Practical Chemistry Paper 3

Chapters:
1. Mole & Stoichiometry
2. Enthalpy Change
3. Rate of Reactions
4. Group 2
5. Group 17
6. Organic Chemistry Identification
7. Salts Identification

* Titration (Determine the Concentration, Molar Mass/Mr, Identity, Percentage by mass, ...)

1. HA is an organic acid where A– is the anion. You will determine the relative formula mass, Mr, of HA by
titration with sodium hydroxide of known concentration and so identify the anion, A–. The equation for the
reaction is shown.

(d) A student carried out the same procedure accurately but was supplied with a solution of less
concentrated sodium hydroxide by mistake.
(i) What effect would this have on the calculated value of the relative formula mass, Mr?
Explain your answer.

(ii) Explain how this would affect the identification of the acid.

Mr. Hendra Page 1

2. In this experiment you will determine the oxidation number of iodine in one of its compounds by
titration.

Mr. Hendra Page 2

3. FB 1 is a solution made by dissolving an unknown mass of a mixture of ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2, and
sodium ethanedioate, (COONa)2. You will carry out two titrations to find the percentage by mass of
ethanedioic acid in the mixture.

Mr. Hendra Page 3

Mr. Hendra Page 4
Mr. Hendra Page 5
4. In this question you will determine the identity of the halogen in compound W. Compound W is the
halogenoethanoic acid CH2XCO2H, where X is a halogen.
4 g of W were heated with 250 cm3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide. Some of the sodium
hydroxide reacted with compound W. The solution that remained after this reaction is FA 3.
By titrating FA 3 with hydrochloric acid, you will determine how much of the sodium hydroxide
remained after reaction with W. You will then calculate how much sodium hydroxide had reacted
and use this to determine the identity of X in CH2XCO2H.
FA 3 is aqueous sodium hydroxide after reaction with W.
FA 4 is 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
bromophenol blue indicator

Mr. Hendra Page 6

5. Amidosulfonic acid is a monoprotic acid with the formula HSOxNH2. In this experiment you will
determine the value of x in the formula by titration with an alkali.

Mr. Hendra Page 7

 (iv) Use your results on page 2 and your answer to (iii) to calculate the relative formula mass,
Mr, of amidosulfonic acid.

(v) Calculate the value of x in the formula of amidosulfonic acid, HSOxNH2.

Mr. Hendra Page 8

6. Iron wire contains impurities. You will investigate the percentage by mass of iron in a sample of ironwire.
A sample of iron wire is reacted with an excess of sulfuric acid to produce a solution of iron(II) sulfate.

Mr. Hendra Page 9

7. You will now determine the concentration of HZ in FA 1 by titration using aqueous sodium carbonate of
known concentration.

Mr. Hendra Page 10

In Question 1 (Look Temperature Exp. No 2) you determined the concentration of HZ in FA 1 by a
thermometric method.
In Question 2 you determined the concentration of HZ in FA 1 by titration.

Tick which one of the following statements you believe to be true.

The student was correct / incorrect because ...............................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 11

* Mass Experiments (Determine formula of compound, identify metal, percentage by mass,

1. In this experiment, you will heat malachite to decompose it and use your results to obtain evidence about
the accepted formula of malachite.

(i) State one way of improving the accuracy of the experimental method, using the same masses of FA 5.
Explain the benefit of your improvement.
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why you would expect Experiment 1 to be more accurate than Experiment 2.
..............................................................................................................................................

2. Zinc carbonate occurs in a basic form, which means that zinc hydroxide is also present. The chemical
formula of basic zinc carbonate can be written as ZnCO3.yZn(OH)2, where y may not be an integer. In this
experiment you will heat basic zinc carbonate to decompose it and use your results to determine the value of
y. When basic zinc carbonate is heated, it decomposes as shown.

Mr. Hendra Page 12

Mr. Hendra Page 13
3. Many metal hydroxides decompose when heated to produce water vapour and the metal oxide as residue.
In this experiment, you will heat a metal hydroxide M(OH)2. You will then identify the metal M.

Mr. Hendra Page 14

Mr. Hendra Page 15
4. You will determine the percentage by mass of NaHCO3 in FB 1 again, this time by thermal
decomposition.
The equation for the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate is shown.

Mr. Hendra Page 16

5. When hydrated copper hydroxycarbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.yH2O is heated, it decomposes as shown.

State the observations made while the decomposition of FB 4 was taking place.
...............................................................................................

(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of copper oxide, CuO, obtained as residue.
...............................................................................................
(ii) Use your results to calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of hydrated copper hydroxycarbonate,
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.yH2O.
...............................................................................................
(iii) Use the Periodic Table to calculate the relative formula mass of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
Mr of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 = ..............................
Use your answer to (ii) and this Mr to comment on the value of y in the formula of hydrated
copper hydroxycarbonate.
...............................................................................................
(c) State one way to improve the accuracy of the experiment, using the same mass of FB 4.
...............................................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 17

6. (See Volume Experiments no 4) It is possible that ores containing basic copper(II) carbonate also contain
water of crystallisation.
The formula of these ores would be written as xCuCO3•yCu(OH)2•zH2O.
In this experiment you will heat a sample of a different basic copper(II) carbonate which will thermally
decompose as shown.

You will use your results to determine whether this sample of a different basic copper(II) carbonate contains
water of crystallisation.
FA 3 is a sample of a different basic copper(II) carbonate.

Mr. Hendra Page 18

Mr. Hendra Page 19
* Volume of Gas Experiments (Determine concentration, identity of metal, composition/formula of
compound

1. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide may be given in mol dm–3 or as ‘volume strength’. You will
determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in mol dm–3 and in ‘volume strength’ by a gas collection
method.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. The reaction is much faster in the presence of a
catalyst such as manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2(aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)

a. A source of error in this experiment is that some oxygen escapes before the bung can be inserted.
Suggest a change to the practical procedure given in (a) to reduce this source of error.
You may draw a diagram as part of your answer.

b. Rinse the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder with a little FA 1 then use it to transfer 150 cm3 of FA 1
into the reaction flask labelled X..
The error in reading a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder is 0.5 cm3.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in the volume of hydrogen peroxide added to flask X in (a).

c. Fill the 250 cm3 measuring cylinder completely with water. Hold a piece of paper towel firmly over the
top, invert the measuring cylinder and place it in the water in the tub.
Measure and record the final volume of gas in the measuring cylinder in the space below.
Explain why the presence of 20 cm3 of air in the 250 cm3 measuring cylinder before the start of the
experiment would decrease the accuracy of the results obtained in (a).volume reading

d. If you repeated the method described using half the mass of FA 2, what volume of gas would
you expect to collect? Explain your answer.

Mr. Hendra Page 20

2. Metal carbonates react with acid to produce carbon dioxide. You will determine the identity of a Group 2
metal M in a carbonate of formula MCO3 by reacting the carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid and
measuring the volume of carbon dioxide produced.

(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide collected in the measuring cylinder.
[Assume that 1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under these conditions.]

(ii) Use your answer to (b)(i) and the information on page 2 to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of M.

(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) to identify M.

Mr. Hendra Page 21

3. In Question 2 you measured the volume of carbon dioxide produced by a metal carbonate, MCO3,
in order to identify M. In Question 3 you will identify another Group 2 metal, Q, by using a gravimetric
method. When Group 2 carbonates are heated they decompose.

(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced during heating of FA 3.

(ii) Use the mass of FA 3 in (a) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of Q and
hence identify Q. You should assume complete decomposition of QCO3.

(c) Explain why the lid was placed on the crucible when the residue was left to cool.
...............................................................................................
(d) In order to decompose Group 2 carbonates, the solid must be heated strongly. In this experiment
QCO3 was heated for a few minutes.
(i) Suggest an improvement to the method used that would ensure that decomposition was complete.
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a chemical test to determine whether the decomposition of QCO3 was complete.
State the expected observation if the decomposition was incomplete.
Do not carry out this test.

(e) (i) In your calculation in (b) you used the mass of QCO3 and assumed that it was all decomposed during
the heating.
Explain what effect incomplete decomposition would have on the calculated value of the Ar of Q.
...............................................................................................
(ii) A student suggested that you could use the mass of the residue, QO, rather than the mass of QCO3 in a
calculation to identify Q.
Explain why this method of calculating the Ar of Q is valid.
...............................................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 22

4. Several ores of copper contain both copper(II) carbonate and copper(II) hydroxide. This combination is
called basic copper(II) carbonate. You will determine the composition of an ore of copper by reacting it with
an excess of acid and collecting the gas evolved.

Mr. Hendra Page 23

Mr. Hendra Page 24
* Temperature Experiments (Determine concentration,…)

1. You used dilute sulfuric acid, FB 3. You will now determine the concentration of FB 3
by measuring the temperature of its reaction with sodium hydroxide.

(b) Plot a graph of temperature of solution on the y‑axis against total volume of FB 4 added on the
x‑axis. Select a scale on the y‑axis to include a temperature of 2.0 °C above your maximum
thermometer reading. Label any points you consider to be anomalous. You will use the graph
to find the volume of FB 4 needed to neutralise 10.0 cm3 of FB 3.

Mr. Hendra Page 25

Mr. Hendra Page 26
2. The reaction between acids and alkalis is exothermic. You will find the concentration of a monoprotic
acid, HZ, by a thermometric method using a solution of sodium hydroxide of known concentration.

(b) (i) Plot a graph of temperature of solution (y‑axis) against volume of FA 2 added (x‑axis) on the grid.
Select a scale on the y‑axis to include a temperature of 2°C above your maximum thermometer reading.
Label any points you consider anomalous.
Draw two lines of best fit through the points on your graph, the first for the increase in temperature and the
second for the decrease in temperature of the mixtures. Extrapolate the two lines so they intersect.

Mr. Hendra Page 27

Mr. Hendra Page 28
* Enthalpy Change (Neutralisation, reaction, displacement of metal,…)

1. You are to determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation for a different acid from that used in
Question 1. The acid is represented by HB where B– represents the anion.
HB(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaB(aq) + H2O(l)

(c) (i) The accuracy of the larger measuring cylinder is ± 0.5 cm3.
The accuracy of the smaller measuring cylinder is ± 0.25 cm3.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in the measurement of the volume of FB 3 used in Experiment 2
and the measurement of the volume of FB 4 used in Experiment 2.
Show your working.

(ii) Suggest a change to the method used in (a) that would improve the accuracy of your results.

2. In this experiment you will determine the enthalpy change, ΔHr , for the decomposition of calcium
hydroxide to calcium oxide.

Mr. Hendra Page 29

(b) Determination of the enthalpy change for the reaction of calcium oxide, FB 4, with hydrochloric
acid, FB 2.

Mr. Hendra Page 30

 to speed up reaction

temperature rise will be the same since

the acid is in excess

3. In this experiment you will determine the percentage purity of a sample of impure anhydrous
sodium carbonate. You will use two different methods to measure the enthalpy change of reaction
when a sample of impure anhydrous sodium carbonate reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
FA 1 is a sample of the impure anhydrous sodium carbonate.
FA 2 is 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
FA 3 is a second sample of the impure anhydrous sodium carbonate used in FA 1.

Mr. Hendra Page 31

Mr. Hendra Page 32
* Rate of Reactions (Determine effect of temperature, concentration,…)

1. You will investigate how increasing temperature affects the rate of a reaction.
Sodium thiosulfate reacts with acid to form a pale yellow precipitate of sulfur.
The ionic equation for the reaction is given.

Mr. Hendra Page 33

Mr. Hendra Page 34
 (ii) Calculate the concentration of the strong monoprotic acid, HZ, in the solution immediately after
FA 1 was added to FA 2 in the beaker.

(iii) Use the equation on page 2 to determine which reagent, FA 1 or FA 2, was in excess.

(g) Suggest two ways to improve the accuracy of the results of these experiments.
1 ............................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................

2. Glucose, C6H12O6, is a sugar that can act as a reducing agent. You will investigate how an increase
in temperature affects the rate of the redox reaction between glucose and acidified potassium
manganate(VII).

Mr. Hendra Page 35

Mr. Hendra Page 36
Mr. Hendra Page 37
3. Iron(III) ions oxidise iodide ions, I–, to iodine, I2.

Mr. Hendra Page 38

(c) From your graph, what conclusion can you make about the relationship between the relative rate for the
reaction and the volume of FB 1 used? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................................
(d) A student carried out the same experiment but used 15.00 cm3 of FB 1. The student recorded a value for
the reaction time of 28 s.
(i) Use your graph to calculate the time you would have expected to record if you had carried out an
experiment using 15.00 cm3 of FB 1.
Show the construction lines on your graph and show your working in the calculation.
............................................................................................
Mr. Hendra Page 39
(ii) Calculate the percentage difference between your value and that of the student.
Show your working.
............................................................................................
(e) You are to carry out a sixth experiment. The concentrations of iron(III) chloride, sodium thiosulfate
and starch indicator should all be the same as in Experiment 2 but the concentration of iodide ions should be
twice the value that it is in Experiment 2.
State the volume of each solution used and record the reaction time to the nearest second.
............................................................................................

...........................................................................................

............................................................................................

* Qualitative Analysis (Salts & Organic Compounds)

1.

Mr. Hendra Page 40

2. FA 6 is Cu(NO3)2
Dissolve the remainder of FA 6 in an approximately 10 cm depth of distilled water in a boiling tube.
FA 7 is a solution of a salt containing one anion from those listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
Two cations are also present.
Carry out the tests described below using separate portions of solutions FA 6 and FA 7.
Record your observations in the table.

(ii) What can you deduce about solution FA 7 from its reaction with magnesium?
Explain your answer.

(iii) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of the metal cation in FA 7 with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Include state symbols.

(iv) What type of reaction took place when aqueous potassium iodide was added to FA 7?
Use your observations to help you explain your answer.

(v) The observation you made when aqueous silver nitrate was added to FA 7 does not allow the anion in
FA 7 to be identified with certainty.
Explain why you cannot be certain about the identity of the anion.
(vi) A student suggested that the anion in FA 7 could be identified with more certainty if excess ammonia
solution was added after the aqueous silver nitrate.
Explain why this suggestion is not correct.
...............................................................................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 41

3.

(a) You will identify the cations present in FA 6, FA 7 and FA 8.

To do this you will carry out six separate tests. You will use dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide separately with FA 6, FA 7 and FA 8.
Use a 1 cm depth of each salt solution in a suitable tube for each test you carry out.
Record all of your observations in a table in the space below.

Mr. Hendra Page 42

4. FB 5, FB 6 and FB 7 are aqueous solutions that each have an ion containing one of the metals from those
listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.

Mr. Hendra Page 43

5. a) FA 3 is a more concentrated solution of the strong monoprotic acid, HZ, used for Question 1.
Select two sets of reagents and suitable apparatus to use in two separate tests, Test 1 and Test 2, to
investigate the identity of the anion, Z–, present in FA 3. The anion is one of those listed in the Qualitative
Analysis Notes.
Complete the ‘test ’ boxes in the table before starting any practical work by circling whether
you would use a test-tube or a boiling tube, and stating which reagents you would use.
Carry out your tests and record your observations. You must carry out both Test 1 and Test 2.

Mr. Hendra Page 44

(b) Identify the anion present in HZ from your observations in (a).
Z– is .............................. .

(c) FA 4 and FA 5 both contain one cation and one anion. The ions present in FA 4 are different from the
ions present in FA 5. All four ions are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
You are to identify the four different ions.
Carry out the following tests and record your observations.

Mr. Hendra Page 45

6. (a) FB 4 has the same composition as the residue obtained in Question 2. (Na2CO3)
It contains two sodium compounds, one of which is X.
Both anions present in FB 4 are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
(i) To a small spatula measure of FB 4 in a test-tube, add dilute nitric acid slowly.
Record your observations. Keep the solution produced for use in (ii).
............................................................................................
(ii) To a 1 cm depth of the solution obtained in (i) in a test‑tube, add a few drops of aqueous
silver nitrate, followed by aqueous ammonia.
Record your observations.
..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Give the equation for one reaction taking place in (i). State symbols are not required.
............................................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 46

(ii) To a 1 cm depth of FB 5 in a boiling tube, add an equal volume of aqueous sodium hydroxide and warm
carefully, then add a small piece of aluminium foil to the mixture.
Record your observations.

(iii) Using your observations in (a) and (b), name X.

(iv) What can you deduce about FB 4 from the observation when methyl orange indicator was added to FB
5?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

7. (a) FB 5, FB 6 and FB 7 are all aqueous solutions.

Each solution contains one cation and one anion.
The cation in FB 6 is listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes, but the other cations are not.
The anions present are chloride, nitrate and sulfate (but not necessarily in that order).
Use a 1 cm depth of each solution in a test-tube for the following tests.
Record all your observations in the table.

Mr. Hendra Page 47

(b) (i) From your observation of the reaction of FB 7 with aqueous potassium iodide, suggest the
identity of the cation in FB 7.
......................................... [1]
(ii) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of magnesium with FB 5.
Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) What type of reaction takes place when FB 6 reacts with sodium carbonate?
...............................................................................................
(iv) Give the ionic equation for the reaction between FB 6 and FB 7.
Include state symbols.
...............................................................................................

8. (a) FB 1 is aqueous acidified iron(III) chloride, FeCl3.

FB 5 is 0.150 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.
(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations.

Mr. Hendra Page 48

(ii) The halide in FB 6 is .............................. .

(c) FB 7 is a solution of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4.

(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations.

(ii) Give the formula of one of the products formed in the reaction of FB 7 with FB 2 in the first test.
.............................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 49

(ii) The formula of FB 8 is .............................. .

9. (a) FA 4 and FA 5 are aqueous solutions each containing one anion and one cation.
(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations. For each test use a 1 cm depth of FA 4
or FA 5 in a test-tube.

(ii) From your observations in (a)(i) identify one of the ions present in either FA 4 or FA 5.
Ion present in .................. is ...................................... . [1]
(iii) Apart from the reaction with FA 5 suggest a test that could be used to identify the coloured product
formed in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and FA 4. You should include the reagent used and the
expected observation.
Do not carry out this test.
reagent ...............................................................................................
expected observation ...............................................................................................

Mr. Hendra Page 50

(b) (i) Place the cooled crucible and residue from Question 2 onto a heatproof mat and add approximately 5
cm3 of water.
Test the solution with litmus papers.
Record your observations.
...............................................................................................
(ii) Using QO as the formula of the residue, write the equation for the reaction with water that
occurs in (b)(i). Include state symbols.
...............................................................................................

(c) In Questions 1 and 2 you identified the Group 2 metals present in MCO3 and QCO3.
You will now plan and carry out tests to confirm, or not confirm, the identities of M and Q. Both M and Q
are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
(i) Group 2 carbonates are insoluble in water. In order to test for the cations present (M2+ and Q2+) they must
be in solution.
Name a reagent you could use to prepare solutions of the cations from solid samples of MCO3 and QCO3.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) You are provided with the following solutions.

FA 6 contains M2+(aq).
FA 7 contains Q2+(aq).
Choose reagents that could be used to confirm the identity of M and Q.
Carry out the tests. Record the tests, observations and conclusions.

10. (a) FB 5 contains one cation and one anion from those listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
(i) Transfer a small spatula measure of FB 5 into a hard-glass test-tube.
Heat gently at first and then heat strongly, until no further change occurs.
Record all your observations.
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) To a 1 cm depth of dilute hydrochloric acid in a test-tube, add a small spatula measure of FB 5.
Record your observations.
..............................................................................................................................................

(iii) Deduce the formula of FB 5.

...........................................
(b) FB 6 is a solution of a compound containing one cation from those listed in the Qualitative
Analysis Notes.
(i) Carry out the following tests using a 1 cm depth of FB 6 in a test-tube for each test.

Mr. Hendra Page 51

11. (Organic Compounds)

(a) Half fill the 250 cm3 beaker with water. Heat to approximately 70 °C, then turn off the Bunsen burner.
This will be used as a water bath.
(i) FA 5 is an aqueous solution of an organic compound. Carry out the following tests on FA 5
and record your observations in the table.

Mr. Hendra Page 52

(ii) Suggest two functional groups that could be present in FA 5.
.............................................................. and ........................................................................

(b) FA 6 is a mixture that contains two cations and two anions from the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
Distilled water was added to FA 6, the mixture was stirred and then filtered. You are provided
with the dried residue, FA 7, and the filtrate, FA 8, from this process.

(ii) Tests on the filtrate, FA 8

Carry out the following tests and record your observations in the table.

Mr. Hendra Page 53

(iii) Conclusions about cations
State one cation that is definitely present in FA 6.
.......................................
State two possible identities for the other cation present in FA 6.
.............................................................. or .........................................................................
Suggest how you could determine which of these two possible cations is present.
Do not carry out this test.
..............................................................................................................................................

(iv) Conclusions about anions

State one anion that is definitely present in FA 6.
.......................................
State two possible identities for the other anion present in FA 6.
.............................................................. or .........................................................................

12. (Organic Compounds)

Sandell’s solution reacts in a similar way to Fehling’s reagent.
You will need to heat Sandell’s solution in a hot water bath when using it in tests.
Half fill the 250 cm3 beaker with water and place it on the tripod and gauze. Heat the water until it is
boiling then turn off the Bunsen burner. This will be your hot water bath.

Mr. Hendra Page 54

Mr. Hendra Page 55
13. (a) FA 4 and FA 5 are aqueous solutions each containing one anion and one cation.
(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations. For each test use a 1 cm depth
of FA 4 or FA 5 in a test-tube.

Mr. Hendra Page 56

(b) (i) Place the cooled crucible and residue from Question 2 onto a heatproof mat and add approximately 5
cm3 of water.
Test the solution with litmus papers.
Record your observations.
...............................................................................................
(ii) Using QO as the formula of the residue, write the equation for the reaction with water that occurs in
(b)(i). Include state symbols.
...............................................................................................

14. (a) FB 5 is a solution of a sodium salt of an organic acid.

FB 6 and FB 7 each contain one cation and one anion from those listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
Carry out the following tests and record your observations.
Use a separate 1 cm depth of each solution in a test‑tube for each test.

Mr. Hendra Page 57

15. (a) FA 5, FA 6 and FA 7 are solutions each containing one cation and one anion. One of the
Mr. Hendra Page 58
cations and all of the anions are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes. You will carry out a series of tests
on FA 5, FA 6 and FA 7 and draw conclusions from your observations.
Use a separate 1 cm depth of each solution in a test‑tube for the following tests.

Mr. Hendra Page 59

16.
FA 4 is a solid containing one cation and one anion.
FA 5 is a solution containing one cation and one anion.
Carry out the following tests and record your observations.

Mr. Hendra Page 60

Mr. Hendra Page 61