Cómo descubrió Isaac Newton Las Leyes del Movimiento?

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What is Inertia?

The apochryphal story of an apple falling on Sir Isaac Newton's head is likely one
of the more famous stories about the discovery of a basic scientific process, even
though there is no evidence he was hit by falling fruit. What is true, though, is that
Newton's laws of motion are still being widely used today, to explain the kinds of
objects and speeds you come across in everyday life.

TL; DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

The story of Newton's falling apple is mainly legend - documents indicate he saw
an apple fall, but there's no evidence he was hit by one - but while it may have
given him the idea of figuring out gravity, the esteemed scientist only discovered
the laws of motion after many years of studying math, physics, optics and
astronomy.

Sir Isaac Newton's Falling Apple

Possibly the most famous legend in the history of science is that of the falling
apple. The story goes that the young Isaac Newton was sitting in his garden
when an apple fell on his head and he suddenly came up with his theory of
gravity. The tale has been greatly exaggerated over the years, but there is proof
that it happened. In 2010, the Royal Society in London digitally published the
original manuscript that describes how Newton saw an apple fall from a tree in his
mother's garden and began to work out his theory of gravity. This paper was
written by a contemporary of Newton, William Stukeley, and describes a
conversation Stukeley had with Newton, under the shade of an apple tree, about
why an apple always falls towards the center of the earth. However, there is no
evidence that the apple landed on Newton's head on any occasion.

Who Was Sir Isaac Newton?

Sir Isaac Newton, born in 1643, was one of the most influential scientists of all
time. Expanding upon the ideas of previous prolific scientists like Galileo and
Aristotle, he was able to turn theories into practice, and his ideas became the
basis for modern physics.

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Newton developed his laws of motion in 1666, when he was only 23 years old. In
1687, I presented the laws in his seminal work "Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis,” in which he explained how outside forces affect the
movement of objects.

In developing his three laws Newton simplified objects, reducing them to

mathematical points without size or rotation to let him ignore factors such as
friction, air resistance, temperature and material properties, and focus on
outcomes that can be illustrated wholly with reference to mass, length and time.

Newton's laws refer to the motion of objects in an inertial reference frame, which
can be described as a system in which an object remains at rest or moves with
constant linear velocity unless acted upon by external forces. Newton found that
movement within such a system could be expressed using three simple laws.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion

1. "A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion
unless it is acted upon by an external force." If an object is stationary, it will not
begin to move by itself. If an object is moving, its speed and direction won't
change unless something makes it change. This is often referred to as the "law of
inertia."

2. "The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its
acceleration." Objects will move farther and faster when they are pushed harder,
and heavier objects need more force to move the same distance as lighter
objects.

3. "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." When an object is
pushed in one direction, there is always an equal resistance from the opposite
direction. This law can be used to explain how a rocket works: its powerful
engines push down on the ground (the action) and the resistance from the ground
pushes the rocket upwards with an equal force (the reaction).

What is Newton's Legacy?

Newton's laws of motions, which have been verified by numerous experiments
over the past 300 years, form the basis of the first branch of physics. This is now
known as classical mechanics, the study of the motion of massive objects, and is
the foundation upon which other branches of physics are built. Classical
mechanics also has important applications in other areas of science, including
astronomy, chemistry, geology and engineering.
The apochryphal story of an apple falling on Sir Isaac Newton's head is likely one
of the more famous stories about the discovery of a basic scientific process, even
though there is no evidence he was hit by falling fruit. What is true, though, is that
Newton's laws of motion are still being widely used today, to explain the kinds of
objects and speeds you come across in everyday life.

TL; DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

The story of Newton's falling apple is mainly legend - documents indicate he saw
an apple fall, but there's no evidence he was hit by one - but while it may have
given him the idea of figuring out gravity, the esteemed scientist only discovered
the laws of motion after many years of studying math, physics, optics and
astronomy.

Sir Isaac Newton's Falling Apple

Possibly the most famous legend in the history of science is that of the falling
apple. The story goes that the young Isaac Newton was sitting in his garden
when an apple fell on his head and he suddenly came up with his theory of
gravity. The tale has been greatly exaggerated over the years, but there is proof
that it happened. In 2010, the Royal Society in London digitally published the
original manuscript that describes how Newton saw an apple fall from a tree in his
mother's garden and began to work out his theory of gravity. This paper was
written by a contemporary of Newton, William Stukeley, and describes a
conversation Stukeley had with Newton, under the shade of an apple tree, about
why an apple always falls towards the center of the earth. However, there is no
evidence that the apple landed on Newton's head on any occasion.

A genius with dark secrets

Isaac Newton changed the way we understand the Universe. Revered in his own lifetime, he discovered the laws of gravity
and motion and invented calculus. He helped to shape our rational world view.

But Newton’s story is also one of a monstrous ego who believed that he alone was able to understand God’s creation. His private life
was far from rational – consumed by petty jealousies, bitter rivalries and a ruthless quest for reputation.

25 December 1642
Not expected to survive the day

How Newton’s early years marked him for life. Clip from Isaac Newton: The Last Magician (BBC Two).
Newton was born prematurely on Christmas morning, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire. He was a tiny baby, given little chance of
survival.

The country he was born into was chaotic and turbulent. England was being torn apart by civil war. Plague was an ever-present
threat. Many believed the end of the world was imminent. But the hamlet of Woolsthorpe was a quiet community, little touched by
either war or plague, which respected Puritan values of sobriety, simple worship and hard work.

Natural philosophers: The first scientistsWhat did Puritans believe?The English Civil War

1645
A lonely boy who hated his stepfather

Newton's childhood home of Woolsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire.

Newton’s father had died before he was born. When Isaac was three, his mother left him with his grandmother and married a man
from a nearby village.

This turbulent start scarred Newton for life. He felt rejected by his family. He hated his stepfather and threatened to burn his house
down. At Grantham school, Newton sought solace in books. He was unmoved by literature and poetry but loved mechanics and
technology, inventing an elaborate system of sundials which was accurate to the minute. While his mother hoped he would run the
family farm, his uncle and his headmaster realised Newton was destined for an intellectual life.

The early life of Isaac Newton

Making pies on Sunday night... punching my sister... threatening my Father and Mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.

Newton's college notebooks contained a list of childhood sins, written in code

1661
A mathematical mentor

What did Newton’s professors teach him – and why did he reject it? Clip from Isaac Newton: The Last Magician (BBC Two).

Newton enrolled at Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he found a father figure who set him on the road to important discoveries.

Isaac Barrow, Cambridge's first professor of mathematics, steered Newton away from the standard undergraduate texts and towards
the big unsolved mathematical problems of the day, such as calculus - a way of describing how things change. Calculus would later
be crucial for explaining the universe in mathematical terms. Newton also hunted out new works by men such as Descartes, who
argued that the Universe was governed by mechanical laws.

Browse Newton's Trinity College notebookWho was Isaac Barrow?Portrait of Isaac Barrow

Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth.

Entry in Newton’s notebook, begun in 1664

1665
Newton’s productive plague years

See some of the remarkable ideas Newton conceived during this period of isolation. Clip from Isaac Newton: The Last Magician
(BBC Two).

When Cambridge University was closed because of the plague, Newton was forced to return home. This was the most productive
period of his life.

Newton was driven by the belief that the path to true knowledge lay in making observations rather than reading books. For example,
rather than trust texts on optics, he experimented by sticking a bodkin – a blunt needle – in his eye to see its effect. He laid the
groundwork for his theories of calculus and laws of motion that would later make him famous. But, naturally secretive, he kept his
ideas to himself.

The Great Plague of 1665

1671
New ideas lead to a revolutionary new telescope

Watch this clip to find out how Newton's telescope works. Clip from Isaac Newton: The Last Magician (BBC Two).

Newton continued to experiment in his laboratory. This mix of theory and practice led him to many different kinds of discoveries.

His theory of optics made him reconsider the design of the telescope, which up until this point was a large, cumbersome instrument.
By using mirrors instead of lenses, Newton was able to create a more powerful instrument, 10 times smaller than traditional
telescopes. When the Royal Society heard about Newton’s telescope they were impressed. This gave Newton the courage to tell
them what he described as a ‘crucial experiment’ about light and colours.

How refracting and reflecting telescopes work

1672
Taking criticism badly

The Royal Society met at Crane Court. It was a newly formed organisation for men of learning to discuss their ideas.

The Royal Society was an elite group who met to share and critique each other’s work. They encouraged Newton to share his ideas.

But Newton's theories about light did not go down well. Other members of the Royal Society could not reproduce his results – partly
because Newton had described his experiment in an obscure manner. Newton did not take the criticism well. When Robert Hooke
challenged Newton’s letters on light and colours, he made a lifelong enemy. Newton had an ugly temper and an unshakable
conviction that he was right. With his pride dented, he began to withdraw from intellectual life.

A history of the Royal SocietyWho was Robert Hooke?

Del presente artículo en Inglés vamos a realizar las siguientes

actividades:

1. Traducir por completo el artículo del Inglés al Español

(Presentar la traducción en hojas tamaño carta siguiendo
Normas Icontec y presentar también el artículo traducido en
Formato DVD).
2. Complementar consultando los siguientes temas De Newton,
pero contestando en Inglés con su respectiva Traducción:
a. What is the importance of gravity theory for modern
engineering?
b. How is the story of the apple fallen from the tree to
discover gravity? Why did Newton and Leibniz fight at
the MATHEMATICAL LEVEL? Porqué se pelearon
Newton y Leibniz a nivel matemático?
 c. What did Newton do to save the currency of Britain?

Este informe de Inglés se hará de manera Individual y

tendrá un valor del 20% del Examen Final, solo lo
presentarán aquellos alumnos que finalizado el
semestre no presentan trabajo Integrador. (Quien
presen te trabajo integrador no presenta artículo en
Inglés)Los otros porcentajes son los siguientes:
Examen escrito: 50%
Laboratorios: 20%
Quices: 5%
Talleres: 5%
Salida al Tablero 20%