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TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE

1. The Present Tense (Timpul Prezent)


A. The Present Simple Tense:

I. ÎNTREBUINŢARE:

1. Pentru a descrie o acţiune care se repetă în mod regulat:


Pupils go to school every day. = Elevii merg la şcoală în fiecare zi.
Do you read every day? = Citeşti zilnic?

2. Pentru a exprima un obicei:


Tom sleeps a lot. = Tom doarme mult.
She doesn't smoke. = Ea nu fumează.

3. Pentru a exprima un adevăr general, de exemplu o lege a fizicii:


Water freezes at 0 degrees. = Apa îngheaţă la 0 grade.
The Earth spins around the Sun. = Pământul se învârte în jurul soarelui.

4. Pentru a reda o succesiune de evenimente scurte:


He unlocks the door, comes in and takes off his shoes near the door. = El descuie uşa, intră şi se descalţă lângă uşă.

5. Pentru a exprima o acţiune programată în viitor, în special atunci când se specifică momentul
producerii ei:
The plane leaves at four o'clock. = Avionul pleacă la ora patru.
We go to the cinema tonight. = Mergem la cinema diseară.

6. Cu anumite verbe:
- verbe care exprimă un sentiment (love, hate, prefer, like, dislike...); ex: I like dogs. = Imi plac câinii.
- verbe care nu presupun noţiunea de durată ( seem, want, belong, know, mean, wish)
Ex: You know him. = Tu îl cunoşti pe el.
- verbe care redau cuvintele cuiva ( say, tell, ask, answer); ex: What does she mean? = Ce vrea ea să spuna?

II. FORMARE

1. Forma afirmativă: Subiect + Verb


I write = Eu scriu
You write =Tu scrii
We write = Noi scriem
They write = Voi scrieţi
He writes = El scrie
She writes - (la persoana a III-a singular se adaugă terminaţia –s)
• Verbele terminate in -s, -ch, -sh, adaugă –es: watch – she watches ;
• Y (precedat de consoană) se transformă in ie+s: study – he studies

2. Forma interogativă: Do / Does (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + Verb ?


Do I write? = Scriu eu?
Do you write?
Does he write? = Scrie el?
Does she write? - (verbul nu mai are terminaţia –s; Numai auxiliarul se conjugă!)
Do we write?
Do you write?
Do they write?
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3. Forma negativă: Subiect + do not (don't) / does not (doesn't - pentru pers. a III-a sg) +Verb

I do not (don't) write = Eu nu scriu


You don't write
He doesn't write = El nu scrie
She does not (doesn't) write - (verbul nu mai are terminaţia –s; Numai auxiliarul se conjugă!)
We don't write
You don't write
They don't write

EXERCISES:

1. Write the he/she/it form of these verbs (terminaţia persoanei a III-a singular):

1 read - reads = citeşte 7 push - =


2 repair - = 8 do - =
3 watch - = 9 think - =
4 listen - = 10 kiss - =
5 carry - = 11 buy - =
6 have - = 12 go - =

2. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of these verbs and translate into Romanian.
Verbs: boil-close-cost-cost-go-have-like-meet-open-smoke-speak-teach-wash

1. She’s very clever. She speaks four foreign languages. = Ea este foarte inteligentă. Ea vorbeşte 4 limbi străine.
2. Steve _________ ten cigarettes a day. =
3. We usually _______ dinner at 7 o’clock. =
4. I _________ films. I often _______ to the cinema. =
5. Water ________ at 100 degrees Celsius. =
6. In Britain the banks __________ at 9:30 in the morning. =
7. The City Museum __________ at 5 o’clock every evening. =
8. Food is expensive. It __________ a lot of money. =
9. Shoes are expensive. They _________ a lot of money. =
10. Tina is a teacher. She __________ mathematics to young children. =
11. Your job is very interesting. You ___________ a lot of people. =
12. Peter _________ his hair twice a week. =

3. Write the negative form and translate into Romanian:

1. I play the piano very well. – I don’t play the piano very well. = Eu nu cânt foarte bine la pian.
2. Jack plays the piano very well. – Jack _______ play the piano very well. =
3. You know the answer. – You …………………………………............
4. She works very hard. - ………………………………………………..
5. They do the same thing every day. - ……………………………………………

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4. Write the opposite (positive or negative) and translate into Romanian:

1. I understand. – I don’t understand. = Eu nu înţeleg.


2. He doesn’t smoke. – He smokes. = El fumează.
3. They know. – They ….…………………… = ………………………………
4. She loves him. - …………………………………… = ……………………………….
5. They speak English. - ……………………………………………
6. I don’t want it. - ………………………………………………….
7. She doesn’t want them. - ………………………………………..
8. He lives in Rome. - …………………………………………………

5. Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use: don’t/doesn’t + one of these verbs; translate
the sentences into Romanian.
Verbs: cost-drive-go-know-play-see-sell-smoke-wash-wear

1. Have a cigarette! No, thank you. I don’t smoke. = Serveşte o ţigară! Nu mulţumesc. Nu fumez.
2. They _______________ newspapers in that shop. =
3. She has a car, but she ___________________ very often. =
4. I like films but I _____________ to the cinema very often. =
5. He smells because he _________________ very often. =
6. It’s a cheap hotel. It _________________ much to stay here. =
7. He likes football but he ____________________ very often. =
8. I ________________ much about politics. =
9. She is married but she __________________ a ring. =
10. He lives near our house but we _________________ him very often. =

6. You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do/Does…? and translate into Romanian:

1. I work hard. And you? Do you work hard? = Eu muncesc din greu. Şi tu? Tu munceşti din greu?
2. I play tennis. And your brother? Does he play tennis? = Eu joc tennis. Şi fratele tău? Joacă el tennis?
3. I play the violin. And Ana? _________________________? =
4. I know the answer. And your friends? ________________________? =
5. I like hot water. And you? ____________________________ =
6. I smoke. And your father? __________________________________ =
7. I do exercises every morning. And them? _________________________________ =
8. I speak English. And your sister? _______________________________ =

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7. These questions begin with Where/What/How…? Translate into Romanian:

1. I wash my hair twice a week (how often/you?) How often do you wash your hair?
= Eu mă spăl pe cap de 2 ori pe săptămână. Cât de des te speli pe cap ?
2. I live in London. (where/you?) ________________________________________ ?
=
3. He watches TV every day (how often/he?) _____________________________________________ ?
=
4. We have lunch at home. (where/you?) __________________________________________________ ?
=
5. They get up at 7:30. (what time/you?) __________________________________________ ?
=
6. She goes to the cinema a lot. (how often/she?) __________________________________________ ?
=
7. He goes to work by bus. (how/he?) ____________________________________________ ?
=

8. Use the verbs in the list to make questions. Use the words in brackets; translate into Romanian.
Verbs: cost-do-do-go-have-like-play-rain-smoke-speak

1. (he) Does he often play volleyball? – Yes, he’s a very good player.
= El joacă volei deseori? – Da, el este un foarte bun jucător.
2. (you) Excuse me, _______________________ English ? – Yes, a little.
=
3. (you) What ___________________ ? – I’m a secretary.
=
4. (your sister) What _____________________________ ? – She works in a shop.
=
5. (she) _____________________________ ? – Yes, 20 cigarettes a day.
=
6. (it) How often ______________________ in summer ? – Not often. It’s usually dry.
=
7. (you) ______________________ dancing ? – Yes, I love it.
=
8. (they) What time ___________ usually _____ to bed ? – 10 o’clock.
=
9. (you) What ____________ usually _______ for breakfast ? – Toast and coffee.
=
10. (it) How much _____________________ to stay at this hotel ? – 30 euros a night.
=
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9. Write positive or negative short answers (Yes, he does / No, I don’t etc.).

1. Do you smoke? – No I don’t.


2. Do you live in a big city? – _________________
3. Do you drink a lot of coffee? – ___________________
4. Does your mother speak English? – ___________________
5. Do you play a musical instrument? – ________________________
6. Does it rain a lot where you live? – ____________________

10. Translate the sentences into English and then turn them into the negative and interrogative forms:

1. Noi ne scriem tema în fiecare zi. = We write our homework every day.
interrogative: Do we write our homework every day?
negative: We don’t write our homework every day.

2. De obicei, ea merge la şcoală la ora 8. =


interrogative:
negative:
3. Ei înoată adesea în lacul acela. =
interrogative:
negative:
4. Tu întotdeauna zâmbeşti. =
interrogative:
negative:
5. Helen se uită la film în fiecare seară. =
interrogative:
negative:
6. Copiii se joacă cu mingea în fiecare dimineaţă. =
interrogative:
negative:
7. Eu citesc de obicei după-masa. =
interrogative:
negative:
8. Alex vorbeşte întotdeauna cu mine. =
interrogative:
negative:
9. Chris lipseşte des de la ore. =
interrogative:
negative:
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10. Noi avem o maşină mare şi el are o bicicletă nouă. =
interrogative:
negative:
11. Elevul spune poezia şi cântă un cântec frumos. =
interrogative:
negative:
12. Voi mâncaţi de obicei la acest restaurant. =
interrogative:
negative:
13. Băiatul desenează deseori pe caietul lui. =
interrogative:
negative:
14. Eu locuiesc în casa aceea. =
interrogative:
negative:
15. Tata conduce maşina aceasta. =
interrogative:
negative:
16. Uneori, eu călătoresc cu avionul. =
interrogative:
negative:
17. Mama şede întotdeauna pe acest fotoliu. =
interrogative:
negative:
18. Fetele acelea fac de obicei mult zgomot. =
interrogative:
negative:
19. Eu fac jogging în fiecare zi. =
interrogative:
negative:
20. De obicei el se trezeşte foarte devreme dimineaţa. =
interrogative:
negative:

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B. The Present Continuous Tense:

I. ÎNTREBUINŢARE:

1. Pentru a descrie o acţiune in curs de desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii; În acest caz, este insoţit adesea
de o indicaţie temporală, cum ar fi: now, at the moment.
Look! He's washing his car. = Priveşte! El îşi spală maşina.
What are you doing there? = Ce faci acolo?

2. Pentru a descrie poziţiile corpului:


She's standing. = Ea stă în picioare.
He's leaning against a wall. = El stă sprijinit de un perete.

3. Când e vorba de o actiune viitoare, prevăzută sau programată:


They're buying a new house in May. = Ei îşi cumpără o casă nouă în luna mai.
What are you doing next Monday? = Ce faci lunea viitoare?

4. Când e vorba de ceva care s-ar putea produce în orice moment:


He looks funny when he's playing his trumpet. = Arată comic atunci când cântă la trompetă.

5. Impreună cu always, pentru a exprima iritarea sau dezaprobarea:


She's always coming in when we talk something important. = Întotdeauna trebuie să intre în cameră fix când vorbim noi
lucruri importante.

II. FORMARE

1. Forma afirmativă: Subiect + aux. TO BE (la prezent) + VB-ing


I'm running = Eu alerg
You're running
He's running
We're running
They're running

2. La forma interogativă se inversează ordinea dintre subiect şi aux. TO BE:


Am I running? = alerg eu?
Are you running?
Is he running?
Is she running?
Are we running?
Are you running?
Are they running?

3. La forma negativă cuvântul not precedat de auxiliar apare de cele mai multe ori în forma sa
contrasă (dar niciodata dupa am):
I' m not running = Eu nu alerg
You aren't running
He isn't running
She isn't running
We aren't running
You aren't running
They aren't running

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EXERCISES:

1. Puneţi verbele din paranteze la timpul Prezentul Continuu; Traduceţi în limba română:

Exemplu:
Diana (play) with Tim now.
- Diana is playing with Tim now. = Diana se joacă cu Tim acum.

1. Everybody (wear) blue T-shirts today.


-
2. I (listen) to classical music at this moment.
-
3. What (do) mother in the kitchen?
-
4. We (organize) a study trip this week.
-
5. Our colleagues (plan) a surprise party for John's birthday these days.
-
6. I (meet) with my best friend at the cinema tonight.
-
7. My father (work) in the garage now.
-
8. This week, you (go) to the theatre with your geography teacher.
-
9. At this moment, in Bucharest, it (rain).
-
10. My friends (travel) to Egypt this week.
-

2. Corectaţi afirmaţiile false ca în exemplul următor:

Exemplu:
Jim is playing basketball. (watch TV)
- No, Jim is not playing basketball. Jim is watching TV.

1. Mother is cooking at this moment. (iron)


-
2. My brother is learning English now. (study French)
-
3. All my colleagues are working hard for their final exams these days. (plan their holiday)
-
4. The cat is climbing the tree now. (eat a mouse)
-
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5. I am taking some photos for my album. (read a book)
-
6. You are drinking Coke Cola now. (drink a coffee)
-
7. Joanna is swimming in the pool. (play volleyball on the beach)
-
8. I am making an apple-pie now. (do my homework)
-
9. It is raining today. (snow)
-
10. We are riding by bicycle to school. (go by bus)
-

3. Scrieţi forma interogativă a următoarelor propoziţii:

Exemplu:
I am having lunch at this moment.
- Am I having lunch at this moment?

1. We are playing cards.


-
2. Mother is washing dishes.
-
3. My brother is reading a newspaper.
-
4. We are serving breakfast.
-
5. They are decorating the Christmas tree.
-
6. My family is planning a trip to Maldive Islands these days.
-
7. Father is sleeping in the bedroom.
-
8. You are watching a horror movie.
-
9. Your sister is doing her homework.
-
10. I am sending a postcard in France now.
-

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4. Alegeţi verbul corect; folosiţi Prezentul Continuu:

1. We ........................................... basketball in the schoolyard. a) play; b) prepare; c) ski


2. They ......................................... a movie in the dining-room. a) watch; b) play; c) eat
3. My friends and I ........................................... some flowers in the garden. a) read; b) water; c) travel
4. I ............................................. my homework at math. a) do; b) make; c) give
5. You ......................................... a novel to your little brother. a) read; b) create; c) put
6. The poet .................................. a poem about love at this moment. a) create; b) give; c) look
7. I ............................................... after my lost cat. a) look; b) search; c) spend
8. ........ we ............... to the cinema tonight? a) go; b) watch; c) eat
9. The sun ..................................... brightly. a) show; b) shine; c) rain
10. My friends .................................. on a picnic without me. a) go; b) play; c) read

5. Corectaţi forma greşită a verbului; Traduceţi în limba română:

Exemplu:
I am makeing an apple-pie.
Correct: I am making an apple-pie. = Pregătesc o plăcintă cu mere.

1. Mary is comeing from Italy today.


Correct:
2. We are siting in the living-room.
Correct:
3. He is geting off the bus at the first station.
Correct:
4. My brother isn't writeing poems.
Correct:
5. You aren't plaing with kids.
Correct:
6. They are leaveing Bucharest tomorrow evening.
Correct:
7. He is comeing tonight to see me.
Correct:
8. She is haveing lunch at this moment.
Correct:
9. Are you flyng to New York next week?
Correct:

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6. Translate the sentences into English and then turn them into the negative and interrogative forms:

Exemplu :
Tu te uiţi la acoperişul casei. = You are looking at the roof of the house.
interrogative: Are you looking at the roof of the house?
negative: You aren’t looking at the roof of the house.

1. Elevul desenează pe coperta cărţii. =


interrogative:
negative:
2. Noi citim această carte. =
interrogative:
negative:
3. Ea părăseşte oraşul Sibiu. =
interrogative:
negative:
4. Tom conduce o maşină mare şi albă. =
interrogative:
negative:
5. Voi cumpăraţi 13 prăjituri. =
interrogative:
negative:
6. Băieţii şed la masă şi fetele beau lapte. =
interrogative:
negative:
7. Elevul spune o poezie. =
interrogative:
negative:
8. Băiatul ia penarul de pe pat. =
interrogative:
negative:
9. Avionul aterizează în acest moment. =
interrogative:
negative:
10. Mama mea plăteşte pentru pantofii aceştia. =
interrogative:
negative:
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11. Ei se uită la tine. =
interrogative:
negative:
12. Tu citeşti ziarul şi copiii se joacă în grădină. =
interrogative:
negative:
13. Profesorul scrie 12 cuvinte pe tablă. =
interrogative:
negative:
14. Eu încerc să vorbesc cu unchiul meu la telefon. =
interrogative:
negative:
15. Fetele înoată în piscină. =
interrogative:
negative:
16. Bunicii mei pescuiesc. =
interrogative:
negative:
17. Soţul ei lucrează acum. =
interrogative:
negative:
18. Fiicele noastre învaţă pentru examen. =
interrogative:
negative:
19. Oaspeţii noştri servesc cina în acest moment. =
interrogative:
negative:
20. Soldaţii se pregătesc pentru parada militară. =
interrogative:
negative:

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2. The Past Tense (Timpul Trecut)
A. Past Tense Simple:
I. ÎNTREBUINŢARE:
1. Pentru a descrie activităţi terminate care s-au petrecut în trecut:
She was in France 2 years ago. = Ea a fost în Franţa acum 2 ani.
We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago. = Noi am cumpărat o maşină de spălat acum 2 săptămâni.

2. Pentru a exprima acţiuni încheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat în trecut :
They were in England in 1981. = Ei au fost în Anglia în 1981.
I left Bucharest in April 1994. = Am plecat din Bucureşti in aprilie 1994.

II. EXPRESII cu care se foloseşte adesea Trecutul Simplu:


yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago,
last year, last week, the day before yesterday
Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago. = Diana a mers în Belgia acum 3 ani.
I was having lunch at this time yesterday. = Ieri pe vreme asta luam prânzul.
They played football 2 hours ago. = Ei s-au jucat fotbal acum 2 ore.
Paul taught English and French 3 months ago. = Paul a predat engleza şi franceza acum 3 luni.
She left town the day before yesterday. = Ea a părăsit oraşul alaltăieri.

III. FORMARE
1. Forma afirmativă: Subiect + Vb.forma II (sau terminatia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate)
I wrote a book last year. = Am scris o carte anul trecut.
He went to a football game last week. = El a mers la un meci de fotbal săptămâna trecută.
We played in the park yesterday. = Noi ne-am jucat în parc ieri.

2. Forma interogativă : Did + Subiect + Vb.forma I ?


Did you write a book last year? = Ai scris o carte anul trecut?
Did he go to a football game last week? = A mers el la un meci de fotbal săptămâna trecută?
Did you play in the park yesterday? = V-aţi jucat în parc ieri ?

3. Forma negativă : Subiect + didn't + Vb.forma I .


I didn't write a book last year. = Eu n-am scris o carte anul trecut.
He didn't go to a football game last week. = El n-a mers la un meci de fotbal săptămâna trecută.
We didn't play in the park yesterday. = Noi nu ne-am jucat în parc ieri.

a) VERBE NEREGULATE – IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere


to awake awoke awoke a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naşte
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a începe
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bleed bled bled a sângera
to blow blew blown a sufla

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to break broke broken a sparge
to bring brought brought a aduce
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to buy bought bought a cumpăra
to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to cut cut cut a tăia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to do did done a face
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce maşina
to eat ate eaten a mânca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrăni
to feel felt felt a simţi
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a găsi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grow grew grown a creşte
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a ţine
to hurt hurt hurt a răni
to keep kept kept a păstra
to know knew known a şti, a cunoaşte
to lay laid laid a aşeza
to lead led led a conduce
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a învăţa
to leave left left a lăsa, a părăsi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat

14
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a însemna
to meet met met a întâlni
to pay paid paid a plăti
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a căuta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a fixa, a regla
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clătina
to shave shaved shaven a se bărbieri
to show showed shown a arăta
to shut shut shut a închide
to sing sang sung a cânta
to sit sat sat a sta (pe scaun)
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to spend spent spent a petrece, a cheltui
to stand stood stood a sta în picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to swim swam swum a înota
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a învăţa, a preda
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gândi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to understand understood understood a înţelege
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to win won won a câştiga
to write wrote written a scrie

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EXERCISES:

1. Scrieţi forma corectă a verbului din paranteză la Trecutul Simplu ; Traduceţi în limba română:

1. I (watch) a horror movie yesterday evening.


- I watched a horror movie yesterday evening. = M-am uitat la un film de groază ieri seară.
2. Mary (play) in the garden with her dog yesterday morning.
-
3. Two days ago, John (go) with his mother at the doctor.
-
4. Mary (talk) a lot during the French lesson.
-
5. My mother (wash) many clothes yesterday evening.
-
6. I (do not enjoy) the movie last night.
-
7. I (solve) the Math problem very quickly.
-
8. I (prepare) my luggage yesterday.
-
9. I (be) at school when you called me.
-
10. When you were young, you (live) in the countryside.
-

2. Folosiţi cuvintele din paranteze pentru a realiza propoziţii negative precum în exemplu:

Exemplu:
Mary liked the apple pie. (the soup)
- Mary liked the apple pie, but she didn't like the soup.

1. I played in the schoolyard. (in the garden)


-
2. My friend went to the mountain. (to the seaside)
-
3. I travelled abroad 2 days ago. (1 month ago)
-
4. Yesterday I visited Mr. Peterson. (Mrs. Smith)
-
5. During lunch, I listened to a football game on the radio. (music)
-
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6. You called me at 10 o'clock a.m. (12 o'clock)
-
7. I arrived at home early in the morning. (in the afternoon)
-
8. You received a computer on your birthday. (a car)
-
9. It rained 2 days ago. (last week)
-
10. Mike repaired his car. (bicycle)
-

3. Treceţi la Trecutul Simplu verbele neregulate de mai jos, precum în exemplu;

Exemplu:
I leave school at 2 o'clock yesterday.
- I left school at 2 o'clock yesterday.

1. I eat a delicious soup at the restaurant 2 days ago.


-
2. My family buy a new car 3 months ago.
-
3. I read a very interesting novel yesterday evening.
-
4. Mary speak with her English teacher last week, about her exams.
-
5. Last Monday, John write to his mother a letter.
-
6. Last winter, I make a beautiful snowman in front of the house.
-
7. You give your sister a necklace for her birthday.
-
8. Last year, Tim become a doctor.
-
9. Mrs. Thompson teach Spanish and English every Monday and Wednesday.
-
10. Father come from the office late at noon.
-

17
4. Treceţi următoarele verbe la Trecutul Simplu:

Exemplu:
I see - I saw
I watch - I watched

1. I sleep - 6. He doesn't feel -


2. He plays - 7. I meet -
3. He run - 8. He catches -
4. You speak - 9. You wake up -
5. They don't read - 10. They leave -

5. Raspundeţi la următoarele întrebări conform precizărilor din paranteze (vezi exemplu)


Traduceţi în limba română:

Exemplu:
When did she leave Bucharest? (2 years ago)
- She left Bucharest 2 years ago. = Ea a plecat din Bucureşti acum 2 ani.

1. Where did you sleep last night? (at Cathy's)


-
2. When did you read this book? (3 weeks ago)
-
3. When did you find out about Susan's problems? (last Monday)
-
4. Where did you meet your friends? (in the park)
-
5. When did she study French (2 years ago)
-
6. Where did he work last year (in a bank)
-
7. When did they divorce? (4 years ago)
-
8. How did she die? (in a train accident)
-
9. Who was Mihai Eminescu? (a great Romanian poet)
-
10. When was he born? (in 1973)
-

18
6. Translate the sentences into English and then turn them into the negative and interrogative forms:
Exemplu :
El a devenit un bun doctor. = He became a good doctor.
interrogative: Did he become a good doctor?
negative: He didn’t become a good doctor.

1. Tu ai început sa scrii. =
interrogative:
negative:
2. Eu am adus aici o cutie cu fructe ieri. =
interrogative:
negative:
3. Ea a cumpărat prea multă mâncare. =
interrogative:
negative:
4. Noi am prins câţiva peşti. =
interrogative:
negative:
5. Voi aţi ales maşina aceea. =
interrogative:
negative:
6. Ele au venit acasă târziu. =
interrogative:
negative:
7. Ei au tăiat hârtia. =
interrogative:
negative:
8. Eu am făcut câteva exerciţii. =
interrogative:
negative:
9. Tu ai desenat flori. =
interrogative:
negative:
10. Televizorul a costat foarte mult. =
interrogative:
negative:
19
11. Câinele a băut toată apa. =
interrogative:
negative:
12. Am visat că eram toţi la munte. =
interrogative:
negative:
13. Voi aţi condus până la Bucureşti. =
interrogative:
negative:
14. Fiicele mele au mâncat ieri numai dulciuri. =
interrogative:
negative:
15. Nepoţii mei au căzut peste gard. =
interrogative:
negative:
16. Noi am hrănit animalele în fiecare zi. =
interrogative:
negative:
17. Laura şi-a găsit în sfârşit geanta. =
interrogative:
negative:
18. Avionul a zburat 10 ore. =
interrogative:
negative:
19. Noi am uitat că trebuia să venim la ora 7. =
interrogative:
negative:
20. Doctorul a încercat să salveze pacientul. =
interrogative:
negative:

20
B. Past Tense Continuous:

I. ÎNTREBUINŢARE:
1. Pentru a exprima o acţiune în desfăşurare ce a avut loc în trecut :
She was playing in her room at this time yesterday. = Ea se juca în camera ei pe vremea aceasta ieri.
They were listening music at this time last Saturday. = Ei ascultau muzică sâmbătă la ora aceasta.

2. Pentru a exprima o acţiune repetată de-a lungul unei perioade de timp :


Did she ask any questions? = A pus multe întrebări?
Oh, she was asking questions all the time. = Oh, ea punea întrebări tot timpul.
Did he buy any sweets? = A cumpărat dulciuri?
Oh, he was buying sweets all the time. = Oh, el cumpăra dulciuri tot timpul.

II. EXPRESII cu care se foloseşte adesea Trecutul Continuu:


at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day….
Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday. = Tom scria nişte scrisori pe vremea aceasta ieri.
She was playing guitar from 6 to 8 o'clock. = Ea cânta la chitară de la ora 6 la 8.
They were laughing all day. = Ei râdeau toată ziua.

III. FORMARE:
1. Forma afirmativă: Subiect + was (pers. I/III sg.) / were + Vb-ing
I was learning a poem at this time yesterday. = Învăţam o poezie pe vremea aceasta ieri.
You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday. = Tu udai florile pe vremea aceasta ieri.
They were mending the radio at this time yesterday. = Ei reparau radio-ul pe vremea aceasta ieri.

2. Forma interogativă: Was (pers. I/III sg.) / were + Subiect + Vb-ing ?


Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday? = Învaţam eu poezie pe vremea aceasta ieri?
Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday? = Udai tu florile pe vremea aceasta ieri?
Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday? = Reparau ei radio-ul pe vremea aceasta ieri?

3. Forma negativă: Subiect + wasn’t (pers. I/III sg.) / weren’t + Vb-ing


I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday. = Eu nu învăţam o poezie pe vremea aceasta ieri.
You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday. = Tu nu udai florile pe vremea aceasta ieri.
They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday. = Ei nu reparau radio-ul pe vremea aceasta ieri.

EXERCISES:
1. Spune ce făcea fiecare pe vremea aceasta, marţea trecuta:
Exemplu: Father was in the living-room. (watch) - Father was watching TV.

1. My mother was in the kitchen. (cook) -


2. Daniel was in the garden. (water flowers) -
3. Grandma was in the bedroom. (sleep) -
4. Their friends were at the disco. (dance) -
5. Aunt Mary and uncle John were in the garage. (repair car) -
2. Ieri dimineaţă, toţi elevii din clasa a şasea erau în clasă şi se pregăteau pentru testul de la
matematică. Spune ce făcea fiecare când a intrat profesorul. Traduceţi în limba română:

Exemplu: Ana and Mary / clean the blackboard.


- Ana and Mary were cleaning the blackboard. = Ana şi Maria ştergeau tabla.

1. Christian / talk to his desk mate. -


21
2. Victor / repeat some geometry formulas.
-
3. Diana and Helen / look at some exercises.
-
4. George / read the math lesson.
-
5. Andreea / write her homework.
-
3. Treceţi verbele la Trecutul Continuu:
Exemplu: We are reading Shakespeare now. - We were reading Shakespeare at this time yesterday, too.

1. Father is fixing the car in the garage. -


2. Timothy is painting the wall now. -
3. Grandpa and Grandma are watching a movie now. -
4. Students are learning new Spanish words now. -
5. The boys are trying to fix a bicycle now. -

4. Treceţi verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu. Traduceţi în limba română:


Exemplu: She (sing) for 2 hours yesterday.
- She was singing for 2 hours yesterday. = Ea cânta timp de 2 ore ieri.

1. Tom (practice) in the language lab from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. yesterday.


-
2. Mother (cook) all day yesterday.
-
3. My friends (watch) TV for 6 hours yesterday.
-
4. Pupils (study) Spanish from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m.
-
5. From 3 to 5 I (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.
-
5. Treceţi verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu. Aceste verbe exprimă o acţiune trecută
care a avut loc o perioadă mai lunga de timp.
Exemplu: I (work) in a restaurant in the centre of the city.
- I was working in a restaurant in the centre of the city.

1. I (live) in an old building. -


2. Mother (visit) me twice a week. -
3. I (share) my room with 2 girls. –
4. I (work) on Saturdays twice a month. -
5. I had a very good friend, Tom, and he (work) in the same restaurant with me.
-
22
6. Translate the sentences into English and then turn them into the negative and interrogative forms:

Exemplu :
Tu citeai mult când erai adolescent. = You were reading a lot when you were a teenager.
interrogative: Were you reading a lot when you were a teenager?
negative: You weren’t reading a lot when you were a teenager.

1. Noi întotdeauna mergeam la culcare la ora 9. =


interrogative:
negative:
2. Mama căra multe bagaje ieri cand am întâlnit-o. =
interrogative:
negative:
3. Copilul era singur şi plângea. =
interrogative:
negative:
4. Colegii mei pescuiau în fiecare vacanţă de vară. =
interrogative:
negative:
5. Ei munceau în fiecare zi în timp ce ea muncea mai rar. =
interrogative:
negative:
6. Muncitorii işi curăţau întotdeauna uneltele după ce le foloseau. =
interrogative:
negative:
7. Când eram tânăr, petreceam mult timp cu prietenii mei. =
interrogative:
negative:
8. Bunicul venea în fiecare lună şi îi aducea jucării lui Timmy. =
interrogative:
negative:
9. Când l-am vazut ultima oară, el pleca din oraş. =
interrogative:
negative:
10. Artiştii repetau înainte ca spectacolul să înceapă. =
interrogative:
negative:

23
3. The Future Simple Tense (Timpul Viitor)
I. ÎNTREBUINŢARE:
1. Viitorul Simplu îl folosim în legătura cu aşteptări, predicţii, opinii sau presupuneri care se vor
desfăşura în viitor.
Don't worry. She'll come back. = Nu te îngrijora. Se va întoarce.
My son will be ten next month. = Fiul meu va împlini zece ani luna viitoare.

2. Viitorul Simplu se foloseşte pentru a descrie acţiuni obişnuite ce vor avea loc în viitor.
Drivers will always have to pay their speed tickets. = Şoferii întotdeauna vor trebui să-şi achite amenzile pentru depăşirea
vitezei.
Babies will be born and old people will die, as usual. = Copii tot se vor naşte, şi bătrânii se vor stinge, ca de obicei.

3. Viitorul Simplu se foloseşte în cadrul propoziţiilor condiţionale de tip 1, precum şi în propoziţii


temporale.
We will punish him if he does it again. = Îl vom pedepsi dacă va mai face acel lucru din nou.
He will come home when he finishes his work. = El va veni acasă dupa ce işi va termina treaba.

4. Viitorul Simplu se foloseşte pentru a descrie acţiuni ce exprimă intenţia (mai ales cele luate în
momentul deciziei).
I will have some Pepsi, please. = Aş dori un Pepsi, vă rog.
I like this car. I will buy it. = Îmi place această maşină. O voi cumpăra.

II. FORMARE:
1. Forma afirmativă: Subiect + will+ Verb
I will come We will come
You will come You will come
He will come They will come

2. Forma interogativă: Will+ Subiect + Verb ?


Will I come ? Will we come ?
Will you come ? Will you come ?
Will he come ? Will they come ?

3. Forma negativă: Subiect + will not (won’t) + Verb


I will not come We will not come
You will not come You will not come
He will not come They will not come

EXERCISES:

1. Puneţi verbele din paranteze la Viitorul Simplu şi traduceţi în limba română:


Exemplu:
I (know) the results in three days’ time.
- I will know the results in three days’ time. = Voi afla rezultatele in 3 zile.

You (be) in London tomorrow.


-
You (recognize) him when you see him?
-
I (remember) this day all my life.
-
24
I am sure you (like) this book.
-
He (be) pleased if you invite him.
-
I am sure I (succeed).
-
You (remember) to post my letter?
-
I hope I (pass) the exam.
-
You (not find) a solution if you don’t know the whole truth.
-

2. « Where will you be »? Scrieţi propoziţii despre dvs. folosind: I’ll be / I’ll probably be / I don’t know
where I’ll be…
Exemplu:
(Tomorrow at 10 o’clock) I’ll probably be on the beach. / I’ll be at work / I don’t know where I’ll be

(An hour from now) ______________________________________________.


(At midnight) ______________________________________________.
(At 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon) ______________________________________________.
(Two years from now) ______________________________________________.

3. Scrieţi forma negativă:


Exemplu:
You’ll sleep. – You won’t sleep.

I’ll forget. – __________________.


It will happen. – __________________.
You’ll find out. – __________________.
She’ll come back. – __________________.

4. Scrieţi propoziţii la viitor care să înceapă cu “I think”:


Exemplu:
(Diana/pass the exam) – I think Diana will pass the exam.

(Jack/win the game) ______________________________________________.


(Sue/like her present) ______________________________________________.
(The weather/nice tomorrow) ______________________________________________.
(My friends/visit me next week) ______________________________________________.
(I/go on a trip next summer) ______________________________________________.
(We/wake up early tomorrow morning) ______________________________________________.

25
INTREBARI DISJUNCTIVE - TAG QUESTIONS

Redarea în limba engleză a întrebării „Nu-i asa?” se face în mod diferit, în funcţie de anumite
caracteristici ale propoziţiei stimul ( propoziţia după care este aşezată) şi anume:

1. Dacă în propoziţia stimul se află un verb auxiliar sau modal, acesta se repetă în întrebarea disjunctivă, la
semn invers.

+ -
Positive statement, negative tag?

Snow is white, isn't it?

- +
Negative statement, positive tag?

You don't like me, do you

Exemple:
Mary has finished her work, hasn’t she? = Mary şi-a terminat treaba, nu-i aşa?
You haven’t met her before, have you? = Tu n-ai mai întâlnit-o, nu-i aşa?

John can manage alone, can’t he? = John se descurcă singur, nu-i aşa?
She couldn’t come, could she? = Ea nu a putut veni, nu-i aşa?

2. Dacă în propoziţia stimul se află un verb obişnuit, în întrebarea disjunctivă se foloseşte verbul auxiliar
do la acelaşi timp şi la aceeaşi persoană.
Exemple:
Your mother baked these cakes, didn’t she? = Mama ta a făcut prăjiturile acestea, nu-i aşa?
Alice speaks English well, doesn’t she? = Alice vorbeşte bine engleza, nu-i aşa?
They don’t know each other, do they? = Ei nu se cunosc, nu-i aşa?
You didn’t come home late, did you? = Tu n-ai venit târziu, nu-i aşa?

3. Forma negativă a verbului auxiliar sau modal din întrebarea disjunctivă este întotdeauna contrasă ( isn’t,
didn’t, can’t, etc.) Forma negativă pentru persoana I sg. a verbului to be la prezent este fie “am I not?” fie, in
vorbirea curentă, familiară, “ain’t I?” [eint ai].
Exemplu:
I am a good dancer, am I not? (ain’t I?) = Eu sunt un bun dansator, nu-i aşa?

4. Subiectul întrebării disjunctive este întotdeauna pronumele corespunzător subiectului propoziţiei stimul;
5. Întrebarea disjunctivă este desparţită de propoziţia stimul prin virgulă;
6. Intonaţia întrebării disjunctive urcă atunci când se aşteaptă un răspuns şi coboară atunci când aceasta este
o simplă constatare;
7. În cazul în care întrebarea disjunctivă este doar o exclamaţie (chiar aşa?, adevărat?) exprimând
surprindere, nemulţumire, bucurie etc., verbul auxiliar sau modal este folosit la acelaşi timp cu predicatul
propoziţiei stimul.
Exemple:
You will tell me, will you? (ameninţare) = Îmi vei spune, bine?
Oh, I am here at last, am I? ( bucurie) = Oh, în sfârşit am ajuns aici, sau nu?

26
8. Când propoziţia stimul este la modul imperativ, întrebarea disjunctivă este will you? sau shall we?
Exemple:
Let me have a look, will you? = Lasă-mă să mă uit, bine?
Have another cake, will you? = Mai serveşte o prăjitură, te rog?
Let’s go, shall we? = Haideţi să mergem, bine?

9. Dacă propoziţia stimul conţine cuvinte ca: neither, no, none, no one, nobody, nothing, scarcely, barely,
hardly ever, seldom, întrebarea disjunctivă este la afirmativ.
Exemplu:
Nothing was added, was it? = Nu s-a adăugat nimic, nu-i aşa?

10. Când subiectul propoziţiei stimul este: anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, neither, everyone,
somebody, someone, subiectul întrebării disjunctive este they.
Exemplu:
Nobody will go there, will they? = Nimeni nu se va duce acolo, nu-i aşa?

EXERCISES:

1. Adăugaţi întrebarea disjunctivă potrivită:

1. Teresa is an accountant, __________?


2. I am a good worker, _____________?
3. Pierre is a grandfather, ___________?
4. Kate is a doctor, ____________?
5. Jack and Alicia are students, _____________?
6. Mario is at work right now, ______________?
7. I'm here, _____________?
8. You and I are busy right now, ______________?
9. It's windy today, ____________?
10. I am ready for the next exercise, ___________?
11. Sabine was an actress, ___________?
12. I was very tired, ___________?
13. Alexander was a factory owner, ___________?
14. Monika was here, ___________?
15. Hanna and Alicia were students, ___________?
16. Mario was at work yesterday, ___________?
17. I was late, ___________?
18. You and I were busy last week, ___________?
19. It was windy today, ___________?
20. Hector was your neighbour, ___________?
21. Luciano Pavarotti was a great opera singer, ___________?
22. It isn't very cold today, ___________?
23. The children won't want to go to bed early, ___________?

2. Alegeţi întrebarea disjunctivă potrivită:

1. You wanted that, ___________?


a) would you
b) didn't you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you

27
2. He saw that, ___________?
a) is he
b) won't he
c) didn't he
d) doesn't he

3. You know that's right, ___________?


a) would you
b) wouldn't you
c) don't you
d) didn't you

4. He will be coming, ___________?


a) is he
b) did he
c) doesn't he
d) won't he

5. After all this time you'd think he'd have forgotten, ___________?
a) didn't you
b) wouldn't you
c) don't you
d) do you

6. The patient is suffering from severe fever he needs to see a doctor, ___________?
a) doesn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

7. You may think you know the answer but you don't, ___________?
a) don't you
b) would you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you

28
8. After working so hard he didn't deserve to fail the exam, ___________?
a) doesn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

9. You wouldn't report me, ___________?


a) don't you
b) would you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you

10. He isn't going to like this, ___________?


a) didn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

3. Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba engleză:

1. Eu îmi scriu tema în fiecare zi, nu-i aşa? =


2. Tu ai făcut exerciţii în fiecare săptămână, nu-i aşa? =
3. El se trezeşte de obicei la ora 8, nu-i aşa? =
4. Ana nu va citi o carte în fiecare lună, nu-i aşa? =
5. Noi nu vorbim engleză, nu-i aşa? =
6. Voi nu dormiţi mai mult decât ei, nu-i aşa? =
7. Ei mâncau aici de fiecare dată, nu-i aşa? =
8. Ea înoată în piscină acum, nu-i aşa? =
9. Noi nu vorbim în acest moment, nu-i aşa? =
10. El cântă foarte bine la pian, nu-i aşa? =
11. Dar el nu poate să cânte la vioară, nu-i aşa? =
12. Tu trebuie să bei mult lapte, nu-i aşa? =
13. Ea are mai multe cărţi decât tine, nu-i aşa? =
14. Voi puteţi înota foarte repede, nu-i aşa? =
15. Ei au rezolvat cel mai dificil exerciţiu, nu-i aşa? =

29
DIATEZA PASIVĂ – THE PASSIVE VOICE

■ Diateza pasivă se formează conjugând verbul to be la timpul cerut de sens, la care se adaugă forma
III (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat.

Exemple:
I am asked. = Eu sunt întrebat
I have been asked. = Eu am fost întrebat
I was asked. = Eu eram întrebat
I had been asked. = Eu fusesem întrebat
I will be asked. = Eu voi fi întrebat

■ În limba română, trecerea de la diateza activă la diateza pasivă se face prin transformarea
complementului direct în subiect.
Exemplu:
Activ: Directorul m-a chemat pe mine. → Pasiv: Eu am fost chemat de director.

■ În limba engleză, există 3 tipuri de complemente care pot deveni subiect in transformarea de la activ
la pasiv: complementul direct, complementul indirect şi, în unele cazuri, complementul prepoziţional.

Exemplu: Activ: I gave him a book. = I-am dat o carte.

(unde complementul direct este a book, iar complementul indirect este him ; ambele complemente pot deveni
subiecte in cazul trecerii la pasiv; desigur, subiectul va fi trecut la cazul nominativ.)
Exemple:
Complement direct – Subiect : A book was given to him. (by me) = O carte i s-a dat lui (de către mine).
Complement indirect – Subiect: He was given a book. (by me) = I s-a dat o carte (de către mine)

■ În propoziţia: In this office they insist on punctuality = În acest birou ei insită privind punctualitatea.
“punctuality“ este un complement prepoziţional, care, de asemenea, poate deveni subiect în cazul
folosirii diatezei pasive:
In this office punctuality is insisted on (by them). = În acest birou se insită pe punctualitate (de către ei)

■ Un alt exemplu de complement prepoziţional care poate deveni subiect.


Exemplu:
Active: She looked after the child. = Ea a ingrijit copilul
Passive: The child was looked after (by her). = Copilul a fost îngrijit (de către ea)

■ În multe cazuri, pasivul se foloseşte atunci când nu este important cine face acţiunea. În aceste
situaţii, se omite formularea by, de la sfârşitul propoziţiei.
Exemplu: In this office punctuality is insisted on.

Nota: Se poate folosi aspectul continuu al diatezei pasive numai la Present Tense si Past Tense.
Exemple:
While I am in hospital, my flat is being painted. = În timp ce sunt în spital, apartamentul meu este zugrăvit.
While I was in hospital, my flat was being painted. = În timp ce eram în spital, apartamentul meu era zugrăvit.

30
EXERCISES:

I. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă şi traduceţi în limba română:


1. They will finish the work today.
- The work will be finished today. = Treaba va fi terminată astăzi.

2. He has found your bag.


-
3. I will invite my friend to a party.
-
4. Someone has found the missing child.
-
5. A specialist will repair my TV set.
-
6. His co-workers must do something for him.
-
7. People play football all over the world.
-
8. The noise frightened me.
-
9. They are building a new house round the corner.
-
10. They were building a new supermarket in that district last month, when I passed by.
-

II. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă în două feluri, transformând atât
complementul direct cât şi cel indirect în subiecte:
1. The doctor prescribed some pills to the patient.
- Some pills were prescribed to the patient (by the doctor).
- The patient was prescribed some pills (by the doctor).

2. They have given me a nice present.


-
-
3. The policeman will show us the way.
-
-
4. I teach them English.
-
-

31
5. I have lent John two of my books.
-
-
6. The jury awarded the Romanian film director the Great Prize.
-
-
7. The guide showed the museum to the tourists.
-
-
8. They will give me a reward.
-
-
9. My friend doesn’t always tell me the truth.
-
-
10. The teacher asked me a difficult question.
-
-

III. Treceţi la diateza pasivă următoarele propoziţii care cuprind combinaţii verb+prepoziţie:
1. They didn’t look after the children properly.
- The child wasn’t looked after properly (by them)

2. We called for the doctor.


-
3. We couldn’t account for his odd behaviour.
-
4. Burglars broke into the house.
-
5. Don’t speak until someone speaks to you.
-
6. He hasn’t slept in his bed.
-
7. We laughed at John.
-
8. We objected to his proposal.
-
9. They set fire to the shed.
-
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IV. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă şi traduceţi în limba română:
1. Has someone repaired the TV set?
- Has the TV set been repaired? = A fost reparat televizorul?

2. Will you write the letter in ink?


-
3. Haven’t they told you to be here at 6 o’clock?
-
4. Did the tornado frighten you?
-
5. Will someone tell him the details?
-
6. Have you fed the dog?
-
7. Did the sight of the accident shock him?
-
8. Did they tell you about the meeting?
-
9. Do you think they will turn down your request?
-
10. Would you have finished your work sooner if your colleagues hadn’t interrupted you?
-

V. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă şi la diateza activă. Gasiţi subiecte acolo unde este
necesar:
1. This book will soon be forgotten.
– They will soon forget this book.

2. These books mustn’t be taken away.


-
3. English is spoken all over the world.
-
4. This painting is admired by all the visitors of the museum.
-
5. This house has been built out of stone and cement.
-
6. A reception was held in his honour.
-
7. The pupils will be told where to sit.
-

33
8. I was recommended a very good doctor.
-
9. The climber was finally discovered by the rescue party.
-
10. He hates being made fun of.
-

VI. Traduceţi în limba engleză:


1. În acest hotel se vorbesc limbi straine. = In this hotel foreign languages are spoken.

2. Ni s-a cerut să arătăm paşapoartele.


=
3. Ni s-au spus lucruri foarte interesante la conferinţă.
=
4. Evenimentul a fost comentat de toate ziarele.
=
5. Scrisoarea va fi pusă la poştă cât mai curând posibil.
=
6. Nu s-a auzit nimic despre el de când a plecat la Constanţa.
=
7. Această informaţie trebuie tratată confidenţial.
=
8. Sensurile cuvintelor noi trebuie căutate în dicţionar.
=
9. Când a ajuns acasă şi-a dat seama că i se furase portofelul.
=
10. Cursul profesorului a fost ascultat de toţi studenţii.
=
11. Ni se vor da instrucţiuni detaliate în privinţa referatului.
=
12. Se construiesc multe blocuri noi in cartierul nostru.
=
13. Muzeul a fost închis pentru reparaţii.
=
14. Acest timbru nu a fost bine lipit pe plic.
=
15. America a fost descoperită la sfârşitul secolului al XV-lea.
=

34

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