ESS ESS Convent Sr.

Sec School,
Agra
Session: 2019-20

Chemistry Investigatory Project

On:

TO DETERMINE THE RATE OF

EVAPORATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Eshita Upadhyay Kuhoo Sharma
H.O.D. Chemistry XII-Science
Board Roll No:
 Index

€ Certificate of authenticity 1
€ Acknowledgement 2
€ Objective of project 3
€ Introduction 3
€ Factors influencing rate of Evaporation 4
€ Application 5
€ Theory 5
€ Experiment no.1 7
€ Experiment no.2 8
€ Experiment no.3 9
€ Experiment no.4 10
€ Bibliography 11
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Certificate of Authenticity

This is to certify that “Kuhoo Sharma”a student of class 12th

Science has successfully completed the research project on the
topic “Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids” under the
guidance of Ms.Eshita Upadhyay
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this
project have been declared at the end of this project.

Signature (subject teacher) Signature

(examiner)

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Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in chemistry on
the “Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids”.
This project would not have been feasible without the proper
rigorous guidance of chemistry teacher Ms.Eshita Upadhyay who
guided me throughout this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various difficult lab experiments,
which have to obtain the observations and conclude the reports
on a meaningful note. These experiments are very critical and in
the case of failure may result in disastrous consequences.
Thereby, I would like to thanks Ms.Eshita Updhyay for guiding me
on a systematic basis and ensuring that in completed all my
experiments with ease.
Rigorous hard work has put in this project to ensure that it proves
to be the best. I hope that it proves to be the best. I hope that this
project will prove to be a breeding ground for the next
generation of students and will guide them in every possible way.

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Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids

Objective of the Project
In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of liquid, surface
of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of
different liquids.
Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving
the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of
liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong
molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a
sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of
molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which undergo
evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left
behind is less.

Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore
temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular
kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of
the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of
water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant
stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up
and forms clouds.

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Factors influencing rate of

Evaporation

1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air. If the air

Already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air. If the air is already

saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth substance
evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will
be faster.

4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration points above. If
fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest,
and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air
molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping the molecules

together in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to
evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature. The rate of evaporation of liquids varies

directly with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also
increases. Thus with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also
increases.
Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation.
Therefore larger surface area contributes accelerating evaporation.

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6. Nature of Liquids. The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in

liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation
is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

7. Composition of Environment. The rate of evaporation of liquids depends

upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour
state thereby preventing condensation.

8. Density. The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over
the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.

9. Pressure. In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because

there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching
themselves

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Applications
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.

Theory
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more
quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids
with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by
evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to
evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.

Evaporative equilibrium:-

Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature. 760 Torr = 1 atm.

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If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escapi ng molec ules accumulate a s
a vapor above the li quid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with
returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium,
the vapor is said to e "saturated," and no further change in either vapor pressure
and density or liqui d temper ature will occur. For a system consi sting of vapor and
liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor
pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation:

Where P1, P2 are the vapor p ressures at temperatures T1, T2 res pectively, ΔHvap is
the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of
evaporatio n in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed
system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor p ressure reaches the ambie nt
pressure the liquid will boil.

The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evapor ate is lar gely based on the amount
of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures,
individual molecule s of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the
minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization.

But vaporization is not only the process of a change of state from liquid t o gas but
it is also a change of state from a solid to gas. This process is also known as
sublimatio n but can also be known as vaporization.

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Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop
watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out of
10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".

3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the Petri
dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.

Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining (V2) Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1–V2
ml.
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results: Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.

Conclusion:

The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

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Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette
and stop watch.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them
immediately.

3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.

Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Vol. Evaporated
Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) (ml.) volume
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

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Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer and thermostat

Procedure:

1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.

3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.

4. Note the reading.

Observation:

Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated

Time (Sec.)
Marked (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10

B 20 40 10 10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

Room Temperature < Heating.

Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with

temperature.

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Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.

2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.

3. Note the reading.

Observation:

 Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes volume

Conditions Time (Sec.)
Marked Evaporated (ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

With fan > Without Fan.

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in

rate of flow of air current.

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Bibliography-

€ www.google.com
€ www.wikipedia.org
€ www.allprojectreports.com
€ www.chemistryprojects.com
€ Comprehensive practical book of 12th

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