5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

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CONTENTS

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FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................... 1

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY ...................................................................................... 2

GCE Ordinary Level ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Paper 5096/01 Multiple Choice ..................................................................................................................... 2
Paper 5096/02 Paper 2 ................................................................................................................................. 4

FOREWORD
This booklet contains reports written by Examiners on the work of candidates in certain papers. Its contents
are primarily for the information of the subject teachers concerned.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

GCE Ordinary Level

Paper 5096/01
Multiple Choice

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number

1 A 21 A
2 C 22 D
3 C 23 D
4 D 24 C
5 C 25 B

6 B 26 D
7 B 27 D
8 A 28 B
9 A 29 B
10 C 30 D

11 D 31 A
12 C 32 C
13 C 33 A
14 C 34 C
15 A 35 C

16 C 36 D
17 B 37 A
18 A 38 C
19 B 39 C
20 D 40 D

General comments

For this examination a standard deviation of 5.88 (14.7%) was obtained. The mean score of 23.18 (54.5%)
is better than in previous years indicating a slight improvement in standards. The more clearly laid out
objectives in the syllabus for this year, may have helped candidates and resulted in more questions proving
easy. Questions 7, 8, 9, 32 and 36, all had strong positive distractors each showing a commonly held
misconception, which will need eradicating.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

Comments on specific questions

Questions 1 and 3

Although an easy start to the paper is desirable, perhaps these questions proved too easy. They showed a
good knowledge of the characteristics of organisms and virus reproduction.

Question 7

The syllabus section 3(a) requires the knowledge that proteins are components of insulin. Hence it is
surprising that most candidates thought that starch is used to make amylase. Perhaps the association with
the digestion of starch to maltose by amylase and neglecting in the responses the word ‘make’, caused this
positive distractor. This shows how errors can occur, without careful reading and consideration of the
wording of questions.

Question 8

The positive distractor here shows many candidates have the misconception that vitamin C helps in the
development of bones and teeth, rather than understanding the importance of vitamin D.

Question 9

Another very common misconception here is that bile is made in the gall bladder. The confusion results from
the knowledge that bile is stored in the gall bladder before secretion. Emphasis on the manufacture of bile in
the liver is needed.

Question 15

Perhaps this question was too easy because knowledge of breathing is so common in everyday life that most
candidates understand it.

Question 16

As in previous years Examiners note that candidates have difficulty in interpreting graphs particularly to
deduce trends. Hence the majority of the candidates could not deduce from these graphs, that the vital
capacity of a group of men increases with height. Possibly candidates do not perform the associated
experimental work and were unaware of these results.

Question 18

The poor discrimination is difficult to explain. This question is a direct test of the syllabus objective 7(b), that
calcium phosphate makes bones hard and rigid while collagen makes bone tough. It appears that the more
able candidates wrongly chose collagen to make bones hard and rigid.

Question 25

Because the cap contraceptive on the diagram, is shaped like a cap, the answer was possibly partly self
evident to candidates with little knowledge of contraception. A good knowledge of the action of the cap is
shown to separate options A and B.

Question 32

Answers to Question 33 show that most candidates know that antibiotics destroy bacteria, although this
knowledge may not have been applied in this question. Most candidates here thought antibiotics destroy the
malarial parasite. Hence it seems likely that the knowledge that the pathogen is a protozoan was lacking.

Question 36

Question 3 on this paper very clearly shows that most candidates understand that viruses reproduce in
cells. This gives the clue to the correct answer for this question on the control of the smallpox virus in
humans. Yet more than half the candidates wrongly thought that the use of antibiotics was the reason for
the success of smallpox control. The need for knowledge about the various pathogens responsible for
diseases is shown by both Questions 32 and 36. It also seems that the history of smallpox control is a
neglected topic.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

Paper 5096/02
Paper 2

General comments

The paper produced a wide range of scores with some candidates scoring very well indeed. Weaker
candidates struggled to interpret experimental results or graphical information and were noticeably ill at
ease, when asked to describe practical procedures. Almost all obeyed the rubric in Section B to answer
only one of the Question 10 options and very few appeared to be short of time. However, a small, but
significant number failed to answer Section A in the spaces provided on the paper, writing them out on the
extra paper provided instead. The quality of the English used was generally commendable.

Comments on specific questions

Section A

Question 1

(a) This illustrated a common experimental procedure for demonstrating some of the requirements
for photosynthesis.

The process forming starch is photosynthesis. Leaf B made no starch, since it was enclosed in a
black bag, hence it received no light which is essential for photosynthesis. Leaf C was similarly
unproductive, since the soda lime absorbed the carbon dioxide which was required for
photosynthesis. In each case both points were required for a full answer. Leaf A did
photosynthesise and the gas that would collect in its bag was oxygen. Many candidates scored
well on this opening part.

(b) This showed part of the Nitrogen Cycle and candidates were asked to identify four processes
from a list of six possible answers given. The answers were nitrogen-fixation, decay of animals
and plants, excretion and uptake by plants. Once again many scored well here, although there
was some confusion between uptake by plants and photosynthesis.

(c) This showed a graph of crop yield against fertiliser applied. Of the four marks offered, two could
be obtained by simply stating that at first the yield increased with increasing amounts of fertiliser,
but then levelled off. The other marks came for stating by how much the yield improved, over
what range of fertiliser, at what point levelling occurred in the fertiliser-application and what was
the final yield. When figures are quoted on the axes of graphs it pays to use them. This is an
area that would benefit from a little practice by most candidates.

(d) This was a table of foods derived from animal and plant sources in terms of their composition per
100 g samples.

(i) Vitamin D was not present in the plant foods.

(ii) Cereal provided 1500 kJ per 100 g, milk only 300 kJ. Thus 5 times 100 g of milk must be
consumed or 500g. Relatively few candidates could perform this calculation given the information
in the table.

(iii) A diet consisting entirely of milk would not suit an adult since it would lack fibre, be low in energy,
iron and protein and one would need such a lot of milk. Weaker candidates found it difficult to
extract this information from the figures in the table, but many scored well here.

When, as in this case, three numbered lines are provided for the three answers required, the rule
is one answer per line. Some candidates did not follow this procedure.

The vitamin needed to heal wounds is C. This was usually correctly stated.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

Question 2

This was another graph showing how blood-volume and rate of heart-beat changed during a period of rest
followed by activity and then another period of rest.

(a) The lines for heart-rate and blood-volume peaked at 8 and 10 minutes respectively, but since the
period of exercise must start when the curves begin to climb (at 6 minutes), it took 2 and 4 minutes
to reach these values i.e. 8-6 and 10-6 respectively. Few candidates could interpret the graph
accurately to reach these figures.

(b) Blood-volume increases from 5 to 40 litres/minute, which is an increase of 8 times. Once again this
proved beyond all but the better candidates, although all the information was readily available on
the graph.

(c) Blood flow to the muscles increases during exercise to supply more glucose, more oxygen for more
respiration; to remove more carbon dioxide, lactate and heat. Blood does not supply energy as
such, a common wrong answer.

Question 3

This showed the life cycle of a species of Schistosoma.

(a) Three ways to reduce its spread as deduced from the diagram included; sanitary disposal of urine
(not faeces), killing the snails by using a molluscide (not an insecticide), treating drinking water,
wearing boots/protective clothing in water, taking drugs to kill the worm in man.

(b)1. The larvae are released during the day since (i) they are short-lived and (ii) humans are more likely
to be using the water during the day.

2. Adult worms coat themselves with molecules from the host’s red blood cells, since this disguises
them from the immune system.

(c) Although drugs are effective the worm remains widespread, since many cannot afford the drugs,
re-infection is easy, many waters are infested with snails and rats are a reservoir of infection.
Many candidates scored well on this question.

Question 4

This dealt with water gains and losses in a person.

(a)(i) The amount of water lost in the urine was 1.5 litres.

(ii) In the gut most water is absorbed in the colon.

(b) The word equation for respiration is: glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water. Most candidates
scored well here.

(c) During exercise, water loss would increase through the lungs but decrease in the urine. Many
candidates ignored the question set here and referred to urine concentration not volume.

Question 5

This showed the results of an experiment to test the effects of pH on the activity of salivary amylase, using
drops of solution tested against iodine solution at 1 minute intervals.

(a) Tube A at pH4 gave blue-black results throughout the 5 minutes. This is because the enzyme is
denatured at this acid pH, so no starch is digested.

Tube B at pH7 tested negative for starch at 3 minutes, tube C at pH 9 at 5 minutes. The enzyme
digests the starch faster in tube B since pH7 is its optimum pH; whereas the enzyme works slower
at pH9, so starch remains in the solution for 4 minutes.

Many candidates could not interpret the results of what should be a familiar experiment and some
even reversed the pHs, stating that pH9 was acid.

(b) If tube B was rerun at 30 degrees instead of at 20, it would take half the time, but certainly less
than 3 minutes. Again, few were able to deduce this answer.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

Question 6

This showed the bones of the hand, arm and shoulder. Candidates were asked to label a hinge joint (finger
or elbow); a ball and socket joint (shoulder); where blood cells are made (humerus, radius or ulna, but not
scapula) and where cartilage may be found (at finger, elbow or shoulder joint surfaces). While many found
this easy to complete, some quoted the wrist as a hinge or ball and socket joint.

Question 7

(a) This asked candidates to study two diagrams, one of a cell undergoing mitosis the other meiosis
and to state three differences apparent there. Suitable answers included: the cell divides once in
mitosis but twice in meiosis; hence there are two products in mitosis but four in meiosis; mitotic
products are identical while meiotic ones are different; meiotic products are haploid while mitotic
ones are diploid and meiotic products show crossing over while mitotic products do not. Common
errors were to use information not in the diagram, such as meiosis occurs in the gonads while
mitosis occurs in normal body cells; meiosis gives 23 chromosomes while mitosis gives 46 or to
state only what they could see in one process without referring to the other, thus failing to
complete the comparison.

(b) If the cell undergoing meiosis is from a man, the cells produced are sperms or gametes.

Section B

Question 8

This concerned breathing and tuberculosis. This question revealed a good working knowledge with many
candidates scoring 14 or 15 marks.

(a) When breathing in the external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract; the rib-cage moves
upwards and outwards; the diaphragm flattens; the volume of the thorax increases and the
pressure inside decreases. Since the internal pressure is now lower than the external, air rushes
in. Marks were also given for describing the route of the air so that it was fairly easy to score a
maximum of 7 marks here and many did.

(b) The pathogen causing tuberculosis is a bacterium and it is spread as droplets when an infected
person coughs or sneezes. Alternatively, sputum can dry up and spores of the bacillus can be
wind-blown and breathed in by another person. This was usually well-answered.

(c) The risk of catching the disease can be reduced by a patient not spitting, covering the face when
coughing or sneezing, isolation of the patient and by a BCG vaccination.

(d) The mass X-ray is to detect the disease, so that the patient can be treated or to detect carriers.

Question 9

This was generally poorly done since candidates did not go into enough detail in their answers. The three
parts were worth 6, 5 and 4 marks and yet many candidates were satisfied with the baldest of statements.

(a) The roles of the ovary and oviduct were usually dismissed as: the ovary produces the egg which is
fertilised in the oviduct, scoring only 2 marks. The answer expected references to the egg being
part of a follicle, whose cells nourish the early embryo; the ovary secretes estrogen to begin the
repair of the endometrium. Progesterone is released from the ovary after ovulation. This hormone
makes the lining of the uterus more receptive and maintains the pregnancy. The oviduct is the site
of fertilisation but it is also where early division of the embryo occurs and the conduit for the
embryo to reach the uterus.

(b) Oxygen reaches the tissues of the fetus by first diffusing into the maternal blood at her lungs. Here
it combines with haemoglobin in her red cells to form oxyhaemoglobin in which it travels to the
placenta. At this structure the oxygen passes across to the haemoglobin in the fetal blood by
diffusion and is carried by the umbilical vein to the fetal heart for distribution to the fetal tissues.
Once again many points were missed out and references to blood or air crossing the placenta were
all too common.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology June 2004

(c) The fetus is protected from physical damage by the amniotic fluid which is incompressible and so
acts as a cushion or shock-absorber. But it also receives protection from the muscular uterus, the
spine and pelvic girdle, the abdominal muscles and changed behaviour patterns of the mother.
These last points were seldom if ever mentioned, although the section stated it was worth 4 marks.
Failing to appreciate how much detail is required is poor exam technique and caused many
candidates to score less well than they should.

Question 10

Either

This question proved the more popular with the majority of candidates probably because they did not read as
far as part (c) before starting.

(a) This asked for the dangers to human health when sewage was left untreated. The 5 marks were
awarded for the following points: Sewage contains bacteria, many of which are pathogenic, such
as those of typhoid, cholera or dysentery. Also stages of parasites such as tapeworm, hookworm
etc. Flies may transport germs from sewage to food or kitchen surfaces. Sewage may be washed
into water sources which then become a source of infection if they are used untreated. Common
errors were to refer to mosquitoes in this context or to digress into the possibilities of oxygen
denudation in water that would kill fish. For many this was a high scoring question.

(b) This part asked for two pollutants from car exhausts (other than oxides of nitrogen) and their
effects. Possible answers included lead, carbon monoxide or dioxide, particulates or specific
components such as benz-pyrene. Lead is an enzyme poison; it is a cumulative poison; damages
the brain or nervous system affecting learning, memory etc. Carbon monoxide combines with
haemoglobin, reducing oxygen carriage. Carbon dioxide is acidic, an irritant, speeds breathing and
heart-rate. Benz-pyrene is a carcinogen. Many could name two pollutants but were vague about
their effects or got confused with smoking and talked about tar or nicotine.

(c) This asked how candidates would test a sample of water to see if it contained bacteria. The
expected answers should have suggested adding some of the water to a sterilised, agar plate;
incubating this at a suitable temperature-25 degrees, for at least 24 hours and examining for
colonies. Credit was given for incorporating an agar plate with no water as a control. Few
candidates seemed aware of this procedure and instead referred to the use of a microscope or to
boiling the sample and looking for a residue.

Or

This was also in three sections, the first asking how the body prevents glucose-levels from rising too high
after a meal. This is a familiar part of the syllabus, but many did not seem to recognise it.

(a) The rise is detected in the pancreas or islets, which secrete more insulin. Insulin promotes the
conversion of glucose to insoluble glycogen which is stored in the liver. Some glucose is converted
to fat or protein. There were the usual confusions between glycogen and glucagon and the roles of
the liver and the pancreas.

(b) Here candidates were asked to name two chemicals entering the kidney in the blood and for each
one to explain what happens to it there. Possible substances were glucose, salts, water, amino
acids or urea all of which are filtered from the blood at the glomerulus into the tubule. The first four
are reabsorbed to varying degrees in the different regions of the tubule. Some urea is reabsorbed
also, but the majority is passed on through to the ureter. Proteins also enter the kidney but are too
large to pass into the tubule and so remain in the blood.

(c) This required candidates to state how they would test a sample of urine for glucose. The
commonest answers involved the use of Benedict’s reagent, but few knew to add an equal volume
of the reagent or to boil the resulting mixture in a water-bath which would give a green/brown or red
precipitate, if glucose were present. Alternatively, dip in a Clinostix test strip which would turn from
pink to a shade of blue or purple, the colour being compared with a colour chart to give the precise
percentage of glucose. Practical procedures remain a problem for many.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
May/June 2004

1 hour
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Soft clean eraser
Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces
provided unless this has been done for you.

There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible
answers A, B, C, and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

IB04 06_5096_01/3RP
 UCLES 2004 [Turn over
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1 The waste products of metabolism are removed from the body.

Which of the characteristics of living organisms is this?

A excretion

B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration

2 The diagrams show four different types of cells.

Which type of cell has half the number of chromosomes found in body cells?

A B C D

3 Where can a virus develop and reproduce?

A in decayed fruit
B in fresh milk
C in human cells
D in meat soup

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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4 Each of the diagrams shows two solutions separated by a membrane.

Which diagram shows osmosis occurring?

A B
membrane with membrane with
large pores large pores

key
sugar molecule
water molecule
C D net movement of
membrane with membrane with water molecules
small pores small pores membrane with pore

5 The diagram shows the passage of energy through some organisms.

water water
weed insect fish human

What is the source of the energy?

A carbon dioxide
B the soil
C the Sun
D water

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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6 The table shows the results of three tests on a liquid food.

test result
colour change from yellow / brown to
1 iodine solution added
blue / black
2 biuret reagent added colour remains blue
3 dropped on filter paper and dried translucent mark (light spot)

What does the food contain?

A fat and protein

B fat and starch
C protein and reducing sugar
D protein and starch

7 In the table below, which nutrient is correctly linked to its use?

nutrient use
A fat to prevent anaemia
B protein to make insulin
C starch to make amylase
D sugar to prevent rickets

8 The table shows the mass of some nutrients in equal quantities of four different foods.

Which food would be best for the development of strong bones and teeth?

food calcium / g iron / g vitamin C / mg vitamin D / mg

A 4.5 0.1 0.0 1.5

B 0.1 0.8 20.0 0.8
C 4.8 0.1 10.0 0.0
D 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.8

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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9 The diagram shows a part of the digestive system.

In which structure is bile made?

10 The diagram shows a section through a villus from the small intestine.

What is absorbed into the structure labelled X?

A amino acids
B glucose
C glycerol and fatty acids
D mineral salts and water

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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11 Litmus paper is red in acid solutions and blue in alkaline solutions.

Which part of the alimentary canal has secretions that would change litmus paper from blue to
red?

A colon

B duodenum
C ileum
D stomach

12 What is the function of lymphocytes?

A to carry carbon dioxide

B to convert fibrinogen to fibrin
C to produce antibodies
D to produce lymph

13 The diagram shows the blood supply of the liver.

aorta
2
1
ileum liver vena cava

What are blood vessels 1, 2 and 3?

1 2 3

A hepatic artery hepatic portal vein hepatic vein

B hepatic artery hepatic vein hepatic portal vein
C hepatic portal vein hepatic artery hepatic vein
D hepatic portal vein hepatic vein hepatic artery

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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14 The bar chart shows the mass of carbohydrate, fat, fibre and protein eaten by four people each
day.

Which person has the diet that would increase the risk of coronary heart disease the most?

key

mass of carbohydrate
nutrient
eaten fat
each day
fibre

protein
A B C D
person

15 Which describes breathing?

A The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

B The release of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

C The release of energy from substances in living cells.
D The uptake of oxygen in the alveoli.

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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16 A group of ten fit and active 18-year-old men had their height and vital capacity measured.

Which graph shows the likely relationship between height and vital capacity?

A B

x
x
x
vital x
x x
x x x vital x
x x
capacity x x capacity
x
dm3 dm3 x
x
x x
x

height height

C D
x
x
x
x
x
vital vital x
x
x x x
capacity x
x
capacity x
dm3 x
x x dm3 x
x x
x

height height

17 The diagrams show the epithelium lining a bronchiole of a smoker and of a non-smoker.

smoker non-smoker

Why does mucus drain down into the smoker’s lungs?

A a non-smoker has more active mucus secretion

B a smoker has fewer cilia on the epithelial cells

C epithelial cells divide more in a non-smoker
D the cells burst in the bronchiole of a smoker

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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18 Which part of bone makes it hard and rigid?

A calcium phosphate

B collagen fibres
C living cells
D yellow elastin

19 The diagram shows part of the thorax from the front.

What is the tissue at X?

A bone
B cartilage
C ligament
D tendon

20 Which is part of a process of homeostasis?

A contraction of circular muscles during peristalsis

B focusing of eye on a distant object
C secretion of digestive enzymes
D vasoconstriction of arterioles in the skin

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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21 The diagram shows a kidney tubule (nephron) and associated blood vessels.

In which region does a high blood pressure cause fluid to pass out of the blood capillaries?

A B C D

22 The diagram shows horizontal sections through the front of an eye focused on objects at different
distances.

lens lens
ciliary ciliary
muscle muscle
suspensory suspensory
ligament ligament

What is the condition of the ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens when focused on a
distant object?

ciliary muscles suspensory lens shape

ligaments
A contracted loose fat
B contracted tight fat
C relaxed loose thin
D relaxed tight thin

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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23 Between which structures does a motor neurone transmit impulses?

A from a muscle to an intermediate neurone

B from an intermediate neurone to a sensory neurone
C from the skin to the spinal cord
D from the spinal cord to a muscle

24 The diagram shows the working of a synapse between two neurones.

neurone

synapse

neurone

What do arrows 1 and 2 represent?

1 2

A chemical transmitter slow acting hormone

B chemical transmitter chemical transmitter
C nerve impulse chemical transmitter
D nerve impulse slow acting hormone

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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25 The diagram shows a section of the female reproductive system with a method of birth control
at X.

oviduct

uterus

cervix X

vagina

What is the method of birth control shown and how does it act?

birth control method action

A cap (diaphragm) stops implantation

B cap (diaphragm) prevents sperm from entering the uterus
C intrauterine device (IUD / loop / coil) stops implantation
D intrauterine device (IUD / loop / coil) prevents sperm from entering the uterus

26 Where are most proteins made?

A chromosomes
B mitochondria
C nucleus
D ribosomes

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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27 The diagram shows the inheritance of sickle cell anaemia in a family. The allele for normal
haemoglobin is represented by H and the allele for defective haemoglobin by h.

A homozygous person carries a pair of identical alleles. A heterozygous person carries a pair of
alleles that are not identical.

Which child is homozygous recessive?

father mother
genotype of parents Hh Hh

gametes H h H h

children A B C D

28 Which diseases result from the causes X, Y and Z?

X Y Z
cells reproduce faster arteries become blocked too much sugar and
starch in the diet

A coronary heart disease obesity lung cancer

B lung cancer coronary heart disease obesity
C lung cancer obesity rickets
D rickets coronary heart disease lung cancer

29 Which disease is caused directly by a pathogen?

A coronary heart disease

B influenza
C lung cancer
D sickle cell anaemia

30 How is typhoid fever usually spread?

A by a bite from an insect vector

B by breathing droplets containing the pathogens
C by coming into contact with an infected person
D by people handling food

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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31 Why is a cholera patient given injections of salt solution?

A to help prevent dehydration of the body

B to increase antibody production
C to prevent the cholera bacteria from multiplying
D to remove the cholera bacteria from the intestines

32 The diagrams show some of the stages in the transfer of Plasmodium.

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

Plasmodium develops malaria develops in

infected person in mosquito another person

Which methods of control will help to reduce the spread of malaria at stages 1, 2 and 3?

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

A insecticide spray taking an anti-malarial drug sleeping under a mosquito net

B use of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide spray antibiotic
C sleeping under a mosquito net insecticide spray taking an anti-malarial drug
D oil on water antibiotic insecticide spray

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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33 A petri dish containing agar is inoculated with microorganisms from an infected person. Four
discs, each containing a different antibiotic, were placed on the agar.

The diagram shows the appearance after 18 hours incubation.

Which antibiotic will not cure the infection?

clear
discs A area

B
D

C bacterial
growth

34 Why is food cooked at high temperatures?

A to emulsify fats

B to increase enzyme activity

C to kill bacteria
D to neutralise acids

35 A person was given an injection to produce immunity to tetanus. The graph shows the level of
antibody in the blood.

level
of tetanus
antibody in
the blood

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time in weeks
injection

Which type of immunity was given by the injection?

A active, artificial

B active, natural
C passive, artificial
D passive, natural

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

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36 What was a reason for the success of the WHO (World Health Organisation) in being able to
eliminate smallpox?

A Many people became naturally immune.

B The causative agent was a virus.
C The response to antibiotics was positive.
D The virus can only reproduce in humans.

37 The diagram shows streams flowing through a small town.

hills
1
2
town
factory
farm
4

3 direction
of flow
hills 5

Which sites are the most suitable for taking drinking water and for discharging sewage?

taking water discharging sewage

A 1 5
B 2 4
C 3 2
D 5 1

38 Which three chemicals in car exhaust fumes would be harmful to humans?

A carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen dioxide

B nitrogen lead carbon dioxide
C nitrogen dioxide lead carbon monoxide
D sulphur dioxide nitrogen carbon dioxide

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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39 The diagram shows a pit latrine.

What prevents the latrine from working properly?

A screen to prevent flies from entering

B concrete base to stop entry of rats

C disinfectant to destroy microorganisms

sewage

D permeable (porous) soil to allow drainage

40 When untreated sewage is released into a river, an increase in the number of bacteria results in
the death of other organisms.

How do the bacteria cause these deaths?

A Bacteria prevent gaseous exchange in fish.

B Bacteria prevent light reaching green plants.
C Bacteria produce methane.
D Bacteria reduce oxygen levels.

© UCLES 2004 5096/01/M/J/04

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infringed.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.

5096/01/M/J/04
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Centre Number Candidate Number Name

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/02
Paper 2
May/June 2004

2 hours
Additional Materials: Answer Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A.

Section B
Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or. For Examiner’s Use
Write your answers to questions 8, 9 and 10 on the separate answer paper
provided. 1
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all your work securely together; 2
2. write an E (for Either) or an O (for Or) next to the number 10 in the grid
below to indicate which question you have answered. 3

4
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ]
at the end of each question or part question. 5

Section A
If you have been given a label, look at the
details. If any details are incorrect or 8
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page. 9

10
Stick your personal label here, if
provided. TOTAL

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

SP (SM/SLM) S64545/4
© UCLES 2004 [Turn over
 2 For
Examiner’s
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Section A

Answer all the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1
B
A
black bag
C

transparent
bag transparent bag

soda lime to absorb

carbon dioxide

Fig. 1.1

(a) A well-watered potted plant was set up as shown in Fig. 1.1 and placed in bright sunlight
for two hours. Only leaf A was found to have made starch during the two hours.

(i) Name the process that formed the starch in leaf A. .............................................[1]

(ii) Explain why no starch was made in leaf B or in leaf C.

Leaf B .......................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

Leaf C .......................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Name the gas which collected in the bag around leaf A during the experiment.

.......................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04

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(b) In order to make proteins from their carbohydrates, plants must have a supply of
nitrogen. This is usually absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.
Fig. 1.2 shows some of the processes affecting the amount of nitrate ions in the soil.

nitrogen
in the air
P
lightning

nitrate ions plant animal

in soil S protein protein R
urea in urine
Q
conversion by bacteria
ammonium compounds

Fig. 1.2

Identify processes P, Q, R and S from the terms given below.

decay of animals and plants excretion nitrogen-fixation photosynthesis
respiration uptake by plants

P ...............................................................

Q ..............................................................

R ..............................................................

S ..............................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

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(c) Fig. 1.3 is a graph showing the effects of nitrogen fertilisers on crop yields.

6
crop yields /
tonnes per
hectare
4

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
nitrogen fertiliser applied /
kg per hectare

Fig. 1.3

Using the information in Fig. 1.3, describe the effects of increasing amounts of nitrogen
fertiliser on crop yield.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[4]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04

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(d) Table 1.1 compares the average composition of 100 g samples of several different foods
from both plants and animals.

Table 1.1

foods energy carbo- protein fat vit. A vit. C vit. D iron fibre
/ 100 g / kJ hydrates / g /g /g / µg / mg / µg / mg

cereals 1500 70.0 10.0 2.5 0 0 0 35.0 high

vegetables 85 3.6 1.5 0 900 33 0 0.8 high
meat 525 0.1 18.0 6.0 20 2 0.2 60.0 0
eggs 620 0.1 12.5 11.0 140 0 2.0 1.0 0
milk 300 5.0 3.0 4.5 40 4 0.1 0.1 0

Using the information given in Table 1.1,

(i) state the vitamin listed in the table that would not be present in the foods from plants;

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) state how much milk would have to be consumed in order to provide the same energy
as 100 g of cereals;

.......................................................... g [1]

(iii) give three reasons why a diet consisting entirely of milk would not be suitable for an
adult;

1. ..............................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................

3. ..........................................................................................................................[3]

(iv) state which one of the vitamins listed in the table would help most in the healing of
wounds.

.......................................................... [1]

[Total : 20]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows the rate of heart-beat and the volume of blood pumped by the heart. A period
of rest was followed by a period of exercise and then another period of rest.

400 40
blood volume
heart rate / blood volume
35
beats per pumped per
minute minute / litres
300 30

25
heart rate
200 20

15

100 10

0 0
0 6 12 18 24
time / minutes
Fig. 2.1
(a) How long did it take from the beginning of the period of exercise for the following to
reach their maximum values?

1. heart-rate .................................... min.

2. blood volume pumped per min. .......................................... min. [2]

(b) Heart rate increased by three times during exercise, over its value at rest. Calculate by
how many times the blood volume pumped per minute before exercise increased during
exercise.
Show your working.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) During exercise, blood flow to the muscles is increased. Explain why muscles require
more blood during exercise.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total : 7]
© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04
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3 Fig. 3.1 shows the life cycle of a species of Schistosoma.

adult worms mate in blood vessels

of the bladder and lay eggs

eggs pass out

larvae penetrate skin in urine
when person enters water
or enter via gut if the water
is swallowed

eggs hatch if
deposited in
thousands of short-lived water to form the
cercaria larvae released on miracidium larvae
death of snails

larvae enter water snails

and reproduce asexually
Fig. 3.1
(a) Using Fig. 3.1, suggest three ways by which the spread of Schistosoma can be reduced.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

3. .................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Explain how the following adaptations increase the Schistosoma’s chances of success.

1. Cercaria larvae are released from the snail during daylight hours.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

2. Adult worms coat themselves with molecules taken from the host’s red blood cells.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) A course of drugs can kill the worms in people, but the disease remains widespread.
Suggest a reason for this.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 7]
© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04 [Turn over
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4 Table 4.1 summarises typical daily gains and losses of water in a person living in Britain.

Table 4.1

water gain / litre water loss / litre

sweating 0.50
food 0.75
drinks 1.50 lungs 0.38
metabolic water 0.25 faeces 0.12

urine .........

total 2.50 2.50

(a) (i) Calculate the volume of water lost in the urine and enter it into Table 4.1. [1]

(ii) Where in the gut is most water absorbed? ..........................................................[1]

(b) Metabolic water is produced during respiration. Complete the following word equation to
show this.

glucose + ............................. = ............................. + ............................. + energy release. [2]

(c) In what ways would heavy exercise alter these figures for water loss in the table?

1. lungs ............................................................................................................................

2. urine ........................................................................................................................[2]

[Total : 6]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows how an experiment was set up to find out the effects of pH on the activity of
salivary amylase.

A B C

each tube contains

5 cm3 starch solution
and 0.5 cm3 amylase
solution.

pH 4 pH 7 pH 9

Fig. 5.1

Each tube was set up and its pH adjusted to the value shown. The amylase solution was
added to each tube at the same time to begin the reaction. At one minute intervals a drop of
solution was taken from each tube and added to a drop of iodine solution on a white tile. The
results are shown in Fig. 5.2 below.

time taken / min tube

A B C
1 key: blue black
2 colourless
3
white tile
4
5 drops of iodine
plus solution

Fig. 5.2

(a) Explain fully the results in each of the three tubes A, B and C.

A .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

B .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

C .......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[6]

(b) This experiment was performed at 20 °C. Suggest how long tube B would have taken to
complete the reaction, if the temperature had been 30 °C.

.......................................................... min. [1]

[Total : 7]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows part of the arm and shoulder.

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1, use label lines and numbers 1 to 4 to identify:

1 one hinge joint,
2 one ball and socket joint,
3 a place where blood cells are made,
4 a place where cartilage may be found. [4]

[Total : 4]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04

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Examiner’s
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7 Fig. 7.1 shows two cells, V and W, one dividing by mitosis, the other by meiosis.

Cell V Cell W

Fig. 7.1

(a) Use Fig. 7.1 to state three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Cell W is from a man. State the name of the cells he forms by meiosis.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 4]

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

 12

Section B

Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

8 (a) Describe what happens during the process of breathing in. [7]

(b) Name the pathogen that causes tuberculosis and explain how it is spread through air. [3]

(c) Explain how the risk of catching tuberculosis may be reduced. [3]

(d) Explain the role of mass X-ray in the fight against tuberculosis. [2]

9 (a) Describe the parts played by the ovary and oviduct in the process of reproduction. [6]

(b) Describe how oxygen from the air reaches the tissues of the fetus. [5]

(c) Explain how the fetus is protected from physical damage while in the uterus. [4]

Question 10 is in the form of an Either / Or question. Only answer question 10 Either or question 10 Or.

10 Either

(a) Explain the dangers to human health when sewage is left untreated. [5]

(b) Car exhaust contains oxides of nitrogen. State two other pollutants from car exhaust and for
each one explain why it is damaging to health. [6]

(c) Describe how you would test a sample of water to see if it contained bacteria. [4]

Or

(a) Explain how the body prevents glucose levels in the blood from rising too high after a meal.
[5]

(b) State two chemical substances that enter the kidney in the blood and for each one explain
what happens to it in the kidney. [6]

(c) Describe how you would test a sample of urine for glucose. [4]

Every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. UCLES) are aware that third-party material has been reproduced.
The publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2004 5096/02/M/J/04