IT & CYBER

LAWS
 FATHER OF …..

• Computer - Charles Babbage

• Computer Science - Alan Turing
• Free Software - Richard Stallman (Founder of GNU
– GNU is Not Unix)
• Mobile Phone - Martin Cooper
• Email - Ray Tomlinson
• Internet - Vint Cerf
• WWW , HTML - Tim Berners Lee
• Information Theory - Cloud Shannon
 FATHER OF …..

• Super computer - Seymour Cray

• Indian Super Computer - Vijay P Bhatkar (1st director of CDAC, 1988)
• Personal computer - Edward Robots
• Indian Software industry- FC Kohli
• IT in India - Rajiv Gandhi
• Video Games - Ralph Baer
• Artifical Intelligence - John McCarthy
 FOUNDERS

• Windows/Microsoft - Bill Gates

• Google - Larry Page, Sergey Brin
• Yahoo - Jerry Yang, David Filo
• Wikipedia - Jimmy Wales
• Wikileaks - Julian Assange
• Hotmail - Sabeer Bhatia
• Apple - Steve Jobs
 SOCIAL NETWORKING

• Orkut - Orkut Baykuttan (Orkut was permanently

shutdown on 30 Sept, 2014
• Facebook - Mark Zuckerberg
• Whatsapp - Jan Koum, Brian Acton
• Youtube - Susan Wojcicki
• Twitter - Ivan Williams, Jack Dorsey (Twitter is also called “SMS
of Internet”)
FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER
 AWARDS

Award
Turing Award Nobel prize in Computing
Webby Award Oscar award in Internet excellence
 GENERATIONS

Generation Technology Language Examples Year

1 Vacuum tubes, Magnetic drums Machine language ENIAC, UNIVAC, 1940 – 56
EDSAC, EDVAC
2 Transistors Assembly language IBM 1401, IBM 7000 1956 – 63
3 IC (Integrated Circuits) High level language IBM 360, IBM 370 1963 – 71
4 Microprocessor (VLSI) Apple Macintosh , 1971 –
- Very Large Scale Integration IBM 4341 2010
5 Artificial Intelligence (ULSI) PROLOG Desktop, laptop, 2010 – till
- Ultra Large Scale Integration Notebook now
 TECHNOLOGY

Technology points
Vacuum tubes Invented by John Fleming
Transistors Also called “Miracle child in Electronics”
Integrated Circuits Invented by Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
Microprocessor • Also called “Miracle chips”
• 1st microprocessor – Intel 4004
• Largest manufacturer of microprocessors - Intel
 ABBREVIATIONS

• RAM - Random Access Memory

• iRAM - Integrated RAM
• SRAM - Static RAM
• DRAM - Dynamic RAM

• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

• OSI model - Open Systems Interconnection mode

• GUI - Graphical User Interface

• XML - eXtensible Markup Language
• HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
• http - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• https - http secure
 ABBREVIATIONS (contd..)

• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

• UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
• EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
• EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network

• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute
• BCD - Binary Coded Decimal
• EBDCIC - Extended BCD Interchange Code
• COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language
• FORTRAN - Formula Translation
• BASIC - Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 ABBREVIATIONS (contd..)

• DOS - Disk Operating System

• MacOS - Macintosh OS
• DES - Digital Encryption Standard
• DNS - Domain Name Service
• CAD - Computer Aided Design
• URL - Uniform Resource Locator
• USB - Universal Serial Bus

• PDF - Portable Document Format

• JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group

• GPS - Global Positioning System

• IRNSS - Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
 ABBREVIATIONS (contd..)

• ATM - Automated Teller Machine (ATM invented by John Shepherd)

• ISP - Internet Service Provider
• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
• GUI - Graphical User Interface
• GPRS - General Packet Radio Service
• SMS - Short Message Service
• SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
• NASSCOM - National Association of Software & Services Companies
• CDAC - Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
• POST - Power On Self Test (process performed by firmware
immediately after a computer is switched ON.
• MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface (ports to connect musical
instruments)
 Inventions

• Integrated Circuits - Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce

• Mouse - Douglas Engelbart
• Floppy disk - Alan Shugart
• CD - James Russel
• Keyboard - Christopher Sholes
• Vacuum tubes - John Fleming
 History of computers

• 1st mechanical calculator - Pascaline (1642)

• 1st mechanical computer - MARK-1 (1937)
• 1st electronic computer - ENIAC-1 (1946)
• 1st electronic computer with stored programs & binary system – EDVAC (1947)
• 1st commercial computer - UNIVAC (1951)
 n-bit CODE

• Number of bit patterns that can be formed by a n-bit code = 2n

• 0 to 2n -1
• Maximum positive number = 2n -1

• Eg: Number of bit patterns that can be formed by a 7-bit code = 27 = 128
(0 to 127)
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
 BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

• Convert binary no. 110001 to decimal

Bit 1 1 0 0 0 1
weight 25 24 23 22 21 20
value 32 16 8 4 2 1

(110001)2 = (32 x 1) + (16 x 1) + (8 x 0) + (4 x 0) + (2 x 0) + (1 x 1)

= 32 + 16 + 1
= (49)10
 COMPLEMENT

• 1’s Complement
• Put 1 in the place of 0 and vice versa
• Example: 1’s complement of 101101 is 010010

• 2’s Complement
• Take 1’s complement & then add 1
• Example: 2’s complement of 101101 is 010011 (010010 + 1)
 FLIP FLOP / LATCH

• Stores 1 bit (0 or 1),

• Memory device to store state information
 GATES

• Elementary building block of digital circuit = GATE

• Input - one or more bit(s) → 0 or 1
• Output - one bit → 0 or 1
• AND, OR, NOT - Basic gates
• NAND, NOR - Universal gates
• XOR, XNOR - Exclusive gates
 MEMORY MEASUREMENT

• Bit = 0 or 1
(binary digit)
• 4 bits = 1 nibble
• 8 bits = 1 Byte
• 1 KB = 1024 Bytes Giga Tera Peta
Kilo Mega
• 1 MB = 1024 KB 103 106 109 1012 1015
• 1 GB = 1024 MB
• 1 TB = 1024 GB
• 1 PB = 1024 TB
 SPEED
• Speed of computer - measured in MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second)
OR Hertz (frequency of supplied clock pulse to the processor)
• Speed of super computer – measured in Petaflops (Peta Floating point operations per second)
• Speed of modem - measured in mbps (Megabits per second)
• Speed of mouse - measured in Mickey
• Speed of printer - measured in ppm (pages per minute)
 FILE EXTENSIONS
• images - .jpg/ .jpeg / .png / .gif
• Pdf - .pdf
• Powerpoint - .ppt / .pptx
• MS Word - .doc / .docx
• Text file - .txt
• MS Excel - .xls / .xlsx
• Video - .mpg, .mp4, .avi
• Music / audio - .mp3
 BASICS

• Collection of unorganized facts & figures (raw form) – Data

• Data about data - metadata
• Processed data (meaningful)– Information
• Collection of data – files
• Collection of files is organized in – Folders
• Collection of folders - directory
 PARTS OF A COMPUTER

ALU

1. CPU
Control unit

• Brain of computer = CPU (Central Processing Unit)

2. Memory unit • ALU – to perform Arithmetic & logical operations
(Addition, Subtraction, Division, Multiplication,
3. I/O unit
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR, EXNOR etc)
• Control unit – Controls the all other units by telling them how
to respond to the program instructions (it decodes the
program instructions)
 MEMORY UNIT
SRAM
RAM
Primary (main DRAM
memory/internal)
PROM
ROM EPROM
Memory EEPROM

Hard disk Permanent storage

Secondary USB
(external)
CD, DVD
Flash drive
Floppy
Memory card
 MEMORY ACCESS

• Sequential access storage devices (in the order by which data is recorded)
Eg: Magnetic tapes, cassettes
• Direct access storage devices (Random access) → Faster
Eg: CD, pendrive, HDD, main memory, RAM, cache
 RAM

• Random Access memory

• Volatile(contents are lost during power loss)
• Temporary SRAM
• Costly
• Both SRAM & DRAM are volatile • Faster
• More size
SRAM Static RAM • Better performance
RAM
DRAM Dynamic RAM
 ROM

• Read Only Memory

• Non-volatile (contents are not lost during power loss)
• Permanent
• The set of programs used to control booting of a computer is stored in ROM
(BIOS)
• Set of instructions in ROM = Firmware (how computer communicates with
other parts)
PROM Programmable ROM
ROM EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
 REGISTER, CACHE, BUFFER

• All the 3 are Temporary storages.

• Register - within CPU (processor)
- To hold data currently being processed
- Quickly accessible ( fastest)
• Cache - within CPU (processor)
- to store frequently used data
- Quickly accessible
• Buffer - within RAM, external to CPU
 VIRTUAL MEMORY

• Memory management Technique used by the OS to run programs in case

of memory shortage.
• Temporarily transfer data from RAM to disk storage(hard drive)
• Virtual memory is typically located on Hard drive
 STORAGE DEVICES

Device Full form Capacity points Inventor

CD Compact Disc 700 MB Basic principle = LASER James Russell
(optical technology)
DVD Digital 4.7 GB
Video/Versatile
Disc
Floppy 1.44 MB 8 Inch floppy – by IBM Alan Shugart
disk 3.5 inch floppy – Sony
BD Blu ray disc 25 GB (single layer) Highest storage among
50 GB (Double layer) optical discs
 I/O UNIT (Input Output Unit)

• Input devices
• Keyboard
• Output devices
• Mouse • Monitor
• Trackball • Printer
• Touchpad (in laptop) • Speaker
• Scanner, web camera • Headphone
• Joystick, Light pen • Projector
• Barcode reader
• Touch screen
• Microphone
• Braille reader
• OCR –Optical Character Reader
• OMR –Optical Mark Reader (used to read pen/pencil marks in Exams) • Plotter
• MICR –Magnetic Ink Character Reader (used in Banks) • Sound/video card
• Digitizer
 Input Output Devices

• Which works both as input and output device

• Examples:
• CD/DVD drives
• USB drive
• Floppy drive
• Hard disk drive (HDD)
• Speed of hard disk drive measured in rpm (revolutions per minute)
• Early type of hard disk was called “Winchester”
• Hard disk is divided into tracks. Tracks are again divided into sectors
• Creating tracks & sectors in hard disk = formatting
 KEYBOARD

• Invented by Christopher Sholes

• 12 Functional keys
• Longest key = Space bar
• code used for identifying characters and numerals in a
keyboard = ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
• Top left most key = Escape (Esc)
 Shortcut Keys

• Ctrl + C - Copy
• Ctrl + X - Cut
• Ctrl + V - Paste
• Ctrl + P - Print
• Ctrl + A - Select all
• Ctrl + S - Save
• Ctrl + Z - Undo
• Ctrl + Y - Redo
• Ctrl + F - Find
• Ctrl + H - Replace
• F5 - Refresh
• Alt + F4 - Exit
 MOUSE

• Invented by Douglas Engelbart

• Unit to measure speed of mouse = Mickey
 PRINTER

• Printer was called “punch card” in olden days

• Unit to measure Printer resolution = dpi (dots per inch)
• Unit to count speed of printer = ppm (pages per minute) for Non-impact type
cps (characters per second) for impact type
• Different types of printers: 2. Impact type (touches
paper with inked ribbon)
• Daisy wheel printer
1. Non impact type (doesn’t touch
• Line printer
paper with inked ribbon):
• Ball printer
• LASER → Fastest
• Dot matrix
• Inkjet
• Drum printer
• Chain printer
• Band printer
 MONITOR

• Resolution of computer monitor is measured in PPI (pixels per inch)

• Old term for monitor – VDU (Visual Display Unit)
• Black & White monitor = Monochrome monitor
• Types:
• CRT Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)
• Plasma monitor
• LCD monitor (Liquid Crystal Display)
• LED monitor (Light Emitting Diode)
• OLED (Organic LED)
• TFT LCD (Thin film Transistor LCD)
 SMPS

• SMPS – Switched Mode Power Supply

• Supplies adequate power for motherboard of a computer
 SOFTWARE

Application Software Eg: MS office, Excel, Powerpoint

Eg:
• Linux
Software • Unix
Operating System
• Windows
System Software • DOS
Compilers
• Mac OS

Device drivers
Editor,
Utility program Debugger, To support computer
Copy, paste, infrastructure
delete etc.
 OPERATING SYSTEMS – interface between
physical hardware & user of a computer
Linux
DOS
• 1st fully supported 64 bit OS
• Disk Operating System
• Developed by Linus Torvalds
• MSDOS (by Microsoft)
• Name of the penguin in Linux logo =Tux
• PCDOS (by IBM)
• open source free software

Unix
Mac OS
• Developed by AT & T using C language
• Macintosh OS
(Dennis Ritchie)
• Developed by Apple
• 1st OS written in a high level language

Windows Android
• Developed by Microsoft • Mobile OS developed by Google
 BOSS

• Bharat Operating System Solutions

• Linux distribution developed by CDAC, Chennai
• in order to benefit the usage of Free/Open Source Software in India
DBMS
Examples:
• Oracle
• Sybase
• MS SQL
• SQL server
Database Management • FoxPro
System • MS Access
• Informix
• Integra
• Ingres
• Unify
• DB2
 TRANSLATORS

• Translator : converts other languages to Machine language

Examples:
• Assembler : converts Assembly language to machine code
• Compiler : converts high level language to machine code directly
• Interpreter : converts high level language to machine code line by line

Symbols used in Assembly language = Mnemonics

Loader : Loads program & libraries to main memory

 COMPUTER LANGUAGES

Machine language 0’s and 1’s

Low level language

Assembly language
Computer Letters & symbols
language

High level language Eg: C, C++, Java, Python, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC etc.
 COMPUTER LANGUAGES - USES

• PROLOG - Associated with Artificial intelligence / ULSI

• COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language
• FORTRAN - Formula Translation (used for scientific calculation &
computing)
• BASIC - Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
• HTML
• php - used to create webpages.
• Javascript
 ARPANET

• Ancient form of internet = ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency

Network)
• 1st network to implement TCP/IP
• Created by United States Dept. of Defence
 INTERNET

• Internet works on both Packet & Circuit switching

• IP(Internet Protocol) → 1982
• Internet in India → 15 August 1995
• Internet Explorer → 1995
 PROTOCOLS

• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

• FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol → To send e-mails
• POP/POP3 – Post Office Protocol → To receive e-mails
• Telnet
• SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
• WAP - Wireless Application Protocol / → To use internet in mobile phone
Wireless Access Point
OSI & TCP/IP

• OSI model - Open Systems Interconnection mode – 7

layers
(CODE : Please Do Not Touch Some Pet Animals)
• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
– 4 layers
(CODE : Not Interested in Touching Animals)
 LOON LLC (company)

• Began as “Project Loon” (Research & Development Project being

developed by Google X )
• Now formed a separate company Loon LLC in July 2018
• Mission - To provide Internet access to rural & remote areas by 2020
 Alphabet

• Became the parent company of Google

• on 2 OCTOBER, 2015
• Headquartes - California
 ISP

• Internet Service Provider

• In India, first internet service was provided by – VSNL (Videsh Sanchar
Nigam Ltd) on 15th August 1995
• India’s first private ISP - Satyam Infoway Ltd
• Other ISP’s - BSNL, MTNL, Jio, Asianet etc
 NETWORK CATEGORIES

• PAN – Personal Area Network → smallest network

• LAN – Local Area Network
• Uses Client-Server architecture & P2P/Peer to Peer network architecture
(P2P → Each computer may work as a server or client)
• MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
• WAN – Wide Area Network
• Used in phone lines
• CAN – Campus Area Network
• WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network
 NETWORKING DEVICES
• Computers which provide resource to the other computers connected by
network = Servers
• Networking devices are used to connect multiple computers
• Examples: Hub (can be switch/router/gateway/bridge)
Network topologies
• Point to point - Single cable connection between 2 hosts
• Bus topology - All devices are connected to a shared single cable
• Star topology - The central device to which all hosts in Star topology are
connected is called Hub
• Mesh topology - completely interconnected
• Ring topology - connected in a circular shape
• Tree topology - hierarchical
 WEBSITE & BROWSING

• Website is a collection of Webpages & HTML pages

• Languages used to design webpage = HTML, php, Javascript
• Moving from one webpage to another is called Browsing
• Software application used to access & view websites- Web Browser
• Computer/System which stores the different web pages – Web Server
• Examples for Browser:
• Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari, MS Edge, MOSAIC, K- meleon,
Epic

• First Web browser in the world = Nexus

• First Web browser developed by India = Epic
 SEARCH ENGINE

• Google
• Yahoo search • First Search engine in the world = Archie
• Bing → Search engine of Microsoft • First Search engine in India = Guruji
• Ask.com
• Forestle
 BLOG

• Weblog
• Term ‘weblog’ coined by Peter Merholz
 WWW

• World Wide Web

• Father of www = Time Berners Lee
• Protocol used in www = http

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

• Eg: https://www.google.com
Domain name
.com – commercial
.gov – Govt organizations
.org – Non profit organizations
.net – Network resources
.edu – Educational institutions
 BUGS

• Coding error in a computer program = Bug

• Process of fixing Bugs = Debugging
 DIGITAL COMPUTERS – 4 types

1. Super computer
2. Mainframe computer
3. Mini computer
4. Micro computer
 SUPER COMPUTER

• 1st super computer in the world - CDC 6600

• 1st super computer in India - PARAM 8000
• Fastest super computer in the world - IBM Summit (America)
• Fastest super computer in India - Prathyush (at Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology-IITM, Pune)

Speed of Super computer is measured in petaflops

(Flop = Floating point Operations per second)
 LANGUAGES & DEVELOPERS

•C - Dennis Ritche (AT & T)

• C++ - B.Stroustrup
• Java - James Gosling (Sun Microsystem)
 DAYS

• World computer literacy day - December 2

• World computer security day
(safety day) - November 30
 Wireless Technologies

• Bluetooth - Short distance (<10m)

• WIFI - Wireless Fidelity (use radio waves to transmit data)
• LIFI - Light Fidelity (use light waves to transmit data)
 VIRUS

• Vital Information Resource Under Seige/ - virus in computer,software

(Virtual Information Resource Under Seize) – virus in Networking
• Type of malicious software (malware)
• Replicates itself & inserts copies into other programs
• Defined the term “computer virus” = Frederick Cohen
• First computer virus = Creeper (detected on ARPANET)
• First mobile virus = Cabir
• First PC virus = Elk Cloner (affected Apple II)
• First virus which affected MS DOS = Brain
 Others

• Computer worms - Replicates itself & inserts copies into other computers
• TROJAN - Non self replicating programs which hide inside other programs
• Bot - Malware that allows attacker to gain control over affected computers
(Affected computers are called “Zombies”)

• Spyware - Automatically installs softwares to gather information about a

person/organization without their knowledge
• Adware - Software that automatically pop up online advertisements in
the user’s system, thereby generating revenue for its developers
 ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE

Examples:
• K7 Total Security
• Kaspersky
First anti virus = Reaper
• AVG
• Avast
• McAfee
• Nortan
 MODEM

• Modem Demodulator
• Convert analog signal to digital and vice versa
• Modem sends computer data using telephone line
• Speed of MODEM is measured in Mbps (Megabits per seconds)
 TRANSMISSION MODES

• Simplex - Communication in one direction (eg: TV,Radio)

• Duplex - Communication in both directions
• 2 types of duplex:
• Half Duplex - Communication in both directions, but one at a time
(eg: Walkie Talkie)
• Full Duplex - Communication in both directions, both at same time
(eg: Phone)
 MUX

• Multiplexer
• Multiple inputs, single output
• Device that combines data from multiple computers & load them on a common
communication channel
Multiplexer

Channel
 DEMUX

• Demultiplexer
• Single input, Multiple outputs
• Device that collects single input data & convert it to many
Demultiplexer
 CYBER CRIMES

1. Hacking - Gaining unauthorized access to

computer/network resources.

White hat hackers (for good reasons – eg: Testing/investigation)

Hackers
Grey hat hackers (sometimes good reasons, sometimes bad reasons
Black hat hackers (wrong will – eg: criminals)

2. Spamming - Sending unsolicited emails (spam) to many people.

(Spam through Instant Messaging is called Spim)
2. Email bombing - Sending many emails to the victim to crash his
server
 CYBER CRIMES …

4. Snooping - Collecting other user’s data/files without their

knowledge
5. Email spoofing - Sending emails which appear to be originated from
one source when it is actually send by another source
6. Cyber stalking - Threatening via internet/email/phone etc
7. Cyber squatting - Registering a company’s address for selling it/making
profit from it
8. Phishing - Fraudulent attempt (usually sending emails) to steal
personal or financial information of recipients
 CYBER CRIMES.…

9. Vishing - Voice + Phishing (via phone calls)

10. Smishing - SMS + Phishing (via mobile SMS)
11. Piracy - illegal copying/distribution of copyrighted software
12. Data diddling - Altering raw data of a person without his knowledge,
before computer processes it & changing it back after
process is completed
13. Salami attack - Small alterations (change is unnoticeable)
14. Webjacking (Hijacking)- Changing information on hacked computer/website
 CYBER CRIMES.…

15. Pornography - Publishing/transmitting/producing obscene materials

(eg: sexual) using computer/website
16. Password sniffer - Programs which copy our password while logging in
17. Plagiarism - Practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and
passing them off as one's own
18. DoS attack (Denial of Service)
- A cyber attack in which a particular service becomes
unavailable to someone who is authorized to use it.
 CYBER CRIMES ….

19. IPR (Intellectual property Rights) violation

- Eg. for IPR: Patent, Copyright, Trademark etc.

• Patent is the protection right granted for an invention (a product or a Technical Process)
• Copyright is the protection right granted for a creator’s ideas
 1st CYBER CRIME

• World’s first Cyber crime was reported in the name of – Joseph Marie Jacquard (France)

• India’s first Cyber crime was reported in the name of – Asif Azim
 CYBER LAWS

✓ Cyber laws comes under Residual powers in Indian constitution.

IT Act 2000
• Enacted on - 9 June 2000
• Came into force on - 17 October 2000
• 13 chapters, 94 sections, 4 schedules
• President – KR Narayanan, PM - AB Vajpayee

IT Act 2008 (Amendment)

• Enacted on - 23 December 2008
• Came into force on - 27 October 2009
• 14 chapters, 124 sections (now 119), 2 schedules
 IMPORTANT SECTIONS

Section 43 - Virus attacks/cause damage to computer

Section 65 - tampering with computer source documents
Section 66 - Hacking
Section 66A - Sending offensive messages
(Supreme court deleted this section on 24 March 2015 based on the petition filed by Shreya Singha)
Section 66B - Receiving stolen computers/resources
Section 66C - Identity theft
Section 66D - Cheating by personation
Section 66E - violation of privacy (eg:publishing private images)
Section 66F - Cyber terrorism (imprisonment of life)
Section 67 - Publishing/transmitting Obscene material
Section 67A - Cyber pornography
Section 67B - Child pornography
 IPC 499 & 503

IPC - Indian Penal Code

Section 499 - Sending defamatory messages
Section 503 - Sending threatening messages (cyberstalking)
 CERT –IN & CERT-K

• CERT – IN (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team)

✓Agency designated to respond to incidents related to computer security in
India as part of the IT Act
✓19 JANUARY 2004
✓Under Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology
✓Headquartes – New Delhi
• CERT – K
✓Similar agency in Kerala
First Asian country where Cyber law came into force – Singapore
First South Asian country where Cyber law came into force – India
First Cyber police station in India- Bangalore
State in which all districts have Cyber police stations – Maharashtra
First Cyber police station in Kerala – Pattom, Trivandrum (2009)
First Cyber Post office in India – Chennai
First Cyber Forensic laboratory in India – Tripura
First Cyber Café in India – Mumbai
First Cyber court in India – Delhi
Asian School of Cyber laws – Pune
First technopark in India – Trivandrum

First chairman of Technopark, Trivandrum– KPP Nambiar

First e literate district in Kerala – Malappuram (AKSHAYA project)

First e literate Grama panchayat in Kerala – Chamravattom (Malappuram)

First fully computerized panchayat in Kerala - Vellanad

First computerized taluk in Kerala - Ottappalam

First digital collectorate in Kerala - Pathanamthitta

First IT University of India – JP University (Jaypee)

First Indian state which has website for all ministers - Kerala
Silicon valley of India – Bangalore

IT capital of India - Bangalore

Hi-tec city = Hyderabad

Cyberabad = Hyderabad