes
So Net vertical downward force (P) = 158.50 tonnes

Moment about x-x axis

Due to braking force = 51.83 t.m
Due to sliding friction = 12.36 t.m
Total Moment (Mx) = 64.19 t.m
say 65.00 t.m

Moment about y-y axis

Due to eccentricity of Live Load = 20.80 t.m
Due to wind force on super structure = 3.25 t.m
Due to wind force on live load = 17.67 t.m
Total Moment (My) = 41.72 t.m
say 42.00 t.m
P Mx My
Now stress =  ( xm )  ( y m )
A I xx I yy

Maximum compressive stress σ com,max= 73.89 t/m2 < 250 t/m2 N/mm2
(Tensile)
Minimum compressive stress σ com,min= -27.44 -0.274 N/mm2
t/m2 =
However steel provided in pier will take care of tension.
Check for stresses in the pier at foundation Level with R.L. = 251.70 m
Area (A) = 30.00 Sqm
Ixx= 40.00 m4
Iyy= 140.63 m4

Case 1 : When Live load on the bridge and canal is running at F.S.L.
(i) Vertical dead loads
(a) Dead Load of super structure = 79.80 tonnes
(b) Dead load of bed block = 15.93 tonnes
(c) Dead Load due to self weight of Pier = 23.10 tonnes
(d) Increase in reaction due to braking = 1.85 tonnes
(e) Live load with impact factor = 37.82 tonnes
(f) Buoyancy force acting upwards = -3.17 tonnes
(g) Dead load of foundation block = 98.02 tonnes
So Net vertical downward force (P) = 253.34 tonnes

Moment about x-x axis

Due to braking force = 64.54 t.m
Due to sliding friction = 16.94 t.m
Due to water current in perpendicular direction = 1.71 t.m
Due to water pressure when alternate gates open = 65.36 t.m
Total Moment (Mx) = 148.55 t.m
say 149.00 t.m

Moment about y-y axis

Due to eccentricity of Live Load = 20.80 t.m
Due to wind force on super structure = 4.45 t.m
Due to wind force on live load = 22.00 t.m
Due to water current force in long. Dir = 1.57 t.m
Total Moment (My) = 48.82 t.m
say 49.00 t.m
P Mx My
Now stress =  ( xm )  ( y m )
A I xx I yy

(Compressiv
17.20 2
Maximum compressive stress σ com,max= e) t/m2 < 25 t/m
Minimum compressive stress σ com,min= -0.31 t/m2 = -0.003 N/mm2 O.K.
Case 2 : When Live load on the bridge and No water in canal
(i) Vertical dead loads
(a) Dead Load of super structure = 79.80 tonnes
(b) Dead load of bed block = 15.93 tonnes
(c) Dead Load due to self weight of Pier = 23.10 tonnes
(d) Increase in reaction due to braking = 1.85 tonnes
(e) Live load with impact factor = 37.82 tonnes
(f) Dead Load of foundation block = 112.50 tonnes
So Net vertical downward force (P) = 271.00 tonnes

Moment about x-x axis

Due to braking force = 64.54 t.m
Due to sliding friction = 16.94 t.m
Total Moment (Mx) = 81.48 t.m
say 82.00 t.m

Moment about y-y axis

Due to eccentricity of Live Load = 20.80 t.m
Due to wind force on super structure = 4.45 t.m
Due to wind force on live load = 22.00 t.m
Total Moment (My) = 47.25 t.m
say 48.00 t.m
P Mx My
Now stress =  ( xm )  ( y m )
A I xx I yy

Maximum compressive stress σ com,max= 14.41 t/m2 < 25 t/m2

Minimum compressive stress σ com,min= 3.65 t/m2 = 0.037 N/mm2 O.K.

Area of steel 0.3% of gross sectional area as per IRC 21

Provide 20 mm dia main reinforcement at spacing of 190 mm with ties bar 12 mm dia 200 mm c/c
ernate bays