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Experiment 2: COLLOIDS
Score:
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Last name Given name MI
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
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2. How are the colloids classified? Describe each type of colloids and give examples. [8 pts]
Classes of Colloids Description Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3. Differentiate emulsoids and suspensoids. Give at least two (2) examples of each. [3 pts]
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4. What are the factors that contributed to the stability of a colloidal system? Why are they
important in maintaining the stability of a colloidal system? [4 pts]
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5. How do colloids acquire electrical charges? What experimental procedure can demonstrate
that colloidal particles are charged? [4 pts]
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6. What are the properties/characteristics of a colloidal system? How is it differentiated from true
solution and coarse suspension? Fill up the table below. [6 pts]
Properties Colloids Solutions Suspension
1
2
3
4
5
6
7. Describe the different ways to precipitate a colloid? Discuss the mechanism of precipitating
colloidal system. [6 pts]
3
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8. What is a protective colloid? How does a protective colloid function? Give at least three
examples of protective colloid? [6 pts]
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9. What is dialysis? Where do we need to use the principle of dialysis? What is the difference
between dialysis and osmosis? [3 pts]
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10. What is the significance of dialysis in the absorption of food particles through the intestinal
wall? [2 pts]
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isotonic solution
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hypertonic solution
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d. plasmolysis
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e. plasmoptysis
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REFERENCES
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5
Experiment 2: COLLOIDS
Score:
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Last name Given name MI
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory Question/s:
1. What kind of colloidal system is the Fe(OH)3 sol? How is it formed? What is/are the
expected characteristic/s of Fe(OH)3 sol? Is it lyophilic or a lyophobic system? [5 pts]
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6
2. What kind of colloidal system is the calcium acetate gel? How is it formed? What is/are
expected characteristic/s of the calcium acetate gel? [3 pts]
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3. What kind of colloidal system is the benzene/detergent mixture? How is it formed? What
is/are the expected characteristic/s emulsion? What is the role of detergent in the preparation of
this emulsion? Is emulsion the same ad emulsion? Why? Why not? [6 pts]
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4. How would you describe the smoke that was formed from the cigarette? What kind of
colloidal system does the cigarette smoke belongs? What is/are the expected characteristic/s of
this colloidal system? [3 pts]
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Table 2. Observed properties of colloidal system [7 pts]
Colloidal Properties Observation
Dialysis
Reaction w/ AgNO3
Reaction w/ I2/KI
7
Particle Size
Fe(OH)3
Muddy water
CuSO4 solution
Adsorption
Color before filtration
Color after filtration
Tyndall effect
CuSO4 solution
5% albumin
Fe(OH)3 sol
Viscosity
Distilled water
5% albumin
Fe(OH)3 sol
Exploratory Question/s
5. What is proven by the result obtained with the reaction of silver nitrate with the water in
the beaker? With I2/KI? What is the meaning of semi-permeability? What is permeable and what
and what is not? What determines permeability? [5 pts]
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6. What is the Tyndall effect? How is Tyndall effect observed in this experiment? Which of
the four substances exhibit Tyndall effect? Why do they exhibit Tyndall effect? [4 pts]
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8
7. Account for the difference in color of the filtrate of aqueous methylene blue and that of the
original mixture. What is the importance of the principle of adsorption in colloidal system? What
determines the adsorbing power of a given adsorbent? Relate this to colloidal system. [4 pts]
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8. How do filterability distinguishes the particle size of the three given systems in the
experiment? [2 pts]
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9. What are the factor/s affecting viscosity of a substance? How would these factors account
for the observed viscosity difference of the substance used in the experiment? [3 pts]
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Table 3. Precipitation of Colloids: (a) the number of drops of electrolyte required to
precipitate a colloid; (b) appearance of precipitate formed when two colloids are mixed together
[3 pts]
Observation
(a) Precipitation by a electrolyte
Fe(OH)3 sol
5% gelatin
Exploratory Question/s:
10. How can electrolytes promote the precipitation of colloids? Discuss the mechanism of
precipitation of colloid by an electrolyte? Which of the two colloids precipitate first? Why? [5 pts]
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11. How can a colloid promotes the precipitation of another colloid? Discuss the mechanism
of the mutual precipitation of colloids? [3 pts]
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Gelatin + NaOH
Exploratory Question/s:
12. Account for the difference in the color of the two-solutions after 30 minutes. Why is the color
on one test tube lighter, and darker, and darker in another? What happens? What is meant by
Donnan Membrane equilibrium? [4 pts]
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10
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REFERENCES:
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11
Experiment 3: CARBOHYDRATES
Score:
Exploratory Question/s:
12
1. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/ positive test with Molisch reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? Why do many proteins give a positive test with Molisch
reagent? What is the reaction involved in this test?
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2. Which of the sugar solution gave a negative/ positive test with Orcinol reagent? Why?
What is the purpose of this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the
reaction involved in this test?
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Table 2. Reaction of different sugars with an Oxidizing agent
Sugar solution Observations
Exploratory Question/s:
3. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative/positive test with Benedict’s reagent? Why?
What is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is
the reaction involved in this test?
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4. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with Barfoed’s reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? Of what
use is Barfoed’s reagent in identifying an unknown sugar? What is the reaction involved in this
test?
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Table 3. (a) Reaction of Sugars with Seliwanoff’s reagent; and (b) Sugar Fermentabilty
Sugar solution Observations
Seliwanoffs’s test Fermentation test
5% fructose
5% galactose
5% arabinose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch
water
5. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with Barfoed’s reagent?
Why? What is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test?
How? What s the reaction involved in this test?
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6. Which of the sugar undergo fermentation? Which does not? Why? What is the purpose of
this test? How are carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the reaction involved in this
test?
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Table 4. Reaction of Carbohydrates with (a) Nitric acid and ; (b) I2/KI
Sugar solution OBSERVATION
(a) Galactaric acid test (b) Iodine test
5% galactose
5% glucose
5% maltose
5% sucrose
5% lactose
5% starch
Exploratory Question/s:
7. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with nitric acid? Why? What
is the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test?
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8. Can this test be used to determine the presence of milk in milk-chocolate bar? How? What
is the reaction involved in this test?
15
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9. Which of the sugar solutions gave a negative test/positive test with I2/KI? Why? What is
the purpose of this test? How are the carbohydrates differentiated by this test? What is the
reaction involved in this test?
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REFERENCES:
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16
Score:
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
1. What are lipids? What are the natural sources of lipids? [2 pt]
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4. Butter can become rancid as a result of hydrolysis by microorganism. Which of the fatty acids are
responsible for the bad odor associated with rancidity? [2 pts]
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7. What is the principle of acrolein test? Give an examples of lipids that give positive results to acrolein?
[3 pts]
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10. What are the different fat constants (both physical and chemical constants)? What is the significance
of each fat constants?
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18
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11. How can the value of the Reichert-Meissl number be used to distinguished butter from oleomargarine?
[2 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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19
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory Question/s:
1. Is there a difference between the properties of pork lipids and peanut lipids? If yes, account for
the difference in the observe properties. [3 pts]
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Water
Dilute HCl
Dilute NaOH
Cold ethanol
Hot ethanol
CHCl3
Ether
CCl4
Exploratory Question/s:
2. In which solvent(s) are the lipid samples most soluble? Least soluble? Explain the reason behind the
solubility behaviour of the lipid samples.[3 pts]
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Exploratory question/s:
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Exploratory question/s
4. Is there a difference between the reaction of fresh oil and rancid oil with litmus paper? Explain why or
why not. [3 pts]
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Exploratory question/s:
5. Compare the amount of bromine in CCl3 used for each sample? What conclusion can you make based
in the number of drops of bromine in CCl4 used for each oil? What is the principle involved in this test?
[4 pts]
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Exploratory question/s
22
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7. Among the tested samples, which is negative (if there is any) for phosphate? Explain why is the samples
tested negative for phosphates. [3 pts]
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Exploratory question/s:
8. Which of the samples tested contain cholesterol? Explain why the samples tested positive (if there is
any) for cholesterol? [3 pts]
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9. Between the tested samples, which is negative (if there is any) for cholesterol? Explain why is the sample
tested negative for cholesterol. [3 pts]
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Observation:
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10. To what substance is the odor due when oil is heated with potassium bisulfate? What is the reaction
involved in this test? [3 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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24
Score:
PRE-LAB ACITIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
1. Define: Nucleic acids. What are the best sample sources that can be used to in the extraction
of nucleic acid? Why are those samples the best nucleic acid source? [3 pts]
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3. Draw the structures of pyrimidine and purine bases in RNA and DNA and try to determine the
basic difference between them. [5 pts]
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4. Differentiate the three substances and give examples of each: (1) a nucleoside; (2) a
nucleotide; (3) nucleic acid. [6 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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26
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory question/s:
1. What type of nucleic acid were you able to extract? Why? Which is easier to isolate, RNA or
DNA? Why?
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Exploratory question/s:
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3. How does the reaction with diphenylamine reagent differentiate RNA and DNA? What is
principle behind this test? What is the chemical reaction of diphenylamine reagent with the
nucleic acid component? [5 pts]
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4. Will both DNA and RNA give a positive test with nitric acid? Why? [2 pts]
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5. Will DNA and RNA give a positive test with bromine water? Why? What is the principle behind
this test? [3 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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28
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Experiment 6: PROTEINS
Score:
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
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2. What is the building block of proteins? What are its chemical characteristics? [4 pts]
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3. Explain structurally how proteins become denatured? [2 pts]
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5. What is the protein in milk? Why is this protein precipitated when milk sours? [2 pts]
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7. What is amphoterism? Show using chemical equation for the amphoteric property of protein.[4
pts]
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8. Discuss the principle behind each test that will be used in this experiment. [15 pts]
a. Biuret test
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b. Xanthoproteic test
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c. Milon’s Test
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d. Hopkin’s Cole test
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e. Reduced Sulfur Test
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REFERENCES:
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31
Experiment 6: PROTEINS
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory Questions
1. What does the reaction with litmus paper suggest? What element is supposed to be detected
by the reaction of the gas produced by the protein mixture with litmus paper? What is the gas
produced by the protein mixture? [3 pts]
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2. What compound is responsible for the reaction of gas produced by the protein mixture with the
filter paper moistened with lead acetate? Why is this compound produced by the protein
mixture? What element in protein is detected by the reaction with the lead acetate? [3 pts]
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3. What compound is responsible for the observed odor at the mouth of the test tube? What
element is protein suggested by this compound? What is the compound produced by the
protein mixture?
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4. Describe what is left in the test tube after heating? What element in protein is indicated by the
presence of this residue? Why is the residue suggest the presence of such element in the
protein mixture?
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5. What element is implied by the substance formed near the mouth of the test tube? Why do you
think the element suggested is present in the protein mixture? [2 pts]
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Ethanol
Concentrated HCl
Concentrated H2SO4
Concentrated HNO3
TCA
Picric acid
Saturated (NH4)2SO4
5% CuSO4
5% Pb(CH3COO)2
5% NaCl
5% HgCl2
6. What is the effect of heat on proteins? Why are proteins are affected by heat? [2pts]
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8. How are the proteins affected by strong acids? Why are proteins affected by acid? [2 pts]
34
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9. Explain the effect of heavy metals on proteins. Why is mercuric chloride used as component of
antiseptics? What is the antidote for the ingestion of heavy metal poisoning? [4 pts]
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10. What are alkaloidal reagents so called? What is the effect of alkaloidal reagents on
proteins? Why are proteins affected by alkaloidal reagents? Why is picric acid used in the
treatment of burns?
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2% Albumin 2% Gelatin
Casein
w/ NaOH
w/ HCl
Albumin
w/ NaOH
w/ HCl
Exploratory question/s:
12. How can your observation show the amphoteric property of proteins? Explain explicitly. [3 pts]
35
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Cole Sulfur
Albumin
Gelatin
Peptone
Glycine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Cysteine
Exploratory Question/s:
13. What is the purpose of Biuret test? In biuret test, does the color in each test tube containing
the sample vary? Why or why not?
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14. What is the purpose of Xanthoproteic test? Explain the observation for each samle in terms
of principle of xanthoproteic test. [4 pts]
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36
15. Which of the four samples tested with Millon’s reagent? Which does not? Why or why not?
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Which of the four samples tested reacted with Hopkin’s Cole reagent? Which does not? Why or
why not?
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17. Which of the four samples tested reacted with Reduced Sulfur Test? Which does not? Why or
why not?
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REFERENCES:
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37
Score:
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
1. Briefly outline the designation of lipids from the mouth until its absorption in the small
intestine.[5 pts]
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2. Write an equation for a typical alkaline and acid hydrolysis of a molecule of butterfat[4 pts]
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3. Differentiate the products of alkaline hydrolysis from that of acid hydrolysis. [4 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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40
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory questions:
1. How would you know that you have prepared the fatty acid? What type of hydrolysis is
used in this part of the experiment? Explain. [3 pts]
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Exploratory questions:
2. What happens to the cooking oil in the presence of bile? What is the role of bile in lipid
hydrolysis? Explain [3 pts]
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Exploratory questions:
3. What type of hydrolysis is used in this part of experiment? Explain. What other enzyme/s
is/are responsible for lipid hydrolysis? How does triglyceride hydrolysis offers from cholesterol
ester hydrolysis? [4 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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42
Score:
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
a. glucose in urine
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b. albumin in urine
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c. acetone in urine
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d. blood in urine
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2. What meant by creatinine coefficient and what is its significance? [2 pts]
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5. What constituent of urine precipitate under alkaline condition? Acidic condition? [2 pts]
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6. What diseases (at least 5) can be diagnosed by urinalysis? How can these diseases be
detected? [5 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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44
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
Exploratory questions:
1. What is responsible for the color of urine? How do these substances formed? [3 pts]
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2. What is the significance of knowing the specific gravity? What is the implication of the specific
gravity is high or low?
45
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3. What is the pH of normal urine? What is/are the reason for the observed pH of urine? [3 pts]
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Table 2. Test for the presence of inorganic and organic constituents of urine. [6 pts]
Reaction w/ Observation Inference
AgNO3 solution
NH4OH solution
BaCl2 solution
Baryta mixture
Sodium nitroprusside
Zinc chloride solution
Exploratory questions:
4. What is the normal value of chloride? How does chloride become a component of urine? What
does a value above normal for chloride would indicate? [4 pts]
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5. What is the normal value of phosphate? How does a phosphate become a component of
urine? Would an increase in the value of phosphate above normal indicate a pathologic
condition? Why or why not?
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46
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6. What is the normal value of sulphate? How does sulphate become a component of urine?
What are the causes of an increase in sulphate excretion? Explain. [4 pts]
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7. What is the normal value of urea? How does urea become a component of urine? What
conditions are indicated by an increase of urea? Why? [4 pts]
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8. What is the normal value of creatinine? How does creatinine become a component of urine?
Why is the value of creatinine used to diagnose renal failure? [4 pts]
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9. What are the pigments usually in urine? How are these pigments formed? [3 pts]
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Table 3. Test for pathologic urine [6 pts]
Tests Observation Inference
Helloer Ring
Lange
Benedict’s
Exploratory questions:
47
10. Why is albumin present in pathological urine? What does the presence of albumin indicates?
Is an increase albumin excretion observed only in pathologic condition? Why or why not?
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11. Why is acetone present in pathological urine? What does the presence of acetone indicates?
Explain. [4 pts]
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12. Why is glucose present in pathological urine? What does the presence of glucose indicates?
Explain. [4 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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48
Score:
PRE-LAB ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
1. Name all the inorganic constituents of blood and give functions of each. [5 pts]
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6. What other substances are present in blood? What are their normal concentrations? What is
the implication if their concentrations deviate from the normal values? [5 pts]
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7. Some specific drugs affect the concentration of blood constituents. Name some which
increase/decrease the concentrations of the constituents in blood. [2 pts]
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8. What other constituents of the blood need to be analysed in diagnosing certain disorders? [3
pts]
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9. What organs help maintain the concentrations of these constituents in blood? How do these
organs maintain the concentration of the constituents in blood?
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50
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REFERENCES:
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51
Score:
POST-LAB ACTIVITY
RESULTS
1. Identify what are the constituents detected by each reaction performed? Why are the
constituents detected by these tests? [5 pts]
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52
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2. Does blood changes color when exposed to air? Why or why not? [3 pts]
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REFERENCES:
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