INDEX

I. Introduction ................................................................................................................... .3
II. TTM background .... .............................. ... ………………………….......................... ..5
III. Definition of the TTM .................................................................................... ............... 6
IV. Process, stage and level of change ................................................................................. 8
4.1 Stadium ……………………………… ................................. ... ......................8
4.2 Change processes …………………………………………………………..... 9
4.3 Change levels .................................................................................................. 11
V. Conclusions ............... …………………………………….......................... ............... .12
VI. References .............................................................................................. .. ............... ... .13

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 MODEL TRANSTHEORETICAL
I. INTRODUCTION
The TTM of behavior change, originated in the early 70s thanks to a comparative analysis
of relevant theories to explain changes in the behavior of drug dependent; name it derived
from the integration delos principles and theoretical components of the analyzed
therapeutic systems.

For nearly four decades the trasnteórico you model (MT) has suggested that behavioral
change is a process in which people have different levels of motivation and intention to
change their behavior; consisting of a number of assumptions about the nature of
behavioral adjustment made by the individual and the characteristics of interventions that
can facilitate the change. According to Cabrera (2000), the comparative analysis of 29
relevant theories, and available in the late seventies by Prochaska allowed to start work on
this model with consumers of illegal drugs and snuff that after they moved to work with
behaviors associated with health promoting behaviors

Recent research in different populations have provided evidence of the use of the Model
trasnteóricoo in risky behaviors, such as smoking (Gökbayrak, Paiva, Blissmer and
Prochaska, 2015; Guo, Chang, Fu and Hsu, 2016), or excessive alcohol use (Crouch ,
DiClemente and Pitts, 2015), thus reducing the consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in
the short term, and the follow-up to six months.

These achievements have moved to other related diseases such as obesity behaviors,
according to WHO (2017) is associated with a wide range of conditions that threaten the
health of individuals, such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes and cancer, among others,
which ultimately involves significant health expenses for individuals and governments.
Among the actions that WHO has suggested to lessen the impact of these diseases is
decreasing body weight through increased physical activity to increase energy
expenditure, adopting a balanced diet involving an increase in consumption vegetables,
fruits, simple water as well as decreasing food rich in fats, carbohydrates and salts.

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In the area of health, there are many models that begin with the observation of a certain
behavior that produces health effects, these are discrete events that usually involve stages,
so you should carry out specific studies for models of intervention, they are usually
psychological behavior modification models.

The TTM is a model of behavior change consolidated in the nineties as a more innovative
approach in the area of health promotion and disease prevention because it offers the
possibility to plan and carry out interventions based on specific characteristics stocks or
groups to whom the actions are directed.

This work monograph aims to explain the elements of the TTM Prochaska and Di
Clemente, where targets making changes and behaviors in individuals who have been
dropped mainly on different types of addictions and based on a structure behavior and
actions, these addictions or behaviors can be corrected.

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II. BACKGROUND OF THE MODEL

An analytical study by James O. Prochaska executed in 1979 in the United States, had as
its goal to systematize the field of psychotherapy dependencies, according to this author
and then, fragmented into more than 300 theoretical proposals. The MT was the main
product of the comparative analysis of twenty of the relevant and available theories in the
late seventies to explain changes in behavior 2 dependent on drugs and cigarette
consumers. The model derived its name from the integration of the principles and
theoretical components of different intervention systems analyzed.

Subsequent analysis of theories and models of human behavior, as well as observations of

spontaneous change and induced in the consumer behavior of snuff and empirical
validation intervention proposals for facilitating the end of consumption generating
substances dependence were reported evidence conclusions preliminary on the nature of
the steps and processes underlying behavioral change.

These preliminary reports on the implementation in practice of the MT (especially in

relation to regular consumption of snuff and how people change their smoking behavior
by choice or as a result of external interventions planned therapeutically) were the first
efforts to isolate and describe more precisely the components and basic stages of the still
partially unknown process of changing this behavior health risk.

In the mid-eighties, new developments in the theory and practice generated by various
research groups with interests in the application of models explaining the behavior of
consumption of snuff and behaviors related to health, led to the incorporation into the MT
constructs of self-efficacy, temptation and decision-making balance. This happened to
strengthen the capacity of the stages and processes of change for evaluating and predicting
spontaneous and induced changes in the behavior of cigarette smoking.

In the early nineties in the United States and some European countries, the MT was
gradually incorporated into research and interventions of a wide range of behaviors already
recognized as hazardous to health. Various publications recognized the ability of the model
to describe and explain the various stages that are common to most behavioral change
processes.

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 Recently the MT is used in designing interventions facilitating healthy behaviors such as
eating proper diets and taking regular sports practices.

III. DEFINITION MODEL TRASNTEÓRICO

This model is three-dimensional because it provides a global view and the same time
differentiated from changing addictive behaviors, comprising of: stadiums, processes and
levels

a) Stages of change: corresponding to a temporary division of the process into stages,

according to a criterion based on motivation or disposition of the subject to change its
behavior, comprising the period from the time the person has a slight perception of
the problem until it it no longer exists.

b) Change processes: related to activities initiated or experienced by the person

undergoing change, that change affect, behavior, cognitions or interpersonal
relationships

c) Levels of Change: consisting of the psychological problems of the person likely to

be treated hierarchically organized into five interrelated levels, based on the main
sources of different psychotherapeutic intervention currents.

The TTM helps us understand that any process of change often is not linear but circular.
The main premise of this model is the change, which is conceived as a process in which
people can have different levels of motivation and intent to modify, allowing apply to any
conduct in any context, because the intervention is made individually considering specific
external influence and a clear personal commitment that can be located at some stage posed
model, and from this to implement the processes according to the level they want to
intervene to modify and fix the problem (figure 1).

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 Figure 1. States the TTM of change Prochaska and DiClemente (1992)

IV. PROCESS AND LEVEL CHANGE STADIUM

4.1 THE STAGES OF CHANGE

The stages represent temporal dimension, that is, when people change. A helping
someone should consider the particular moment in which it is located. It is postulated
that to achieve the change, a person must go through stages well defined and
predictable, which must be respected to facilitate the process.

To succeed in changing, it is essential to know at what stage the person is in relation

to your problem, in order to design specific procedures to suit each individual. In other
words, what is sought is the therapeutic relationship and the type of intervention
appropriate for each person depending on the stage where you are.

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a) Precontemplation.It is likely that the patient concurs external constraint (court
order, family, etc.), expressing denial of the problem without really considering
the change. The risk of dropping here varies between 40% and 60%, and even
80% in cases involving substance.
b) Contemplation.The subject admits to having a problem, it is more receptive to
information regarding their problem and possible solutions, but hesitates as to the
time of initiating change, still hesitating about their benefits.

c) Preparation.At this stage the person is ready for action, having taken some steps
towards the goal.

d) Action.It refers to the time they become more obvious steps taken to achieve
change. It lasts for 6 months.

e) Maintenance.Follow the action and lasts 6 months, the purpose in this stadium
lies in sustaining the changes achieved through modification of lifestyle and
relapse prevention.

f) Ending.The client no longer needs the use of any process of change in order to
prevent relapse or return to the problem.

Importantly, to the attempt to change a problem, much of subjects fall into the least
once in the process, but most of them usually re-start it from the contemplation stage
or preparation, and then take action. That is why it is said that change does not follow
a linear pattern, but rather one spiral. Most subjects incorporate new strategies and
knowledge from those experienced in the recaídas.También is essential that the
therapist remember that the stages of change are specific to each behavior-problem.

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4.2 THE PROCESS OF CHANGE

They refer to the procedural dimension (how people change). In others, they are the
tools used by each individual in order to solve certain problems.

Processes of change that we find most often are:

a) Awareness.It refers to activities that seek to increase the level of information that
brings a stimulus to the person, so that you can get effective answers. The goal is
awareness on both cognitive and affective experiences. Any increase in
knowledge, whether the source is also increased awareness. Some therapeutic
procedures to increase awareness of the individual or the nature of your problem
are: psychoeducation,cognitive restructuring, Interpretation and confrontation.

b) Autoreevaluación.It is a process triggered by certain activities that the person

then performs re-evaluate cognitive and affective aspects. It consists of reflection
on the need to change things or not, conflict with your value system and potential
benefits and disadvantages. It is common that the subject feels that although
things would improve with the change, this would cost.

c) AutoreevaluaciónSocial. The individual believes that if the change happens,

your environment would be healthier.

d) Self-liberation.After making a reappraisal of the situation, the person making the

decision to change problem behavior.

e) social liberation.It consists of activities that help the individual to have more
alternatives to choose from; to the changing environment of the person it can also
help others change.
f) dramatic relief.It is when you experience and express emotions produced by the
negative consequences that entails the problem behavior.

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 g) Counterconditioning.It is a behavioral process of modifying a response (either
motor, physiological or cognitive) that are triggered by conditioned stimuli to a
specific behavior; with this process is accomplished promote and develop more
behavioral options (example of this is the anxiety control techniques, such as
exercisesrelaxationandbreathing).

h) Stimulus control.This technique involves a restructuring of the environment in

order to reduce the probability that the stimulus is present.

i) The eventual management. The main objective of this process is to use a series
of activities to change the consequences that follow problematic behavior through
a system of reinforcements and punishments. The latter is not only questionable
from an ethical point of view but also is frequently used by therapists and people
who manage change successfully alone. One form of reinforcement which is very
simple and effective is the self.

j) Aid relationships.It is essential for change and simply refers to the social support
they can provide family, friends, etc.

4.3 LEVELS OF CHANGE

These levels are the objetal dimension or what should be changed. And is represented
by several interrelated levels encompassing psychological problems amenable to
treatment, namely:

1. Symptom / Situation.
2. maladaptive cognitions.
3. Current interpersonal conflicts.
4. Family conflicts / systems.
5. intrapersonal conflicts.

It is very important that at the time of surgery, the therapist can define what level
demand the subject be helped because they often vary even in patients with similar

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symptoms. Prochaska and DiClemente recommend starting with the first level
because:

a) People trying to change themselves tend to use it more.

b) The level of least resistance and is more accessible to consciousness.
c) Finally, usually represents the reason for consultation.

If the change does not materialize can use the level change strategy. Even if the patient
claims from the first interview, be helped from a certain level, the strategy of the key
level is used. Finally, it may happen that the subject comes suing the same time
problems at various levels, the strategy used here is the multiple impact.

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V. CONCLUSIONS

The aim of this study was to detail and exemplify the elements of the TTM in behavior.
The MT model states change indicates that the person making a change in their behavior
can be categorized into one of five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation,
action and maintenance.

This model gives us the opportunity to understand that human development is not linear
but rather circular and humans can go through various stages, and even stagnate and recede
in the way of change.

In conclusion, it is emphasized that the processes of change are nothing but coping
strategies which may be worth a dynamic person to give and support the modification of
behavior. These processes are differentially adjusted to the handling of psychosocial
variables of which depends on the change, such as perceptions of susceptibility and
severity, perceptions of cost and benefit, perceptions of self-efficacy, perceptions of stress
and social support, decision making, planning and implementation of the action. Variables
that occur in differential proportions through motivational stages of change. Hence the
importance differential processes through various stages, as it became apparent comparing
the evolution in the use of experiential processes against evolution in the use of behavioral
processes. In this respect, the observed result appears to be consistent with the theoretical
proposals emphasize the role of these variables in explaining psychosocial and predicting
change, and emphasizing the association between change processes and psychosocial these
variables.

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VII. REFERENCES

Berra, E., Muñoz, S. (2018) The TTM applied to behavioral change related to the reduction of
body weight. Digital magazine International Psychology and Social Science, Vol. 2 (no.
4), pp. 24-30. Recovered:
http://cuved.unam.mx/revistas/index.php/rdpcs/article/view/165

Cabrera, A., Gustavo, A. (2000) The trans-theoretical model of health behavior. National
School of Public Health Journal, Vol. 18 (No. 2), pp. 129-138. Recovered
from:https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/120/12018210.pdf

WHO: World Health Statistics (2018) Monitoring health for the SDF's: ISBN 978-92-4-156558-
5. Recovered
from:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272596/9789241565585-
eng.pdf?ua=1

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