Impact of jets

 Mass of fluid can possess three kinds of energies

 Pressure energy, if the fluid is pressed by its own

weight or some external force (e.g. pump helping
in raising energy)

 Kinetic energy of the fluid due to its motion

(possible due to difference in datum or difference
in pressure)

 Potential energy- the energy due to the height of

the fluid above some assumed datum
 A fluid may be possessing one or more kinds of
energies
i at any moment

 All energies can be converted into one another

 Energies can be added or extracted from a fluid by

adding or extracting work from the fluid

 Useful way of realising the energy transfer of a

fluid is by using a rotating system of blades in fluid
machines
 A fluid pump has a rotating wheel called
impeller that converts the shaft work into
fluid energy

 A hydraulic turbine has a wheel or runner that

converts the fluid energy into shaft work.
work
 The magnitude and direction of a flowing fluid can
b changed
be h d by
b means off some externall force f
exerted by a body in the direction of fluid motion

 The fluid also exerts an equal and opposite force

on the body called dynamic force

 Dynamic force can be calculated using the

Impulse-Momentum
Impulse Momentum equation
 Momentum equation is based on Newton’s second
l
law off motion
i

 Force applied is equal to the rate of change of

momentum which acts in the direction of force

 Momentum is product of Mass and velocity of the

fluid given by MV (M=mass, V=velocity)
 Rate of change of momentum is given by
d
MV 
dt
 According to Newton’s second law

d
F  ((MV )
dt
 In almost all of the fluid flows, the mass flow
rate is constant so

dV (1)
F M
dt

F M
V1  V2 
t
(considering two sections of fluid stream)
F  m  V (2)
m= mass flow rate = ρ.a.V

ΔV=change in velocity of the fluid

Forces and velocities are taken as positive in

x (right)
( g ) and y (upward)
( p ) direction
 Eq (1) may also be written as

F .dt  M .dV
 Left hand side represents the impulse of the
force while the right hand side represents the
change in momentum; the equation is called
the Impulse-Momentum
Impulse Momentum equation.
 A fluid jet is a stream of fluid issued from the
nozzle
l with
i h a hi
high
h velocity
l i andd hence
h a high
hi h kinetic
ki i
energy

 Whenever a jet of fluid impinges on a plate, it

exerts a force on it due to the change in
momentum
t

 The force can be evaluated by the impulse

momentum equation elaborated earlier.
 The application of impulse momentum
equation
i f
for evaluating
l i the
h impact
i off
the hydrodynamic force on stationary
and moving g vanes will be studied in
this topic
Following cases of the impact of jet will be studied.

Force exerted by the jet on stationary plate

◦ When flat plate is held normal to the jet
◦ When flat plate is held inclined to the jet
◦ When flat plate is curved

Force exerted by the jet on moving plate

◦ When plate is vertical to the jet
◦ When plate is inclined to the jet
◦ When plate is curved
 Consider a fluid jet striking a stationary flat plate
held perpendicular to the flow direction.
direction

 Let a and V be the cross sectional area and velocity

off the
th jet
j t

 The jjet is deflected by

y an angle
g of 90 degrees
g after
striking the plate and leaves tangentially so that the
component of velocity in the direction of jet is zero.

 If the plate is quite smooth, the frictional resistance

between the jet and plate can be neglected
 The momentum of the jet is completely destroyed
i the
in h direction
di i off jjet by
b a force
f exerted
d by
b the
h
plate on the jet

 Since the plate is in equilibrium condition, the

force exerted by the jet on the plate is equal to the
f
force exerted
t d by
b the
th plate
l t on the
th jet
j t

 The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the

direction of motion of the jet is given by
 F  m.V
 Q.(V  0)

 aV 2

 Velocity
y in x-direction is zero.
 Consider a smooth flat plate inclined at an angle Ѳ
to the
h direction
di i off jet
j

 If the impulse momentum equation is applied in

the direction normal to the plate, the force in the
normal direction is given by

Fn  m.Vn
 aV .(V sin   0)  aV 2 sin 
As the fluid strikes the plate, it gets divided into
Q1 and Q2 streams , flowing tangentially to the
p ate
plate

Since the frictional resistance has been assumed to

b negligible,
be li ibl the
h resultant
l f
force i tangential
in i l
direction to the plate is zero.
 This means momentum parallel to the plate before
the impact of the jet is equal to the momentum
after
a te impact
pact

 Applying the impulse momentum equation in

tangential
i l direction
di i
 QV cos  Q1V  Q2V
Q cos  Q1  Q2

But

Q  Q1  Q2
 Solving the above equations

Q
Q1  1  cos  
2
Q
Q2  1  cos  
2
ratio of discharges

Q1 1  cos 

Q2 1  cos 
Case I-Jet strikes the plate at the centre

 Consider a jet, moving with velocity V striking a

curved plate at the centre

 It comes out with the same velocity V in tangential

direction after striking the plate

 Velocity at the outlet can be resolved into two

components
 Component of velocity in the direction of jet

 V cos
 Component perpendicular to the jet

V sin 
 h
Then h fforce exerted
the db h d
by jet in the direction off jet
is given by
 Fx  m.Vx  aV V1x  V2 x 
Fx  aV V  (V cos   aV 1  cos 
2

Also for force perpendicular to the direction of jet

F y  m . V y   aV V 1 y  V 2 y 
F y   aV 0  V sin      aV 2
sin 

-ve sign shows force is acting in downward direction

Angle of deflection of jet = 180-Ѳ

Case II-Jet strikes the curved plate at one end
tangentially,
i ll plate
l i symmetrical
is i l

 Consider the plate to be symmetrical about X

X-axis
axis

 Let V be the velocity and Ѳ be the jet with X-axis at

inlet

 Neglecting frictional losses and assuming that the

plate is smooth, the velocity at the outlet of tip will
also be V.
 Forces exerted by the fluid jet in X and Y directions
will
ill b
be

Fx  aV V1x  V2 x   aV V cos  (V cos ) 

Fx  2 aV 2 cos

Fy  aV V1 y  V2 y   aV V sin   V sin    0

Fy  0
Case III-Jet strikes the curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical

Do it yourself!!!!!
 Consider a fluid jet striking a flat plate held normal
to the
h direction
di i off motion
i off the
h jet
j and d moving
i
with uniform velocity u away from the jet

 Velocity of the plate is usually less than the velocity

of the jet otherwise the jet will not strike the plate

 The effective velocity of the jet will be the one with

which the jet is approaching the plate and will be
the relative of the two
 Relative velocity with which the jet strikes the plate
i given
is i b
by

(V u)
(V-u)

The mass flow rate for the case of moving plates is

given by

m  aV  u 
The force on the plate by the jet is given by

F  m.Vr  aV  u 
2
 For the case of moving plates, work is done
on the plate by the jet so if W is the work
done per unit time then

W=force x distance moved by the plate per

unit time

W  F u
 a V  u  .u
2
 Let the smooth flat plate inclined at an angle to
the
h direction
di i off motion
i off the
h jet
j and
d moves in
i the
h
same direction

 The jet leaves the plate tangentially so the velocity

of the leaving jet normal to the plate is zero

 Relative velocity with which the jet strikes the plate

is given by (V-u)
(V u).
 Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the normal
di
direction
i iis given
i b
by

Fn  m.Vrn
 a (V  u )[(V  u ) sin   0]
 a V  u  sin 
2

 Component of the force in the x-direction of the

jet

Fx  Fn sin   aV  u  sin 2 

2
 Other Component of the jet force

Fy  Fn cos   a V  u  sin  cos 

2

 Work done in the direction of the jet per unit

time

W  Fx  u  auV  u  sin 2 
2

What will happen when

  90 o
 Consider a fluid of jet striking a curved plate or
vane at the centre.

 The fluid guides over the vane and leaves from

the other end tangentially

 Let Ѳ be the angle of the vane at the tips on

b h sides
both d
 The component of outlet velocity in the x-
direction is given by

 (V  u ) cos 
 Mass of the fluid striking the plate is given by

aV  u 
 Force exerted by the jet on the vane, the direction
off the
h jet
j is
i given
i b
by

Fx  m.Vrx
Fx  aV  u [(V  u )  {(V  u ) cos  }]
 aV  u  1  cos  
2

 The work done in the direction of the application of

the jet per unit time is given by

Fx  u  aV  u  1  cos   u
2
 Kinetic energy of issuing jet

mV  aV V  aV 3
1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2

 And efficiency is given by

work done / kinetic energy supplied by the jet

 a V  u 2 1  cos    u 2 V  u  1  cos  u

2

1
 aV 3 V3
2
 Curved Plate (Vane), Jet Striking the Plate at
One End

 Carefully
C f ll draw
d andd explain
l i iin d
detail
il the
h iinlet
l
and outlet velocity triangles and relative
velocity.
velocity