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1

Experiment 2: COLLOIDS

Score:

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Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. What is a colloid? How does it differ from other substances? [2 pts]

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2. How are the colloids classified? Describe each type of colloids and give examples. [8 pts]
Classes of Colloids Description Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2

3. Differentiate emulsoids and suspensoids. Give at least two (2) examples of each. [3 pts]

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4. What are the factors that contributed to the stability of a colloidal system? Why are they
important in maintaining the stability of a colloidal system? [4 pts]

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5. How do colloids acquire electrical charges? What experimental procedure can demonstrate
that colloidal particles are charged? [4 pts]

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6. What are the properties/characteristics of a colloidal system? How is it differentiated from true
solution and coarse suspension? Fill up the table below. [6 pts]
Properties Colloids Solutions Suspension
1
2
3
4
5
6

7. Describe the different ways to precipitate a colloid? Discuss the mechanism of precipitating
colloidal system. [6 pts]
3

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8. What is a protective colloid? How does a protective colloid function? Give at least three
examples of protective colloid? [6 pts]

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9. What is dialysis? Where do we need to use the principle of dialysis? What is the difference
between dialysis and osmosis? [3 pts]

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10. What is the significance of dialysis in the absorption of food particles through the intestinal
wall? [2 pts]

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11. Define the following terms:


a. hypotonic solution
4

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isotonic solution

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hypertonic solution

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d. plasmolysis

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e. plasmoptysis

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12. What is Donnan’s Theory? What is its important in biophysical chemistry?

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REFERENCES

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5

Experiment 2: COLLOIDS

Score:

____________________________________________________________________________
Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Description of the various prepared colloidal solution [5 pts]


Colloidal System Observation
Fe(OH)3 sol
Calcium acetate gel
Benzene/water
w/o detergent
w/ detergent
Cigarette smoke

Exploratory Question/s:

1. What kind of colloidal system is the Fe(OH)3 sol? How is it formed? What is/are the
expected characteristic/s of Fe(OH)3 sol? Is it lyophilic or a lyophobic system? [5 pts]

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2. What kind of colloidal system is the calcium acetate gel? How is it formed? What is/are
expected characteristic/s of the calcium acetate gel? [3 pts]

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3. What kind of colloidal system is the benzene/detergent mixture? How is it formed? What
is/are the expected characteristic/s emulsion? What is the role of detergent in the preparation of
this emulsion? Is emulsion the same ad emulsion? Why? Why not? [6 pts]

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4. How would you describe the smoke that was formed from the cigarette? What kind of
colloidal system does the cigarette smoke belongs? What is/are the expected characteristic/s of
this colloidal system? [3 pts]

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Table 2. Observed properties of colloidal system [7 pts]
Colloidal Properties Observation
Dialysis
Reaction w/ AgNO3
Reaction w/ I2/KI
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Particle Size
Fe(OH)3
Muddy water
CuSO4 solution
Adsorption
Color before filtration
Color after filtration
Tyndall effect
CuSO4 solution
5% albumin
Fe(OH)3 sol
Viscosity
Distilled water
5% albumin
Fe(OH)3 sol

Exploratory Question/s

5. What is proven by the result obtained with the reaction of silver nitrate with the water in
the beaker? With I2/KI? What is the meaning of semi-permeability? What is permeable and what
and what is not? What determines permeability? [5 pts]

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6. What is the Tyndall effect? How is Tyndall effect observed in this experiment? Which of
the four substances exhibit Tyndall effect? Why do they exhibit Tyndall effect? [4 pts]

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7. Account for the difference in color of the filtrate of aqueous methylene blue and that of the
original mixture. What is the importance of the principle of adsorption in colloidal system? What
determines the adsorbing power of a given adsorbent? Relate this to colloidal system. [4 pts]

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8. How do filterability distinguishes the particle size of the three given systems in the
experiment? [2 pts]

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9. What are the factor/s affecting viscosity of a substance? How would these factors account
for the observed viscosity difference of the substance used in the experiment? [3 pts]

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Table 3. Precipitation of Colloids: (a) the number of drops of electrolyte required to
precipitate a colloid; (b) appearance of precipitate formed when two colloids are mixed together
[3 pts]
Observation
(a) Precipitation by a electrolyte
Fe(OH)3 sol
5% gelatin

(b) Mutual precipitation


Gelatin + Fe(OH)3
9

Exploratory Question/s:

10. How can electrolytes promote the precipitation of colloids? Discuss the mechanism of
precipitation of colloid by an electrolyte? Which of the two colloids precipitate first? Why? [5 pts]

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11. How can a colloid promotes the precipitation of another colloid? Discuss the mechanism
of the mutual precipitation of colloids? [3 pts]

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Table 4. Demonstration of Donnan Membrane Equilibrium


System Before standing After standing
Water + NaOH

Gelatin + NaOH

Exploratory Question/s:

12. Account for the difference in the color of the two-solutions after 30 minutes. Why is the color
on one test tube lighter, and darker, and darker in another? What happens? What is meant by
Donnan Membrane equilibrium? [4 pts]

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REFERENCES:

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11

Experiment 3: CARBOHYDRATES

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST LAB ACTIVITY


RESULTS

Table 1. Reaction of different sugars with Molisch and Bial’s reagent


Sugar solution Observations

Molisch test Bial’s Test


5% fructose
5% galactose
5% arabinose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch
water

Exploratory Question/s:
12

1. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/ positive test with Molisch reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? Why do many proteins give a positive test with Molisch
reagent? What is the reaction involved in this test?

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2. Which of the sugar solution gave a negative/ positive test with Orcinol reagent? Why?
What is the purpose of this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the
reaction involved in this test?

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Table 2. Reaction of different sugars with an Oxidizing agent
Sugar solution Observations

Benedict’s test Barfoed’s test


5% fructose
5% galactose
5% arabinose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch
water

Exploratory Question/s:

3. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative/positive test with Benedict’s reagent? Why?
What is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is
the reaction involved in this test?

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4. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with Barfoed’s reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? Of what
use is Barfoed’s reagent in identifying an unknown sugar? What is the reaction involved in this
test?

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Table 3. (a) Reaction of Sugars with Seliwanoff’s reagent; and (b) Sugar Fermentabilty
Sugar solution Observations
Seliwanoffs’s test Fermentation test
5% fructose
5% galactose
5% arabinose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch
water

5. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with Barfoed’s reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test?
How? What s the reaction involved in this test?

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6. Which of the sugar undergo fermentation? Which does not? Why? What is the purpose of
this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the reaction involved in this
test?

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Table 4. Reaction of Carbohydrates with (a) Nitric acid and ; (b) I2/KI
Sugar solution OBSERVATION
(a) Galactaric acid test (b) Iodine test
5% galactose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch

Exploratory Question/s:

7. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with nitric acid? Why? What
is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test?

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8. Can this test be used to determine the presence of milk in milk-chocolate bar? How? What
is the reaction involved in this test?
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9. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with I2/KI? Why? What is
the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the
reaction involved in this test?

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REFERENCES:
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16

Experiment 4: EXTRACTION AND PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY

1. What are lipids? What are the natural sources of lipids? [2 pt]

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2. What are the functions of lipids? [3 pts]

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3. What is the difference between fats and oils? [2 pts]


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4. Butter can become rancid as a result of hydrolysis by microorganism. Which of the fatty acids are
responsible for the bad odor associated with rancidity? [2 pts]

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5. What happens chemically when dying oil “dries”? [2 pts]

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6. What structural characteristics are necessary in good drying oil? [2 pts]

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7. What is the principle of acrolein test? Give an examples of lipids that give positive results to acrolein?
[3 pts]

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8. What is the principle behind Liebermann-Burchard test? [2 pts]

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9. What is the clinical significance of Liebermann-Burchard test? [2 pts]

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10. What are the different fat constants (both physical and chemical constants)? What is the significance
of each fat constants?
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11. How can the value of the Reichert-Meissl number be used to distinguished butter from oleomargarine?
[2 pts]

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12. Draw the structure of cholesterol. [ 2pts]

13. In what parts of the animal body is cholesterol found?

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REFERENCES:

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19

Experiment 4: EXTRACTION AND PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Physical characteristics of the extracted lipid samples (3 pts)


Lipids Observation/Characteristics
Pork lipids
Peanut lipids
Lecithin

Exploratory Question/s:

1. Is there a difference between the properties of pork lipids and peanut lipids? If yes, account for
the difference in the observe properties. [3 pts]
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Table 2. Solubility of different lipid samples with various solvents. [3 pts]


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Solvents Vegetable oil Peanut lipids Pork lipids

Water
Dilute HCl
Dilute NaOH
Cold ethanol
Hot ethanol
CHCl3
Ether
CCl4

Exploratory Question/s:

2. In which solvent(s) are the lipid samples most soluble? Least soluble? Explain the reason behind the
solubility behaviour of the lipid samples.[3 pts]

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Table 3. Spotting effect of lipids compared to other substances [3 pts]


Samples Observation
Vegetable oil
Ethanol
Ether

Exploratory question/s:

3. Which of the sample left a spot? Why? [3 pts]

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Table 4. Acidity of oil samples [2 pts].


Observation
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Red litmus paper Blue litmus paper


Fresh vegetable oil
Rancid vegetable oil

Exploratory question/s

4. Is there a difference between the reaction of fresh oil and rancid oil with litmus paper? Explain why or
why not. [3 pts]

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Table 5. Degree of unsaturation of various lipid samples [2 pts]


Samples No. of Drops of Br2/CCl4
Pork lipid
Peanut lipid
Fresh vegetable oil
Rancid vegetable oil
Lecithin

Exploratory question/s:

5. Compare the amount of bromine in CCl3 used for each sample? What conclusion can you make based
in the number of drops of bromine in CCl4 used for each oil? What is the principle involved in this test?
[4 pts]

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Table 6. Presence of phosphate in lipid samples [3 pts]


Samples Reaction with Ammonium Molybdate
Pork lipid
Peanut lipid
Lecithin

Exploratory question/s
22

6. Which of the following samples tested contain phosphate? [3 pts]

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7. Among the tested samples, which is negative (if there is any) for phosphate? Explain why is the samples
tested negative for phosphates. [3 pts]

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Table 7. Presence of cholesterol in lipid samples. [2 pts]


Samples Reaction with Ammonium Molybdate
Pork lipid
Peanut lipid

Exploratory question/s:

8. Which of the samples tested contain cholesterol? Explain why the samples tested positive (if there is
any) for cholesterol? [3 pts]

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9. Between the tested samples, which is negative (if there is any) for cholesterol? Explain why is the sample
tested negative for cholesterol. [3 pts]

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Reaction with potassium bisulfate:


23

Observation:
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10. To what substance is the odor due when oil is heated with potassium bisulfate? What is the reaction
involved in this test? [3 pts]

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REFERENCES:

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24

Experiment 5: EXTRACTION AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC


ACIDS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACITIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. Define: Nucleic acids. What are the best sample sources that can be used to in the extraction
of nucleic acid? Why are those samples the best nucleic acid source? [3 pts]

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2. Differentiate RNA from DNA in terms of their chemical properties. [3 pts]

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3. Draw the structures of pyrimidine and purine bases in RNA and DNA and try to determine the
basic difference between them. [5 pts]
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4. Differentiate the three substances and give examples of each: (1) a nucleoside; (2) a
nucleotide; (3) nucleic acid. [6 pts]

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5. Compare the different hydrolytic product of RNA and DNA [4 pts]

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6. What are the nucleoproteins? Give the importance of nucleoprotein? [3 pts]

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REFERENCES:

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26

Experiment 5: EXTRACTION AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC


ACIDS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Exploratory question/s:

1. What type of nucleic acid were you able to extract? Why? Which is easier to isolate, RNA or
DNA? Why?

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Table 1. Reaction of nucleic acid extract with various reagents.


Tests/Reagents Observation
Bial’s Test
Diphenylamine
Ammonium Molybdate
Bromine water
HNO3/KOH
27

Exploratory question/s:

2. How does Bial’s test differentiate RNA from DNA? [2 pts]

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3. How does the reaction with diphenylamine reagent differentiate RNA and DNA? What is
principle behind this test? What is the chemical reaction of diphenylamine reagent with the
nucleic acid component? [5 pts]

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4. Will both DNA and RNA give a positive test with nitric acid? Why? [2 pts]

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5. Will DNA and RNA give a positive test with bromine water? Why? What is the principle behind
this test? [3 pts]

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REFERENCES:

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Experiment 6: PROTEINS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. What are proteins? [2 pts]

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2. What is the building block of proteins? What are its chemical characteristics? [4 pts]

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3. Explain structurally how proteins become denatured? [2 pts]

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4. What is meant by isoelectric point? What is its importance? [3 pts]

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5. What is the protein in milk? Why is this protein precipitated when milk sours? [2 pts]

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6. Discuss the general mechanism/s by which proteins are precipitated. [8 pts]

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7. What is amphoterism? Show using chemical equation for the amphoteric property of protein.[4
pts]

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8. Discuss the principle behind each test that will be used in this experiment. [15 pts]
a. Biuret test

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b. Xanthoproteic test
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c. Milon’s Test

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d. Hopkin’s Cole test

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e. Reduced Sulfur Test

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REFERENCES:

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31

Experiment 6: PROTEINS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Determination of Elemental composition of Proteins [6 pts]


Observation Element/s Detected
Reaction with litmus paper

Reaction with lead acetate

Substances in the mouth of the


test tube

Residue in the test tube

Exploratory Questions

1. What does the reaction with litmus paper suggest? What element is supposed to be detected
by the reaction of the gas produced by the protein mixture with litmus paper? What is the gas
produced by the protein mixture? [3 pts]

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2. What compound is responsible for the reaction of gas produced by the protein mixture with the
filter paper moistened with lead acetate? Why is this compound produced by the protein
mixture? What element in protein is detected by the reaction with the lead acetate? [3 pts]

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3. What compound is responsible for the observed odor at the mouth of the test tube? What
element is protein suggested by this compound? What is the compound produced by the
protein mixture?

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4. Describe what is left in the test tube after heating? What element in protein is indicated by the
presence of this residue? Why is the residue suggest the presence of such element in the
protein mixture?

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5. What element is implied by the substance formed near the mouth of the test tube? Why do you
think the element suggested is present in the protein mixture? [2 pts]

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Table 2. Solubilty behaviour and precipitation of proteins [6 pts]


OBSERVATION
2% Albumin 2% Gelatin
Heat

Ethanol

Concentrated HCl

Concentrated H2SO4

Concentrated HNO3

TCA

Picric acid

Saturated (NH4)2SO4

5% CuSO4

5% Pb(CH3COO)2

5% NaCl

5% HgCl2

6. What is the effect of heat on proteins? Why are proteins are affected by heat? [2pts]

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7. Are proteins soluble in alcohol? Why or why not?

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8. How are the proteins affected by strong acids? Why are proteins affected by acid? [2 pts]
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9. Explain the effect of heavy metals on proteins. Why is mercuric chloride used as component of
antiseptics? What is the antidote for the ingestion of heavy metal poisoning? [4 pts]

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10. What are alkaloidal reagents so called? What is the effect of alkaloidal reagents on
proteins? Why are proteins affected by alkaloidal reagents? Why is picric acid used in the
treatment of burns?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Table 3. Amphoteric property of proteins. [4 pts]


OBSERVATION

2% Albumin 2% Gelatin

Casein

w/ NaOH

w/ HCl

Albumin

w/ NaOH

w/ HCl

Exploratory question/s:

12. How can your observation show the amphoteric property of proteins? Explain explicitly. [3 pts]
35

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Table 4. Color reactions of proteins [10 pts]


Samples OBSERVATIONS

Biuret Xanthoproteic Millons Hopkins Reduced

Cole Sulfur

Albumin

Gelatin

Peptone

Glycine

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

Cysteine

Exploratory Question/s:

13. What is the purpose of Biuret test? In biuret test, does the color in each test tube containing
the sample vary? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________________
___
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

14. What is the purpose of Xanthoproteic test? Explain the observation for each samle in terms
of principle of xanthoproteic test. [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
36

15. Which of the four samples tested with Millon’s reagent? Which does not? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ 16.
Which of the four samples tested reacted with Hopkin’s Cole reagent? Which does not? Why or
why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

17. Which of the four samples tested reacted with Reduced Sulfur Test? Which does not? Why or
why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
37

Experiment 7: LIPID HYDROLYSIS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. Briefly outline the designation of lipids from the mouth until its absorption in the small
intestine.[5 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. Write an equation for a typical alkaline and acid hydrolysis of a molecule of butterfat[4 pts]
38

3. Differentiate the products of alkaline hydrolysis from that of acid hydrolysis. [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_
___________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4. If butterfat is hydrolysed by lipase, what will be the product? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the disadvantages of detergent over soap? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. What make soap a good emulsifying agent? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

7. What is saponification? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Give some uses of glycerol. [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

9. Explain the function of bile in digestion. [3 pts]


39

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:

____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_
___________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_
___________________________________________________________________________
_
___________________________________________________________________________
40

Experiment 7: LIPID HYDROLYSIS

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Solubility of prepared fatty acids in different solvents [2 pts].


Solvents Observation
Water
CCl4
Ether
CHCl3

Exploratory questions:

1. How would you know that you have prepared the fatty acid? What type of hydrolysis is
used in this part of the experiment? Explain. [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. Effect of bile salts on cooking oil [3 pts]


Sample Observation
41

H2O + cooking oil


Soap + cooking oil
Bile + cooking oil

Exploratory questions:

2. What happens to the cooking oil in the presence of bile? What is the role of bile in lipid
hydrolysis? Explain [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Table 3. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cooking oil


Sample Observation
w/ water
w/ pancreatin

Exploratory questions:

3. What type of hydrolysis is used in this part of experiment? Explain. What other enzyme/s
is/are responsible for lipid hydrolysis? How does triglyceride hydrolysis offers from cholesterol
ester hydrolysis? [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
42

Experiment 8: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES & CONSTITUENTS OF


URINE

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. What pathologic condition is indicated by: [4 pts]

a. glucose in urine

______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. albumin in urine

______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c. acetone in urine

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
d. blood in urine

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What meant by creatinine coefficient and what is its significance? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
43

3. Why is lactose found in lactating women? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens when urine is allowed to stand for sometime? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5. What constituent of urine precipitate under alkaline condition? Acidic condition? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

6. What diseases (at least 5) can be diagnosed by urinalysis? How can these diseases be
detected? [5 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
44

Experiment 8: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES & CONSTITUENTS OF


URINE

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Physical properties of urine sample [2 pts]


Properties Observation
Color
Odor
Transparency
Specific gravity
pH

Exploratory questions:

1. What is responsible for the color of urine? How do these substances formed? [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the significance of knowing the specific gravity? What is the implication of the specific
gravity is high or low?
45

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the pH of normal urine? What is/are the reason for the observed pH of urine? [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. Test for the presence of inorganic and organic constituents of urine. [6 pts]
Reaction w/ Observation Inference
AgNO3 solution
NH4OH solution
BaCl2 solution
Baryta mixture
Sodium nitroprusside
Zinc chloride solution

Exploratory questions:

4. What is the normal value of chloride? How does chloride become a component of urine? What
does a value above normal for chloride would indicate? [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the normal value of phosphate? How does a phosphate become a component of
urine? Would an increase in the value of phosphate above normal indicate a pathologic
condition? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
46

____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the normal value of sulphate? How does sulphate become a component of urine?
What are the causes of an increase in sulphate excretion? Explain. [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the normal value of urea? How does urea become a component of urine? What
conditions are indicated by an increase of urea? Why? [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the normal value of creatinine? How does creatinine become a component of urine?
Why is the value of creatinine used to diagnose renal failure? [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

9. What are the pigments usually in urine? How are these pigments formed? [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Table 3. Test for pathologic urine [6 pts]
Tests Observation Inference
Helloer Ring
Lange
Benedict’s

Exploratory questions:
47

10. Why is albumin present in pathological urine? What does the presence of albumin indicates?
Is an increase albumin excretion observed only in pathologic condition? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

11. Why is acetone present in pathological urine? What does the presence of acetone indicates?
Explain. [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

12. Why is glucose present in pathological urine? What does the presence of glucose indicates?
Explain. [4 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
48

Experiment 9: SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS

1. Name all the inorganic constituents of blood and give functions of each. [5 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. Draw and describe the structure of the hemoglobin molecule [3 pts]


_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________________________________________

3. What is methomoglobin? Give its color. [2 pts]


49

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4. What is carboxyhemoglobin? Give its color. [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the importance of blood sugar determination? [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

6. What other substances are present in blood? What are their normal concentrations? What is
the implication if their concentrations deviate from the normal values? [5 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

7. Some specific drugs affect the concentration of blood constituents. Name some which
increase/decrease the concentrations of the constituents in blood. [2 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. What other constituents of the blood need to be analysed in diagnosing certain disorders? [3
pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

9. What organs help maintain the concentrations of these constituents in blood? How do these
organs maintain the concentration of the constituents in blood?

____________________________________________________________________________
50

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________
51

Experiment 9: SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD

Score:

Last name Given name MI

Course/Year Date performed Date


submitted

Laboratory class schedule Laboratory Instructor/Professor

POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS

Table 1. Determination of constituents of blood


Reactions w/ Observation Inference
Potassium ferrocyanide
HNO3/AgNO3
Ammonium molybdate
Ammonium oxalate
Benedict’s reagent

Color of blood inside the bag: ____________________________________________________

Color of the blood when exposed to air: __________________________________________


Exploratory questions:

1. Identify what are the constituents detected by each reaction performed? Why are the
constituents detected by these tests? [5 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
52

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. Does blood changes color when exposed to air? Why or why not? [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. Which is better way of diagnosing diseases, blood analysis or urinalysis? [3 pts]

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES:

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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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