HANDBOOK OF SURVEY

RESEARCH

SECOND EDITION

EDITED BY

PETER V. MARSDEN
Harvard University, USA

JAMES D. WRIGHT
University of Central Florida, USA

United Kingdom. North America. Japan

India. Malaysia. China
Contents

List of Contributors Xl

Preface and Acknowledgments xv

PART I: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

l. Survey Research and Social Science: History,

Current Practice, and Future Prospects 3
James D. Wright and Peter V. Marsden

2. Overview of Design Issues: Total Survey Error 27

Paul P. Biemer

3. Legal and Human Subjects Considerations in Surveys 59

Constance F. Citro

PART 11: SURVEY SAMPLING

4. Sampling Theory 83
Martin Frankel

5. Fundamentals of Applied Sampling l39

Thomas Piazza

6. Applied Sampling for Large-Scale Multistage Area

Probability Designs 169
Rachel Harter, Stephanie Eckman, Ned English and
Colm O'Muircheartaigh

7. Sample Size, Optimum Allocation, and Power Analysis 199

Kenneth C. Land and Hui Zheng
viii Contents

8. Analysis of Data from Complex Surveys 221

Richard T. Campbell and Michael L. Berbaum ,
k \

PART Ill: SURVEY MEASUREMENT

9. Question and Questionnaire Design 263

Jon A. Krosnick and Stanley Presser

10. The Psychology of Survey Response 315

Roger Tourangeau and Norman M. Bradburn

11. Measurement Models for Survey Research 347

George W. Bohrnstedt

12. How Good is Survey Measurement? Assessing the

Reliability and Validity of Survey Measures 405
Duane F. Alwin

PART IV: SURVEY DATA COLLECTION

13. Interviewers and Interviewing 437

Nora Cate Schaeffer, Jennifer Dykema and
Douglas W. M aynard

14. Telephone Surveys 471

Paul J. Lavrakas

15. Mail Surveys and Paper Questionnaires 499

Chase H. H arrison

16. Internet Surveys 527

Mick P. Couper and Michael Bosnjak

17. Mixed-Mode Surveys 551

Don A. Dillman and Benjamin L. Messer

18. Managing Survey Research Projects 575

John M. Kennedy, John Tarnai and James G. Wolf
 Contents ix

PART V: PREPARING, AUGMENTING AND

DISSEMINATING SURVEY DATA
k~ (~

19. Survey Nonresponse 593

John Dixon and Clyde Tucker

20. Missing Data 631

Paul D. Allison

2l. Linking Administrative and Survey Data 659

Julia Lane

22. Surveys and Geographic Information Systems 681

Frank M. Howell and Jeremy R. Porter

23. Archiving, Documentation, and Dissemination 707

Mary B. Vardigan and Peter Granda

PART VI: SPECIAL TYPES OF SURVEYS

24. Surveying Across Nations and Cultures 733

Tom W. Smith

25. Panel Surveys: Conducting Surveys Over Time 765

Frank P. Stafford

26. Ana1yzing Data from Repeated Surveys 795

Glenn Firebaugh

27. Surveys in Applied Social Research 813

Timothy P. Johnson and James D. Wright

28. Survey Experiments 837

Steven L. Nockt and Thomas M. Guterbock

Subject Index 865

tDeceased.
SUbject Index
AAPOR response rates, 594
Accessibility of information, 601, 611
Acquiescence, 263, 275-277, 300, 317,
338, 734, 738, 743
Address-based sampling (ABS), 473,
552,620
Administrative data, 14, 15, 22-23, 48,
59, 74, 505, 608-611, 619, 635,
659-664, 666-675, 677, 683, 717,
771, 774, 782
Administrative records, see
Administrative data
Adolescent Health (AddHealth) study,
683, 700, 791
Advance contact, 480, 492, 615
Age, period, and cohort (APC) effects,
810-811
Aggregated individual change;
contributions to social change,
806,808
Agree/disagree questions, 276
Alignment (of questions and responses),
508, 510
American Association for Public
Opinion Research [AAPOR], 11,
62,457,577, 594, 701, 718, 843
American Community Survey [ACS], 13,
551, 609, 817
American Housing Survey [AHS], 53
American National Election Studies
[ANES] , 15, 596, 795
American Sociological Association, 62
American Statistical Association, 76, .
255,460,709,817
Analysis of complex surveys, 223, 255
Anchor, 324, 334, 742
Anonymity, 286, 502, 699, 701, 709
Answering machine, 12,481, 551, 553,
600,842
Archiving, 22, 589, 660, 676, 699,
707-713, 715, 717, 719, 721, 723,
725, 727, 734, 752
Area frames, 33
Area probability sample, 162, 170-171,
173-174, 176, 178, 183, 189, 193,
225, 230, 440, 582, 736
ASCII, 585, 721, 776
Assimilation and contrast effects, 323
Association for the Accreditation of
Human Research Protection
Programs, 62
Attenuation, 355, 426
Attrition, 52, 449, 596, 598, 610, 613,
663-664, 766, 769, 771, 777,
779-781, 785-786, 796, 798, 821,
823, 843
Audio computer-assisted se1f-
interviewing (Audio-CASI
[ACAS!]), 13
Audit trails, 670,'719
Audits and Surveys, 10
Augmenting survey data, 14
Aural mode, 556-557, 562-563, 570
Autobiographical memory, 321, 331, 771
Auto-dialer, 480, 487, 602
Auto-regressive (quasi-Markov simplex)
model, see Quasi-simplex model
Auxiliary variables, 643, 646
Back-translation technique, 746
Balanced repeated replication [BRR],
134,234
866 Subject Index
Base weight, 192
Battery length, 422
Bayesian inference, 641-642
Bayesian method, 91
Bayesian models, 54, 613
Behavior coding, 295-299, 582-583
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS), 460, 553, 598
Be1mont report, 61
Between-wave intervals, 768
Bias, 6, 16, 22, 30, 37-38, 40-45, 47-50,
52-53, 89, 116-117, 120, 122-123,
130,133, 141-143, 173-175,
192-193, 248, 256, 263-264, 267,
278-280, 285-287, 317, 332,
337-338, 350-351, 354, 360, 383,
418-420, 429, 439, 458, 462, 473,
483, 488, 493, 531-532, 534, 536,
555-556, 580, 593-594, 603-614,
616-620, 637-638, 640, 643, 645,
648, 652-654, 664, 673, 734, 737,
743, 755, 768, 787, 821-823, 827,
848,855
Bias reduction, 122-123, 611
Biological specimens, 48, 69
Biospecimens, 18
Bi-polar response format, 425
Birth cohort survey, 765
Birth cohorts, 796, 798
Block,95, 109, 115, 119, 131-132, 172,
174-176, 184, 187,225,381,600,
609, 691-694, 847
Block group, 172, 187,225,692
Blogs, 676, 755
Blumer, Herbert, 405
Bogus pipeline, 285-286, 339
Booth, Charles, 4, 684, 813
Bounded interviews, 331-332
Bounding, 289, 332
Breach of confidentiality, 64, 70, 72
Break-off, 538-539, 541, 593, 843
British Household Panel Studyj
Understanding Society (BPHSj
US),768
Budgets, 152,514,577-579,582, 584,
599, 777, 782, 825
Bureau of Applied Social Research 8
815 ' ,
Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], 31
Bureau of the Census, see Census
Bureau
Business or establishment surveys, 596
CAI programming, 584, 586
Calibrating response scales, 742
Calibration models, 612
Callback, 485, 847
Caller ID, 481, 551, 568, 600, 616
Calling rules, 480, 492
Campbell, Angus, 9, 816
Cantri1, Hadley, 8
Cartwright, Dorwin, 17
Case weights, see Weights
Cell phone frame, 473-475
Cell phone survey, 476-477, 480-481,
486-487, 491-492, 616
Cell weighting, 124-125
Census 2000 supplementary survey
(c2ss), 560
Census Bureau, 8, 10, 19,31,37,51-52,
75-76, 172, 184, 187,221,228,
251, 501, 551, 554, 565, 583, 59~
609, 663-664, 667-668, 671,
685-686, 690-694, 715, 768, 822,
827, 830
Census business register, 662
Census long form, 8, 19, 184
Center for Political Studies (CPS), 10,
12-13, 17, 19,31,33,44,228,
596-597, 599-601, 609-610, 664,
666,675,817
Certainty PSUs, 252
Certainty selection, 149-150, 185
Certificate of Confidentiality, 75-76, 825
Changing-effect model, 797, 799-801,
803-804
Characteristics of interviewers, 441, 444,
452, 460, 462
Check-coding, 715

Chicago school, 6, 684, 815
Child Development Supplements (CDS),
770, 772, 784-785, 789
Classical inference, 87, 90
Classical test score theory (CTST), 348,
350-351, 353, 356, 384-385,
387-390, 392, 394, 398, 408,
411-415,417-420
Classical theory of inference, 85
Close ended question, 715, 814
Closed-form response format, 425-426
Cluster, 51, 95, 98, 109-117, 119-120,
127-128, 130-132, 134-135, 148,
156-163, 172-173,177-182,
184-185, 190, 194,211-218,
225-226, 254, 822
Cluster correction, 254
Cluster covariate effect, 216-217
Cluster effect, 158-159
Cluster sampling, 109-110, 112, 114,
119, 127, 156-158, 160-162,
211-212, 226, 822
Cluster size, 95, 109-110, 114-116, 119,
130-132, 159-161, 163,212,215,
226
Cluster subsample, 111-112
Clustering, 98, 150, 156, 158, 160,
170-171, 180-181, 190-191,
193-194,221-223,225-227,230,
232,237,246,253-256,450,452,
767
Code categories, 715
Codebook, 589, 714, 718, 720-721, 776,
778
Coder variance, 45
Coding, 11, 14, 16, 30, 35, 45, 266,
295-299, 456, 493, 542, 575, 579,
582-583, 588, 664, 668, 691, 711,
714-717, 720, 727, 734, 751-752,
769-770, 776-777, 844
Coding error, 35, 175
Cognitive Aspects of Survey
Methodology (CASM), 14,24,
316-318, 341
Subject Index 867
Cognitive interviewing, 48, 298, 330,
341, 583
Cohen's kappa, 51
Cohort differences, 806-807, 811
Cohort replacement, 796, 798, 805-811
Cohort succession, 805
Cohort-based panels, 781
Coleman, lames, 406
Columbia School, 8, 17, 815
Combined ratio method, 127
Committee-translation approach, 747
Common factor model, 413
Common Rule, 59, 62-67, 69-70, 76-78,
204,825
Common-ground approach, 755
Comparative surveys, 757
Complete case analysis, 632, 637
Comprehension, 38, 265, 288, 299,
315-319,321,326,328,457-458,
461, 734, 750, 756
Computer assisted interviewing (CAI),
296, 540-541, 584-586, 770-771,
775, 777-778, 789
Computer assistea personal interviewing
(CAPI), 13-14, 16, 74, 541, 555,
597, 616, 719, 770
Computer-assisted telephone
interviewing (CATI), 12,478, 541,
560, 579, 597, 770
Computerized self-administered
questionnaires (CSAQ), 13
Conceptual variability, 328-329
Conceptualizing' rieighborhoods, 693
Concurrent validity, 273, 374
Conditional mean imputation, 639
Conditioning, 316
Confirmatory factor analysis, 356,
367-368, 377, 379, 391, 398, 413,
415
Congeneric measures, 368, 413
Congeneric model, 369-372, 379,
385-386, 413
Congeniality of the imputation model,
646
Conjoint methods, 544
868 Subject Index
Consent form, 64-66, 70, 669, 710, 823
Consent process, 70
Consistency checks, 713, 776
Construct validity, 373, 376, 380, 416
Constructed variable, 240
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 602, 769
Consumption and Activities Mailout
Survey (CAMS), 770
Contact strategies, 615
Content validity, 375-376
Context effects, 273, 293-294, 334, 424,
542
Continuous latent variables, 408, 411,
420-421, 426
Control groups, 829, 837, 846
Convergence model, 796, 798-804
Convergent validity, 380-381
Conversational analysis, 315, 342
Conversational model, 316
Core based statistical area (CB SA), 184
Correction for sampling from finite
population, 411
Correlated errors, 42, 360, 414, 858
Correlation coefficient, 41, 43, 113, 159,
179-180, 182, 187, 190,204,
354-356, 383, 420, 426
Corruption of social statistics, 826
Cost ratio, 215-217
Cost reduction strategies, 11
Cost-effectiveness, 12, 514
Council of American Survey Research
Organizations (CASRO), 18, 552,
567, 594, 596-597
County Business Patterns, 667
Coverage, 14, 16,21-22, 35,44,49-50,
75,135,174-177,184,234,375,
398, 429, 438, 471-475, 477-478,
500-501, 527, 529-533, 542, 545,
551-553, 557-559, 563-564,
566-571, 575, 580, 598, 664, 666,
671-673, 675, 684-688, 695,
734-736, 755, 769, 841-842, 848,
854, 857
Coverage error, 16,33-35,40,45, 141,
174, 177, 472-475, 477-478, 500,
527, 529-531, 545, 553, 557, 559,
566, 570, 580
Criterion distribution, 166-167
Criterion validity, 409
Cronbach's alpha (also coefficient
alpha), 370,410,421
Cross-cultural surveys, 22
Cross-module index, 778
Cross-National Equivalent File, 778
Cross-national surveys, 733, 735, 737,
751
Cross-platform compatibility, 722
Cross-sectional analysis, 796
Cross-sectional measurement, 411
Cross-wave index, 778
Cultural translation, 747
Current Population Survey (CPS), 10,
12-13, 19,31,33,44,53,228,253,
297-298, 501, 506, 596-597,
599-601, 609-610, 664, 666, 675,
817
Cyber-infrastructure, 677
Data accuracy, 28-29
Data Archive for Social Sciences, 21
Data archives, 11, 15, 74-75, 711-712,
720, 723, 729, 766, 771, 774, 778,
789
Data collection instrument, 5, 714,
719-720, 770, 777, 814
Data collection mode, 11-14,22, 183,
383,439,441,522,528,552,575,
719, i70-771, 826, 839
Data Documentation Initiative (DDI),
720-721, 727
Data enclaves, 725, 774
Data mining, 75
Data processing bias, 45
Data processing error, 30, 35, 45, 52, 54
Data quality, 13, 27, 30, 36, 47, 54, 73,
269, 272, 274, 283, 285, 292, 406,
414,422,426-427,429,441,461,
488, 490-491, 511, 539, 541-542,
544, 578, 620, 675, 750, 777, 826,
843

Data security, 76, 587
Data sharing, 71, 708
Data user tutorials, 728
Database management, 16, 584
Decennial Census, 5, 19,37,53,75, 169,
171, 173, 551, 554, 558, 662, 683,
693, 827
Decentralized CAn, 13
Declining response and cooperation
rates, 600
DEFT, 159, 231-232, 239
Deliverables, 575, 578, 584, 588, 830
Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 34, 49,
175-176, 184, 187-188,473,501,
557, 566-568, 688, 842
Delta method, 243
Dependent interviewing, 771-772
Derivatives, 243, 245-247, 250
Design effect (DEFF), 44, 46, 96-97,
102-104, 106, 108, 110, 113, 121,
159-161, 179-183, 187, 190-191,
193,223-227,231-233,239,251,
253,411,441,450
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), 727
Digital preservation, 725-726
Direct identifiers, 710-712, 724
Direct maximum likelihood, 650
Disclosure, 61, 63-64, 70, 74-75, 462,
588,671, 708-709, 711, 724, 774,
825
Disclosure risk, 74-75, 709, 711, 724,
774
Disproportionate sampling, 151-152,
230
Disproportionate sampling based on
screening, 152
Disproportionate stratification,
152-153, 155, 821
Disproportionate stratified sample, 103,
152, 766
Do Not Call list, 479
Documentation, 28, 67, 71, 74, 185, 193,
222, 253, 257, 589, 660, 675-676,
686, 699, 707, 709, 711-715,
717-729, 734, 752, 770, 776-778
Subject Index 869
Don't know, 263, 267, 282-283, 285,
287, 329, 338, 383, 422, 424, i.:,
426-428, 505, 507, 510, 544, 554,
583,716-717,722,843
Dropout, 543, 613, 781
Dummy variable adjustment, 633,
638-639
Early-stage units, 172
Ecological fallacy, 692
Editing error, 35, 54
Effect size, 199, 201-204, 207-209, 212,
216-218, 611
Effective sample size, 96-97, 108, 110,
121, 180-181, 183,441
Efficiency, 8, 12,96-97,99, 104-105,
171, 173, 180,209,299,424,472,
641-642, 653, 821
Elaboration methods, 9
Electronic datasets, 577
Elements [of a population], see Sampling
frame
Eligibility, 123, 178, 188, 190,477-479,
502-504, 594-596
EM algorithm, 649
Emic questions, 753
Encoding, 289-290, 321, 325-326, 685,
720
English Longitudinal Study of Aging
(ELSA), 15, 662, 664, 669, 672,
772, 781-782
Entity-level geographies, 693
Enumeration, 6, 37, 47, 173, 184, 189,
323, 333, 530, 558, 827
Enumerator error, 34
Enumerator variance, 47
Episodic enumeration, 323, 333
Equivalence testing, 610-611
Errors of measurement, see
Measurement error
Errors of the third kind, 31
ESOMAR, 21, 537, 545
Estimated primary unit size, 131
Estimated unit size, 131
870 Subject Index
Estimate-specific bias reduction,
122-123
Estimating nonresponse bias, 607-609
Ethical guidelines for statistical practice,
709
Etic questions, 734, 753
European Social Survey, 21, 171, 722,
737
Event history calendar (ERC), 410, 440,
458, 771-773, 776, 778, 782, 785
Expansion weights, 163-164, 166,227,
257
Expedited review, 63-68
Experimental designs, 10,274, 749-750,
839-840, 846
Experimental intervention, 851
Explicit stratification, 154--156
Exploratory factor analysis, 365, 368,
377-378, 390, 748
Ex-post panels, 768
External validity, 477, 821, 837-838,
848, 855, 860
Face validity, 409
Face-to-face interviews, 11-12, 40, 339,
381, 407, 437-438, 450, 453, 456,
461, 553, 560, 599, 690, 767, 826
Factor analysis, 356, 365-368, 377-379,
390-391,398,413,415, 748
Factorial designs, 848, 860
Factual content, 410, 422-423, 425, 427
Fallback statements, 490-492
False negative, 49
False positive, 295
Family ID Mapping System (FIMS),
788
Family structure, 600, 603, 619, 707
Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS), 686, 691-692,
715
Feeling thermometers, 270, 425, 740
Field experiments, 10, 60, 841
Field methods, 512, 610, 614--615
Field period, 174, 177,472,476,
479-481, 487, 492, 503, 514, 517,
564,577,582-583,617
File formats, 719, 721
Finite Population Correction (FPC), 92,
109, 113, 120, 130, 133, 224, 227,
230, 252, 256
FIPS codes, see Federal Information
Processing Standard
First-stage units/clusters, Ill, 172-173,
179,183-185,190,230,253
Fitness for use, 28
Fixed effects, 43, 255, 767
Focus groups, 66, 140,326,341,447,
449,484
Follow-up contact, 502, 513, 520, 522
Forgetting, 316, 330-332, 338
Fractional intervals, 145-146, 149
Frame, see also Sampling frame, 30,
33-35, 37, 40, 45, 49-50, 54,
65-66,86,99, 110, 114--115, 117,
123, 127, 131, 135, 140-143,
145-15?, 154--156, 160, 164-165,
167,169-170, 172-173, 175-177,
183-188, 192,224,429,460,462,
473,475,492-493,500, 516,
528-533, 539, 553, 560, 562,
566-568, 575-576, 578, 580, 582,
600, 608-609, 618, 620, 667, 688,
734, 736, 743, 752, 827, 842
Frame bias, 45, 49
Frame errorl 30, 33-34, 37, 45, 54
Full-board review, 67
Functional equivalence, 734--735, 738,
746, 755
Gallup Organization, 564, 566, 571
Gallup panel, 564
Genealogy-based designs, 783
General Social Survey (GSS), 13, 15, 17,
169-170,173,179,183,185,
187-192,251,326,377,380,452,
455, 522, 557, 596-598, 635-636,
750, 795-796, 798-799, 801-802,
808-809, 818, 840, 844, 849-850

Generalizability theory, 365, 411,
418-420
Generalized linear models, 256, 612
Generational divisions, 801
Generic error variance, 419
Geocoding, 170, 175-176, 501, 684,
688-691, 777
Geocoding reference tool, 688
Geodata, 15, 685, 687, 694, 700
Geographic coding, 664
Geographic identification structure, 685
Geographic Information System (GIS),
5, 15,22, 170, 187,681-693,695,
697-703
Geographic mobility, 500-501, 683
Geographic Positioning Systems (GPS),
23, 662, 690, 702
Geographical cluster sampling, 212
Geographically weighted regression,
699
German Socio-Economic Panel
(GSOEP), 782-784, 786
GESIS, 21, 753
Global polls, 21
Gold standard measurement, 48-49, 52
Graded response model (GRM),
393-397
Graphic design, 504, 512
Guide to Social Science Data
Preparation and Archiving, 707
Hadamard matrix, 239-241
Half-open interval method, 34, 49
Handbook of Survey Research,
first edition, 11, 21
Hansen, Morris, 37, 221
Harmonization, 721
Hart, Clyde, 17
Header record, 713
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS),
14-15, 661, 768, 770, 772, 777,
781-782, 784, 791
Heckman model, 655
Hierarchical file, 713
HIPAA, 59, 587
Subject Index 871
Hospital episode statistics and vital
registration, 662
Hospital Event Statistics (RES), 672
Household enumeration form (HEF),
189
Household Income and Labor
Dynamics of Australia (HILDA),
786
Household interviews, 4, 702
Household substitution, 610
Housing unit (HV), 95, 130, 169-170,
172-177, 181, 183-184, 186-189,
192, 228, 599, 610, 735
Human subject confidentiality, 688
Human subjects, 22, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67,
69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 459-460, 575,
586-587, 676, 699-702, 710, 772,
825
Identification variables, 715
Identifiers, 63-64, 178, 222, 460, 462,
502, 515, 589, 663, 666, 668, 674,
683,686, 7-10-713, 723-724, 737,
825
Ignorability, 636-637, 648
Impact of interviewers, 441-442, 454,
462
Implicit frames, 33
Implicit stratification, 146, 154-155, 185,
192
Improving Survey Measurement of
Income and Employment
(ISMIE), 664, 673
Imputation, 45, 53, 603, 618, 631,
633-634, 637, 639-649, 652,
655-656, 716-717, 719, 770,
779-780
Imputation flag, 717
Incentive, 22, 50, 73, 285, 480, 492, 518,
521, 539, 560, 567, 579, 615, 676,
860
Inclusion-exclusion model, 335
Indirect identifiers, 710-712, 724
Ineligible elements, 141-142
872 Subject Index
Informed consent, 59,61,65,67-71, 73,
77,461,483,661,668, 709-710,
791, 825
In-person survey, see also Face-to-face
interview, 71-72, 443, 472, 523,
554-555, 579-581, 735
Institute for Social Research (ISR), 17,
74, 169,221, 756, 770, 776,
788-789
Institutional Review Board (IRB),
59-67, 69, 77, 482-483, 515, 575,
580, 584, 588-589, 699-702,
824-825
Instrument content and development,
737
Intellectual property rights, 676
Interactions, 42, 53,275, 316,443,447,
489, 522, 620, 646, 677, 684, 698,
734, 844, 855, 858
Interaction effects, 209, 218, 455, 798,
848,854
Interactive voice response (IVR), 13,
286, 551, 559-563
Intercept sampling, 34
Inter-cohort change, 806-808
Intergenerational panels, 782-783, 786
Intermittent nonresponse, 593 ' Interviewer supervision, 490
Internal consistency methods, 361
Internal consistency reliability (ICR),
361, 363-364, 372, 376, 410,
413-415,421
Internal validity, 534, 823, 837, 839,
847-848
International Journal of Public Opinion
Research, 21
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), 726, 757
International Social Survey Program
(ISSP), 21, 735, 737, 739, 741,
753-754
International surveys, 734
Internet access, 508, 527, 530-533, 552,
560, 563-564, 566-567, 598, 600
Internet surveys, 12-13, 16, 19, 22,
70-71, 183, 472, 499, 502, 522,
527-539, 541,545, 552-556 559
564, 566, 568, 570, 575, 57'7, 579,
581-585, 598,600, 620, 690, 824,
826, 842-844
Interpenetration, 51-52, 440, 847
Inter-respondent agreement, 853
Inter-university Consortium for Political
and Social Research (ICPSR), 11,
17-18, 75-76, 253, 702, 707,
710-711, 720, 753
Interviewer age, 443, 453
Interviewer bias, 43, 51
Interviewer design effect, 44
Interviewer effects, 42-45, 52, 54, 286,
438-442,445,449, 451-456,
459-460, 540, 843, 847
Interviewer error, 43, 439, 717
Interviewer expectations, 454, 847
Interviewer falsification, 587, 826
Interviewer gender, 453
' Interviewer monitoring, 47, 491, 826
Interviewer monitoring form, 491
Interviewer race and ethnicity, 439, 443,
452 ~
Interviewer recruitment, 734
Interviewer selection, 488
Interviewer training, 36, 42, 47, 460,
483-484, 489, 493, 583, 586, 615,
617, 737, 782, 861
Interviewer variance, 43-45, 47, 51-53,
440-441, 450-451, 453, 458
Interviewer's ~oice, 453
Interviewer-related error, 437, 488
Interviewer-respondent interaction, 438,
446-447
Interviewing experience, 444
Intra/inter-national comparisons, 734,
755
Intraclass correlation, 113-114, 159,
178-179,253,441,450,455,
858-859
Intra-cluster correlation, 226
Intracluster homogeneity, 179-180, 190
Intra-cohort change, 806

Intra-interviewer correlated errors,
42-44
Intra-interviewer correlation coefficient,
43
Intra-wave reports, 768
Invalidity coefficient, 416
Inverse probability weighting, 631
Item characteristic curve (ICC), 226,
385-386, 388, 420
Item count technique, 287
Item nonresponse, 35, 453-456, 508,
514, 565, 581, 583, 593, 595-596,
602-603, 610-612, 617-618, 673,
779-780, 842-843
Item response theory (IRT), 347-348,
383-394, 397-398, 408, 420,
748-749
Item writing, 7, 14
Iterative marginal weighting, 124-125,
167
Jackknife repeated replications (JRR),
134-135
Jackknifing, 234, 237, 241, 247, 250
Keying error, 52
Kish selection method, 478
Kish table, 16, 189
Kish, Leslie, 9, 478, 816
Knowledge Networks (KN), 18,
533, 598
La Place, Gustav, 5
Labeling of response options, 422
Labeling rating scale points, 271,
274-275
Lag-l assumption, 418
Landline frame, 473, 600
Landline survey, 473, 476-477, 479-481,
486
Language barrier, 442, 479
Language incompatibility, 738
Latent class models, 408, 411, 420-421,
613
Subject Index 873
Latent variables, 348, 356, 360, 365, 377,
407-408,411,416,420-421,426
Lazarsfeld, Paul, 8, 17, 815
Leave-and-pickup procedures, 11
Level of effort in field or nonresponse
follow-up, 50
Level of measurement, 429, 853
Leverage-salience theory, 481
Life events calendar, 331
Likert scales, 387, 455
Likert, Rensis, 9, 816
Linear approximation, 244, 249
Linear decomposition, 807-808,
810-811
Linear regression imputation, 640, 642,
649
Linearity of time trends, 799-800, 802
Linearization, 193-194, 223, 230, 232,
234, 243-244, 247, 249-250, 254,
256-257
Linguistic common ground, 756
Linking aggregate secondary survey
data to GIS, 691
Linking physicaf addresses to phone
numbers, 690
Linking primary survey data to a GIS,
688
List experiment, 845
List frames, 33-34, 224, 437, 582
List-assisted RDD sampling, 476
List-based sample, 532, 534
Listwise deletion, 632, 634, 637-638,
644, 650,' 653, 655
Literary Digest poll, 8
Location sampling, 821-822
Long term memory, 279, 283, 320-323,
330, 338
Longitudinal data, 415, 422, 652, 721,
766, 791
Longitudinal Employer-Household
Dynamics (LEHD) program, 663,
666-670, 672
Longitudinal measurement, 411
Longitudinal surveys, 332, 449, 669, 768,
781, 823
874 Subject Index
Long-term panels, 18
Loss to follow-up, 781
Luxembourg Income Study, 676
Mail survey, 8, 11-12, 18, 35-36, 47,
70-71, 340, 472, 499-503, 505,
507,509,511-515,517-523,528,
537, 542, 555, 566, 577-582,
584-586, 595-596, 688, 842,860
Main effect size, 216
Maintaining interaction, 446-449, 617
Mall intercept surveys, 582
Managing interviewers, 438
Managing mail survey projects, 514
Manchester Statistical Society, 5, 816
Margin of error, 140
Market research, 6, 10, 17-18,20-21,
527,535,543-544, 765, 818, 847
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC),
634, 642-644, 647
Markov process, 421
Master address file, 184
Mathematica, 10
Maximum likelihood (ML), 367-369,
371,376, 378, 631-632, 634, 637,
648-653, 655-656, 858
Mean squared error (MSE), 27, 30,
36-38,41-49,439, 640, 645
Mean substitution, 639
Measure of size (MOS), 130-132,
148-150, 162-163, 172, 177-178,
181, 185-186, 189
Measurement and Experimentation in
the Social Sciences (MESS), 533,
786
Measurement bias, 45, 47, 50, 52-53
Measurement error, 16, 30-33, 39,
44-45, 47, 50, 54, 272, 276-277,
281,341,347-349,350-351,
353-356, 359-362, 364-366, 374,
398, 406-408, 410-416, 418-425,
427-429,438,441,450, 457,
486-488, 491, 529, 538, 541-545,
553-555, 557, 563, 565, 570,
580-583, 603-604, 609, 613, 617,
619, 664-666, 743, 750, 755-757,
780, 841-843
Measures of stability, 359
Measuring interviewer effects, 441
Measuring nonresponse bias, 594
MEFT, 231-232, 239, 253
Metadata, 585, 660, 675-676, 723, 726,
752, 777-778
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA),
184-185, 693-694
Michigan School, 815
Microdata, 75-76, 660, 670, 676-677,
682, 688, 699-703, 715, 753
Middle alternatives, 274
Middle categories, 383, 426
Middle options, 738, 743
Minimal risk, 63-65, 67-70, 72-73, 75,
77-78, 702, 825
Missed housing unit, 176
Missing at random, 604, 612, 618,
635-636, 638, 642, 653-655
Missing by design, 635
Missing code, 717, 727
Missing completely at random, 604,
635-636, 655
Missing data, 22, 28, 203, 267, 292, 491,
541-545, 587-588, 593, 611-613,
618,631-656, 716-717, 719, 722,
727, 766, 771, 779
Mission drift, 577
Misspecification effect (MEFF), 191,
231-232; 239
Mixed-mode surveys, 13,21-22, 522,
551-553, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563,
565, 567, 569-570, 581
Mnemonic names, 713
Mode, 11-14, 19,21-24, 30, 32, 36,40,
46, 50, 53, 66, 183, 277, 292, 324,
380-381, 383, 422, 437, 439-440,
445, 450, 471-473, 486, 488, 500,
504, 514, 522, 528, 532-533,
537-538, 542, 544-545, 551-555,
557-571, 575, 578, 580-582, 585,
589,594-595, 599, 617, 620, 677,

734-736, 779, 826, 841-844, 848,
851, 853-854
Mode effects, 23, 380, 553-555, 557, 563,
565-566, 568, 570, 736, 779
Mode of administration, see Mode
Mode of interview, 450
Model specification error, 31
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
(MAUP),693
Module nonresponse, 779
Monitored [on-line access], 76
Monitoring, 10,47, 71, 460-461,
488-491, 578, 581, 584-587, 601,
682, 710, 725, 817, 826
Multicluster randomized sampling,
212
Multi-explanatory variable design,
217
Multileve1 models, 52, 223, 255
Multi-person units, 769, 784
Multiple (repeated) measures, 10, 15,40,
84,91, 126, 134-135, 170, 183,
204,223, 225, 234, 239, 298, 316,
411,415,417-418,420,481,489,
531, 588, 642, 645, 647, 649,
765-766, 768-769, 774, 795-799,
801, 803-807, 809-811, 846, 858,
861
Multiple imputation (MI), 38, 40, 50, 76,
368, 394, 506, 603, 618, 631-634,
637, 640-648, 651-653, 655-656,
770
Multiple imputation by chained
equations (MICE), 646
Multiple indicators, 300, 360, 415,
739-740
Multistage area probability sampling, 8,
171, 191,221
Multistage selection, 98
Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM), 380,
382-383,410-411,415-417,4.19,
421-422
Multivariate inference, 645
Multi-wave panels, 417, 785-786
Subject Index 875
National Center for Health Statistics,
19, 228, 597-598, 692
National Centre for Research Methods,
659
National Centre for Social Research,
21
National Education Longitudinal Study,
707
National frame, 169-170, 173, 183-185,
187, 192
National Frame Area (NFA), 185-186,
188-189, 192
National Health Interview Survey, 223,
613,817
National Health Survey, 8
National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth (NLSY), 15, 17,596,
598, 796
National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS),
768, 781
National Opinion Research Center
(NORC), 9-10, 17-18, 169-170,
172-176, 183-185, 187-188, 192,
221, 377,456, 597-598, 702, 744,
831
National probability sample, 84, 632,
708,822
National Science Foundation, 68, 74,
507, 669, 673, 677, 703, 708, 818
Navigation problems, 339
Navigational paths, 511
Needs assessme~ts, 817
Negative income tax experiments, 818
Neighborhood effects, 15
Neighborhood-based variation, 695
Net effect of individual change, 806
Neyman, Jerzy, 6, 27, 103
No opinion, 338, 544, 554, 716, 738, 743
Non-attitudes, 285
Noncentral F distribution, 204, 218
Noncontact, 442, 444, 449, 480, 517,
588, 594, 600, 603, 607, 616
Noncoverage error, 33-34, 40, 45, 141,
477
Noncoverage rate, 49
876 Subject Index
Non-facts, 428
Non-factual content, 410, 423, 427
Non-independence, 226, 253-254
Nonobservation, 462, 529, 533
Non-probability sample, 20, 222
Non-respondents, 13, 19, 42, 48-50, 122,
165,445, 521, 531-532, 538,
559-563, 567, 570, 578, 580,
594-595, 599, 604-606, 608-614,
617-619
Nonresponse, 13, 16,22,30,35,37,40,45,
47, 50, 53, 85, 108, 120, 122-123,
146, 165-167, 188, 190, 192, 230,
234, 253, 341-342, 347, 429, 438,
441-449, 453-456, 460, 473,
475-480, 483-485, 488, 491, 493,
502-503, 508, 514, 517, 521, 527,
529, 531-533, 536-539, 541-542,
545, 553, 557-559, 561-563,
565-570, 575, 580-581, 583, 588,
593-620,673, 734, 737, 779-780,
825, 827-828, 841-844, 848
Nonresponse adjustment methods, 45
Nonresponse bias, 22, 30, 45, 47,50,53,
473, 493, 532, 536, 593-594,
603-614, 617, 734, 737, 827, 848
Nonresponse error, 30, 35, 37, 40, 45,
441,479,485,529, 531-532, 536,
541, 545, 553, 557-559, 561-563,
566-570, 580, 842
Nonresponse in longitudinal surveys,
449
Non-response propensity, 122
Nonresponse rates, 22,50,453,478,529,
536, 565, 588, 594, 596, 606-609,
614, 620
Non-sampling error, 16,222
Nonsamp1ing error sources, 30
Non-verbal scales, 740
No-opinion responses, 338, 427, 544
Not missing at random (NMAR),
635-638, 642, 653, 655
Number ofrating scale points, 271, 274
Number portability, 474, 523, 552, 600
Nuremburg code, 60
Observed (manifest) variables, 348, 365,
407
Observed score, 350, 352, 354, 356, 365,
411-412,415-417,419
Office of Human Research Protections,
62,66,700
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), 184, 600
Office of Public Opinion Research, 8-9
One-parameter logistic (lPL) model,
384-389, 391-394, 397
One-stop F table, 204-206
Open archival information system
(OAlS) reference model, 726
Open ended questions, 14, 35, 324, 337,
425, 455, 493, 510, 543, 554, 556,
715, 737, 752, 843
Open-access survey, 534-536
Open-ended items, 35, 510, 715, 777
Open-form questions, 423
Opinion Research Corporation, 10, 18
Optical scanning, 11
Optimal allocation, 103-106, 153-154,
846
Optimal cluster size, 95, 110, 114,
160-161,212
Optimizing, 29, 53, 265-266, 280, 283,
317,747
Optimum sample size, 210-211
Opt-in panel, 528, 530, 534-537, 539
Order of response alternatives, 278
Ordinal-polytomous data, 420
Original sample members (osm's), 783,
786
Out-of-range codes, 777
Out-of-range values, 712
Overcoverage, 173-175, 178, 187,474
Over-editing, 54
Over-sampling strata, 166
Oversampling, 152, 164,227,234, 780
Page layout, 508, 544
Pairwise deletion, 618, 638, 642, 649
Pairwise-deleted covariance matrix, 638

Panel Study of Income Dynamics
(PSID), 15, 17, 765, 768-773,
775-776, 780, 782-786, 788-791,
818
Panel surveys, 15,22,332,558,564,613,
735, 765-767, 769-771, 773-775,
77~ 779, 781, 783, 785, 787, 789,
791, 795, 806, 818, 823
Paradata, 441, 485, 491, 545, 752,
778-779
Parallel measures, 356-358, 362, 413
Parallel-translation approach, 747
Partial interview(s), 594-598, 600-604,
607-612, 614-618, 632-633,
640-641, 649, 653-654
Partial nonresponse, 593-594
Pattern mixture models, 612
Periodicity, 145-146, 768, 770-772
Persistent identifiers, 727
Personal interviews, 11, 442, 554-555,
579, 598, 841
Personal questionnaire, 854
Personality measures, 444
Persuasion attempts, 447-448
Phone survey, see Telephone survey
Physically clustered populations, 502
Pixel-based raster data, 686
Place-level geography, 694
Platonic true score, 349-351, 354
Polar point labels, 563
Polychoric correlation coefficients, 420
Polysemous words, 319
Population, 3, 5, 7-8, 10-11, 14, 16-20,
31,33-35,38-41,43-44,48-49,
53,66-68, 70-71, 73, 78, 83-95,
97-118, 120-134, 139-142, 148,
150-152, 154, 156, 160, 163-167,
171-174, 178-179, 183-186, 188,
192-193, 199-200, 210-211,
222-225, 227-228, 230-232,
252-253, 255-257, 267-268,
296-299, 326, 347, 354, 364-365,
370,375,407,410-413,416,419,
429, 437, 439, 444, 452, 456, 461,
471-479,481-482,493,500-501,
Subject Index 877
506, 512, 516, 518-519, 521,
529-537, 545, 552-553, 559, '. "
565-566, 575-576, 580, 582-583,
593, 596, 598, 601, 603-604,
606-607, 612-613, 619, 635, 637,
645, 660, 662, 664, 666, 671-672,
675,683,693-695,698, 715, 718,
727, 734-736, 744, 756, 766-767,
769, 775, 777, 780-783, 785-786,
795-798,805-806,811, 817,
819-825, 827, 829, 837-838, 846,
848, 851
Population composition, 798, 811
Population parameters, 3, 86, 91, 104,
133, 192,222,347,354,477,493
Population Studies Center, 17
Population turnover, 805
Position of questions, 543
Post enumeration survey, 37
Post-field-period processing, 778
Post-stratification, 253, 565
Post-stratification weights, 565
PPS sampling, se~ Probability
proportional to size
Pre- and pilot- testing, 513
Pre and post-tests, 840
Precision, 53, 96, 150, 152-153, 155-156,
158-161, 164, 171-172, 176,
179-181, 188, 192,200,209,212,
545-546, 576, 614, 686, 741, 791
Pre-coded response categories, 5
Predictive dialer,.487, 601
Predictive validity, 373-374, 416
Prefix systems, 714
Prenotification, 513, 517-520, 538
Pre-survey letters, 579
Pretesting, 30, 66, 114, 140, 264, 267,
277, 288, 294-297, 299, 330, 341,
347, 376, 513-514, 578, 582'-583,
586, 734, 738, 744-745, 748-752,
757, 770, 820, 823, 830, 838-840,
846, 855, 857
Primacy effects, 278-281, 337, 542, 556
Primary sampling unit (PSU), 130, 185,
222,225,229-230,234-242,246,
878 Subject Index
249-250, 252, 254-255, 257, 440,
642
Privacy and confidentiality concerns,
601
Probability of selection, 101-102, 108,
111-112, 115, 118-120, 123, 128,
130-132, 134, 147, 153, 162-163,
178, 190,227,612
Probability proportional to estimated
size (PPES), 148, 189
Probability proportional to size (PPS),
131-132, 143, 145, 147-150,
162-163, 170, 172, 177, 185-186,
189
Probability sample, 8, 12, 16, 19-20,
83-84,86,91,94,97,99, 109-110,
11\ 130, 133, 13~ 148-14~
162-163, 170-171, 173-174, 176,
178, 183, 189, 193, 222, 224-225,
230,437,440, 527, 529, 531,
533-536, 582, 600, 632, 708, 736,
822, 837, 842, 848, 860
Probability sampling, 5-8, 83-85, 91-92,
94,98-99, 101, 115, 133, 139-140,
163, 169, 171-172, 191,221,437,
475-477, 532
Probing reinterviews, 48
Processing error, 30, 35, 45, 52, 54, 717
Project-specific training, 489-490, 492,
586
Propensity weighting, 124, 126-127
Proportionate stratification, 152-153,
155, 821
Proportionate stratified sample, 103,
107, 109, 151-152,224, 766
Protection of confidentiality, 61, 699
Protection of Public Rights amendment,
77
Proximate sources of social change,
805-806
Proxy reports, 423, 428, 784, 786
Pseudo-polls, 20
Psychology of visual information, 504
Public opinion polls, 19, 75
Public Opinion Quarterly, 11, 342, 347
Public use microdata samples (PUMS),
75, 715-716
Push poll, 20
Quality control, 30, 42, 460, 472, 584,
586-587, 715, 726, 746, 826
Quality dimension, 28-29
Quality of data, 12, 424, 542
Quality profiles, 28, 53-54
Quality-assurance systems, 752
Quarterly workforce indicators, 667
Quasi-experimentation, 818, 839
Quasi-simplex model, 411, 417, 421-422
Question attributes, 266
Question context, 294, 424-425,
427-428, 844-845
Question focus, 506
Question numbers, 340, 713
Question order, 264, 273, 291, 294-295,
542,839
Question semantics, 291
Question wording, 66, 297, 300, 331,
341, 458, "503, 510, 540, 543, 545,
554, 556, 583, 718, 738, 769, 774,
777-778, 839, 842, 844
Questionnaire. booklets, 504
Questionnaire construction, 14, 22, 295,
564
Questionnaire design, 14, 31, 47, 263,
265-267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277,
279,281,283,285,287-289,291,
293, 295; 297, 299, 425, 428, 454,
503, 543, 555, 582, 586, 827, 830,
840, 861
Questionnaire development, 264, 429,
582, 750, 820, 837
Questionnaires, 4-5, 7-9, 11, 13, 140,
263-264, 275, 281, 286, 291-292,
294-295, 299, 324, 329, 340-341,
347, 380, 407, 424-425, 429, 447,
472,485-487,493,499-505,
507-515, 517-522, 534, 540-541,
551, 554, 556, 558, 568, 576-588,
720, 733, 744, 746, 752, 756, 778,

814, 825-826, 829, 839, 842,
853-854, 861
Quota sample, 8, 826
Quota sampling, 7, 9, 11, 107, 534
R software, 189,227,232,241,295,585,
631, 720-721
Radio frequency identification (RFID),
677
Raking, 124-125, 127, 167,612
Random (variable) errors, 9, 28, 31-32,
38-39, 41-42, 44-45, 50, 76,
86-87,89,91-93,99-101, 104,
110-111, 113-116, 118-119,
122-123, 127-128, 131, 146,
151-155, 160, 162, 166-168,
178-179, 181-183, 190-191, 199,
201-203,207,209,212-218,230,
234, 244-246, 248-249, 251-252,
254,272,281,349, 351, 353-357,
359-361, 366, 368,.370, 373-375,
384, 386-387, 389-394, 396-397,
405,407-409,411-422,426,459,
462, 536, 604-605, 612, 619,
632-633, 635-636, 638-639,
642-648, 650-654, 675, 710-714,
717-721, 724, 734, 752, 768, 770,
777-779, 782, 789-790, 796-799,
801-803, 806-807, 809, 838, 845,
847-848
Random assignment, 52,462, 839, 847
Random digit dia1ing (RDD), 12, 19, 34,
37, 85, 183, 223, 253, 437, 473,
475-477, 480-481, 529-530,
532-533, 552-553, 564, 567,
598-599, 609, 615-616, 842, 856
Random noise, 76
Random sample, 16, 33, 38-39,43,
50-51, 86, 88, 90, 92-94, 97,
101-104, 107, 111, 116, 143, 145,
150-151, 155; 158-160, 171,209,
223,231, 244, 248, 254,475-476,
598, 600, 620, 637, 711, 736, 767,
852
Random start, 145-149, 155, 162
Subject Index 879
Random variation, 640, 711
Randomized field experiments, 10
Randomized response technique,
286-287, 339
Rao-Scott correction, 232
Rapport, 264, 291, 458, 617
Rasch model, 387-388, 420
Raster, 686-687
Rate-based estimation, 323, 333-334
Raters, 418, 748
Rating scales, 263, 268, 270-271, 274,
278, 280-281, 324, 337, 422,
425-427, 853
Ratio estimator, 116-117, 127, 129-130
RDD telephone survey, 183, 529, 598
Recall aids, 288
Recall error, 33, 288
Recall-and-count, 323, 333-334
Recency effects, 278-280, 337, 556, 560
Recode logic, 720
Recontacts, 785
Record check studies, 410
Record linkage, 70, 660, 673
Record matches, 713
Record-matching, 23
Records-research datasets, 661
Recruitment [of participants], 74
Reducing sampling error, 153
Reference period, 48, 289-290, 331-334
Refusal, 440, 442, 444-445, 447-450,
479,483-486,492, 577-578, 586,
598,607, ,610-611,616-617, 716,
843
Refusal avoidance, 484, 586, 617
Refusal avoidance training, 484
Refusal conversion, 445, 485-486, 492,
577-578, 616-617
Refusal report form, 485
Reidentification, 75, 670
Reinterview design, 411, 418, 440
Reinterview study, 40
Relative bias, 41, 44, 614
Relative cost, 158, 160-162,472
Relative weights, 163-164, 166,227,234,
237, 241, 257
880 Subject Index
Relevant + irrelevant approach, 754
Reliability, 12, 39-40, 43, 46, 48, 50,
53-54, 109, 268, 270-276, 278,
296-299, 347, 352-354, 356-372,
376, 379-380, 383, 389-390, 398,
405-429, 441, 456, 459, 461-462,
493, 544, 581, 583, 643, 681, 738,
742, 748, 750, 754, 824, 826, 837
Remote sensing, 699
Repeated survey design, 796
Replicate, 48, 133-134, 234, 237-242,
409, 411, 415, 446, 448
Replicate weight, 237, 241
Replication method, 193, 223, 234, 241,
250, 256-257
Replication weights, 194, 222, 241, 251,
257
Reporting errors, 315-316, 334, 338
Representation, 227, 271, 319, 326-327,
329, 335, 359, 382, 478, 528, 686,
695-696, 776, 783, 827
Representative samples, 3, 22, 471, 475,
750, 821, 826, 838
Representativeness, 6, 20, 472-473, 529,
534, 539, 545, 553, 766, 779, 781,
786, 828, 848
Research Center for Group Dynamics,
17
Research Data centers, 76, 676
Research data lifecycle, 707
Research Triangle Institute (RTI), 10,
17-18,21,255, 583, 831
Residuals, 248-250, 397, 699
Respondent burden, 271, 291, 600, 602,
784, 824, 843, 852-854
Respondent cognitive capacity, 426
Respondent driven sampling, 822
Respondent fatigue, 266, 277, 472
Respondent motivation, 266, 277, 317,
614
Respondent selection, 472, 477-479,
491-492, 503, 736, 848
Respondent-nonrespondent difference,
604
Respondent-related error, 491
Response bias, 22, 30, 45, 47, 50, 53,263,
285-286, 350, 473, 493, 532, 536,
593-594,603-614,617, 734, 737,
827,848
Response burden, 271, 291, 600, 602,
784, 824, 843, 852-854
Response categories (number of), 263,
266-274, 280-281, 288, 293, 296,
299,317,322-323,328-329,
331-337,340,406-407,418,
421-427, 739-742, 745, 754, 756
Response editing, 338
Response effects, 14,300,315, 743
Response extremity, 743
Response formatting, 504
Response mapping, 268, 337
Response order effects, 278, 280-281,
337-338, 341, 542
Response process, 315-318, 324-325,
341, 373, 828, 860
Response propensity, 122, 605
Response propensity models, 612, 614,
619
Response rate, 8,~ 11-13, 19, 22-23, 28,
45,47,50, 53, 165-167, 188, 192,
341,429,437,441-449,453,459,
461,472,476,478-481,488-489,
499-500, 511-514, 516-522, 529,
531-533,536-539,551-552,
557-561, 563-569, 571, 576-577,
580-581,585, 588, 593-601,
603-609, (>13-617, 619-620, 676,
718, 734, 737, 768, 775, 7,77, 781,
785, 791, 815, 822, 828, 842, 860
Response rate variations, 737
Restricted-use data, 683, 724-725
Retention curves, 330
Retrieval, 265-266, 288, 292-293,
315-318,320-323,330-331,
333-334, 338, 407
Retrieval cues, 322, 331,334
Rho, 113
Roh, 113-114, 159-162
Role characteristics, 439, 451, 454
Roster, 178, 183, 189, 455,842

Rotating panel design, 596
RTI International, see Research
Triangle Institute (RTI)
Running tally, 322, 337, 544
Sample allocation, 95, 100, 103, 105,
107, 154, 179,209-211
Sample bias, 248
Sample design, 16,65,86-99, 101-103,
105,109,111-113,115,117,
132-135, 150-151, 154, 160, 163,
171,180-181,218,221-224,228,
230, 232, 237, 241, 254-255, 257,
411,437,449-450, 503, 576, 578,
580, 584, 588, 736, 767, 770, 780,
796
Sample disposition, 586, 588
Sample estimates, 20, 92, 96, 98, 120,
172, 192,227,237,244,247,253,
437,603
Sample estimators, 87, 89, 96, 99, 117,
128-129
Sample refreshment, 780
Sample size, 28, 36, 41, 46, 90, 92, 95-97,
99, 102, 104-105, 107-108,
110-111, 114-115, 117, 121-122,
131, 133, 143, 145-146, 152-153,
162-164, 172, 179-183, 185-186,
188-189, 199-201,203,205,207,
209-211,213,215,217-218,
223-224, 226-228, 230, 232, 234,
252, 287, 369, 441, 472, 476, 514,
561, 566-567, 577-578, 593, 604,
610, 613, 638, 649, 652, 663, 803,
822, 846, 848
Sample statistics, 3, 158, 164, 223, 225,
227-228, 232, 237
Sample stratification, 99, 101, 127
Sample variance, 87-88, 93, 104, 112,
180
Sample weights, see Weights
Sample-population consistency, 122
Samples in mail surveys, 515
Sampling and coverage, 842, 854
SampIingbias, 117, 120, 122
Subject Index 881
Sampling distribution, 38, 40, 87-92,
201, 223-225
Sampling error, 16, 20, 27-28, 30, 35,
37-40, 44-49, 53-54, 94, 96, 99,
134, 139, 153, 155, 161, 190,200,
222, 228, 230, 237, 252, 255, 287,
411, 531, 553, 580, 614
Sampling error calculation model, 228
Sampling fraction, 109, 151-155,
163-164, 166, 224, 252
Sampling frame, 8, 16,22,33-34,50,65,
86, 96, 110, 123, 131, 135,
140-141, 145, 150, 155, 164-165,
167, 169-170, 173, 183,224,411,
429, 437, 471, 473-476, 492-493,
522, 528-532, 539, 552-553, 576,
580, 582, 600, 608, 618, 620, 688,
736
Sampling list, 98
Sampling pool, 476, 480, 485, 487-488,
490, 492
Sampling probabilities, see Selection
probabilities
Sampling rare populations, 819
Sampling theory, 6, 16,21-22,83,85,87,
89,91,93,95-97,99, 101, 103,
105, 107, 109-111, 113-115, 117,
119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131,
133, 135, 153, 159
Sampling unit, 33, 98,119,130,171-173,
178-179, 181, 185,222,225,440,
473,477-478, 492
Sampling variance, 43-45, 97, 99,
101-104,111-113,116,118,130,
132-134, 209, 232, 251, 256
Sampling weight, see Weights
Sampling with replacement, 230
Sampling without replacement, 111-112,
143, 224, 252
Sandusky surveys, 8
SAS, 145, 160, 193, 221, 237, 248-249,
252, 255-257, 588, 642-645, 647,
653, 720-722, 776, 788
SASS,53
Satisfice, see Satisficing
882 Subject Index
Satisficing, 265-266, 271, 274--275,
277-281,283-284,292,317-318,
338, 554, 771, 853
Scope of work (SOW), 575, 578-579,
587,589
Screening, 152-153, 171, 178, 181,292,
438,443,461,475,477-479,482,
489, 521, 600, 677, 767-768, 780,
821
Seam effect, 332-333, 341, 771
Secondary analysis, 75, 588, 707, 723
Secondary sampling units, 225
Second-stage units/clusters, 172-173,
181, 187, 212
Securing interviews, 447
Seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR),
613
Segment, 155, 163, 174--177, 186-190,
192, 690, 789
Selecting clusters, 160
Selection interval, 145, 147-149, 155
Selection models, 612, 619, 653-655
Selection probabilities, 35, 93, 114, 119,
130-131, 142-143, 164--167, 170,
188, 190, 192, 227, 248, 529
Selection range, 148-149
Self-administered questionnaire (SAQ),
9, 13, 278, 286, 292, 324--325, 340,
381, 407, 499, 503, 506-507,
512-513, 522, 556-557, 583, 816
Self-enumeration census methodology,
47
Self-reports, 15, 266, 285, 287, 338, 423,
428, 441, 447, 787
Self-weighting sample, 102
Semiparametric models, 613
Sensitive questions, 40,45,339,443,455,
491,502, 515, 522, 557, 581, 587,
611, 825, 848
Sensitivity, 75, 199-200, 203, 282, 341,
369, 439,601, 611, 655
Sensitivity analysis, 611, 655
Separate ratio estimation, 127, 129-130
Sequential generalized regression, 634,
646-647
Show cards, 23, 555
Side-of-street error, 175
Sign test for convergence, 800
Simple random sample (SRS), 16,38-39,
41,43,48, 51, 86, 88, 90, 92-94,
97, 101-104, 107-108, Ill, 116,
143, 145, 149-151, 155, 158-160,
171, 179-180, 189, 193,209,218,
221-223, 225-227, 230-232, 239,
244, 248, 253-254, 256, 475-476,
637, 852, 855
Simple random sampling, 16,96-97,
102-104, 106-107, 109, 111,
143-144, 147,209,221,637, 718
Simple random selection with PPS, 149
Simple replicated interpenetrating
subsample, 132
Simple response scales,. 740-741
Single-translation approach, 746
Skip patterns, 16, 292, 340, 507, 511,
514,633, 717, 719, 727, 776-777
Snowball sampling, 822
Social desirability, 263, 285-288, 296,
317,324, j5l, 522, 540, 555-557,
738, 743
Social desirability bias, 285-287, 317,
540, 555-556
Social geography, 4
Social impact assessments, 817, 819
Social indicators, 423, 817, 819, 831
Social network, 15, 73, 455, 683, 817,
822
Social psychology, 447, 513, 815
Social survey movement, 7, 813, 815
Social trends, 183, 798
Spatial analyses of social inequality, 15
Spatial analysis procedures, 681
Spatial autocorrelation, 695
Spatial boundary files, 685
Spatial coverage, 684--688, 695
Spatial epidemiology, 682
Spatial statistics, 681, 699
Specification bias, 45
Specification error, 30-33, 44--45, 53
Spells of time, 778

Spinoff ventures, 782
Split ballot design, see Split-sample
experiments
Split-off, 780-781, 785-786
Split-sample experiments, 46, 840-841,
846, 861
SPSS, 145, 221, 252, 256, 585, 588, 650,
720-722, 776
SRC Summer Institute in Survey
Methodology, 11
Standard error of measurement, 353,
388-389
Standardization, 340, 342, 439, 456-459,
461, 726, 737, 746, 755, 757
Standardized mean difference, 201, 207
Standardized measurement, 437
Standardized survey interviewing, 488
Standardized testing, 6
Stata, 145, 160, 193,221,231-232,237,
252, 254, 256-257, 585, 588, 642,
647, 720-722
Statistical hypothesis tests, 199
Statistical inference, 3, 5, 7, 16-17,
83-86, 91, 428
Statistical power analysis, 199, 201
Steady-state panel, 766, 780-781, 783
Stratification, 98-99, 101-102, 107, 127,
133, 146, 150-156, 161, 172, 181,
183-187, 192,221-225,227,230,
232, 237, 246, 253-254, 256, 375,
565, 707, 741, 821-822
Stratified sample, 100, 103-104, 107,
109, 151-152,224-225, 766
Stratified sampling, 27, 98-99, 101-102,
105, 107-108, 120, 154, 164,
209-210
Stratum, 98-109, 127-131, 134-135,
151-153, 155-156, 161, 164, 166,
183-186, 190, 194,209-211,222,
224-230, 234-242, 246, 249-250,
254-255, 257, 375-376
Straw polls, 6-7
Streamlining, 63, 424
Street network, 685-688, 690-691
Strengths of mail surveys, 499
Subject Index 883
Styles of interviewing, 440, 456
Subgroup analysis, 99, 252
Sub-group differences, 522, 755-756
Subpanels, 770, 779, 784
Substantive survey experiments, 838,
840, 844-845, 849
SUDAAN, 193,222,231,255
Suffix systems, 714
Sugging, 12
Summary statistics, 645, 719
Supervising survey interviewers, 438
Survey budgets, 578, 599
Survey costs, 11-12,22,47, 105, 347,
487, 553, 557-558, 570, 578-579,
584, 607, 611, 614, 826
Survey error, 16,22,27, 29-31, 33,
35--41,43--49,51,53-54,316,347,
429, 438--439, 456, 472, 489, 553,
570-571, 580, 607, 734, 830, 841
Survey interview as social process, 817
Survey interviewers, 437--438, 459, 490,
826
Survey introduction, 291, 445--447,
482--483,615,617
Survey modes, see Mode
Survey non-response, see Nonresponse
Survey objectives, 575-578, 861
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF),
17, 777
Survey of Income and Program
Participation (SIPP), 53, 664, 768,
770, 779, 788
Survey population, 78, 85-86, 140-142,
165, 326, 582-583
Survey quality, 22, 27-28, 47, 296, 429,
541, 569, 593, 596, 620, 662, 664,
828
Survey quality frameworks, 28
Survey quality index, 22
Survey Research Center (SRC), 9-11,
17-18,253,597-598, 776, 816,
818, 827
Survey response process, 315-316, 318,
860
Survey weights, see Weights
884 Subject Index
Swiss Household Panel (SHP), 786
Symbolic elements, 503
Symbolic interaction, 405
Synthetic [data], 76, 670
System file, 721-722, 727
Systematic error, 38, 40-42, 44-45, 355,
415,418-420,439
Systematic random sampling, 145, 147
Systematic sample, 34, 145-146, 155,
188, 533
Systematic selection of PPS sample, 149
T-ACASI,13
Tailored Design Method, 47, 520
Tailoring, 446-449, 484, 603, 617
Target population, 15,33, 35,41,48-49,
85-86, 125, 140-141, 171-173,
183, 224, 255, 439, 444, 471-472,
476,481-482, 500-501, 516, 521,
529-530, 582-583, 718, 727,
734-736, 744, 756, 766-767, 777,
819, 821-824, 851
Tau-equivalence model, 413
Tau-equivalent measures, 362, 411, 413
Taylor series approximation, 130, 193
Taylor series linearization, 223, 230, 232,
234, 243, 247, 257
Telephone Consumer Protection Act,
601
Telephone interviewer, 71, 442-443, 447,
451,453-454,460,472-473,
483-484, 488-489, 554, 585-587
Telephone survey, 11-12, 14, 21-23, 36,
51-53, 71-72, 183,223,253,
274-275, 324, 438, 442-444, 446,
448, 450, 452-453, 460-461,
471-493, 518, 529-530, 534, 542,
552-555, 559, 579-583, 585-587,
596, 598-600, 616, 620, 688, 694,
735, 839, 847
Telescoping, 289, 330-332, 334, 341
Test-retest, 40, 359-361, 459
Test-retest reliability, 360-361, 459
Tetrachoric correlation coefficients, 420,
426
Text and shading, 505
Theoretical validity, 352-353, 367, 370,
372-373, 377, 380
TIGER, 685-686, 690
Time and speed of mail surveys, 527
Time diaries, 772, 789-790
Time invariant variables, 768
Time Sharing Experiments in the Social
Sciences (TESS), 844-845
Timelines, 577-580, 582, 584, 772
Topcoding, 76
Total bias component, 45
Total cost equation, 182
Total Design Method, 12, 842
Total error method, 122
Total survey error (TSE), 16-17,20-22,
27, 29-31, 33, 35-39, 41, 43-49,
51, 53-54, 347, 472, 489, 553, 734,
830
Tracking, 16,442,513-515, 534, 581,
585-586, 666, 775, 781-782, 786,
795, 823, 838
Tracts, 15,33, 170, 172-173, 181,
184-186, ~225, 609, 684-686,
692-693, 695
Traditional listing, 173-177, 187
Trailer record, 713
Training, 11, 30, 36, 42, 47, 62, 66, 74,
174, 176, 263, 438-440, 449, 457,
459-461, 483-484, 488-490,
492-493, 579, 581, 583, 586, 603,
615,617, 677, 703, 723, 728, 734,
737, 747:, 752, 782, 828, 830, 857,
859, 861
Traits, 382, 410, 415, 417, 751, 756, 814,
859
Transaction samples, 533
Transactional information, 23
Translation-on-the-fly approach, 746
True score, 349-357, 361-362, 364-366,
368, 381, 384-390, 393-398,408,
411-413, 416-419
True score correlation, 355, 381
True/false questions, 276
True-score variance, 412, 417, 419

Tuskegee study, 60
Two-parameter logistic (2PL) model,
388, 391-395, 397
Two-stage cluster sample, 148
Two-survey changing-effect model, 803
Two-track models, 318
Type I error, 199-200, 202, 217
Type II error, 199-200,202,217-218,
429
Type III error (errors of the third kind),
31
Type of Enumeration Area (TEA),
184-187
UK Data Archive, 21
UK Millennium Cohort Survey, 662
Ultimate clusters, 112, 115-116,
128-129, 131-132, 134-135,230
Ultimate sampling unit, 33, 173,
178-179,181
Unbounded interviews, 331-332
Unclustered sample, 171, 180
Undeliverable mail, 517
Undercoverage, 49, 173-176, 178, 187,
192,664
Undercoverage bias, 49
Unemployment insurance (UI), 366,
663, 673, 858
Unified mode design, 23, 554-555, 564,
568
Unipolar response format, 425
Unit nonresponse, 35, 538, 581, 583,
593, 603, 610-611, 618, 779, 842
Unit nonresponse rate, 593
Unit of analysis, 415, 693
Unit size, 131
United Nations Statistical Division, 659
United States Postal Service (USPS),
173,175-176, 184, 187-188,
515-516, 521, 842
University of Michigan, 9, 74, 169, 221,
597-598, 674, 816
Univocal measure, 412, 419
Unobserved (latent) variables, 51-52, 54,
283, 348, 352, 356, 360, 365-367,
Subject Index 885
370, 373, 377, 384-387, 389-394,
396-398, 407-409, 411-412,
416-421,426,613,619, 784, 787,
815
Unweighted frequency distribution, 719
USPS database listing, see Delivery
Sequence File
Vague quantifiers, 291, 328, 423
Validity, 12, 31, 54, 83, 268, 270-275,
278, 296, 299, 347, 351-353, 367,
370,372-377, 380-381, 383, 398,
405-411,413,415-417,419,421,
423, 425, 427, 429, 443, 452, 456,
458-459, 461-462, 477, 483, 485,
528, 534, 544, 581, 583, 619-620,
733, 738, 750, 756, 821, 823-824,
837-839, 847-848, 855, 860
Validity coefficient, 374, 380, 383, 416
Variable error, 122, 462
Variable groups, 714
Variable-effect-by-cluster variance, 212,
215-217
Variance accounting framework, 408
Variance estimation, 112-114, 133-134,
170, 181, 193,222,228,237,243,
250
Variation in population density, 694
Verbal consent, 72
Verification, 457, 483, 493,516,579, 715
Videophones, 23
Vignettes, 295-f 98, 735, 742, 846,
849-861
Visual elements, 340, 499, 503-504, 507,
511, 513, 522, 543
Visual mode, 23, 557-558, 563, 570
Voice quality, 444
Voter preference, 20, 503
Voting behavior, 8, 374, 796, 798, 860
Waiver of consent, 63-65, 70
Wave, 22, 332, 361, 417-418, 442,
449-450, 459, 558, 612, 632, 653,
714, 768-772, 774-782, 784-787
Weaknesses of mail surveys, 499
886 Subject Index
Web surveys, see Internet surveys
Weights, 15,34-35, 100, 107-109,
121-127, i34-135, 162-168, 192,
210-211, 222, 227, 230, 234, 237,
241,246-248,250,257,292,423,
480, 516, 718-719, 777, 808, 849,
853
Weighted response rate, 560
Weighting, 30, 45, 98, 102, 107, 120,
122-127, 132, 134, 142, 152,
163-167, 170, 192,221,227,232,
239, 253, 256, 2~4,474, 477, 493,
530,564-566, 603, 612:~6+8,631,
718, 769, 777, 822, 854
Weighting adjustment, 126, 164-167,
192, 474, 477, 493, 603, 769
Weighting effect, 192
WESTAT, 10, 18,21,256,831
WESVAR, 193, 222, 256
Wild codes, 727
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 775
Within-subjects design, 750, 845-846
Within-unit coverage, 477-478
Worker Establishment Characteristics
Database (WECD), 662
Working memory, 296, 320-321,
326-327, 329, 337
Working memory overload, 296, 329
World Association for Public Opinion
Research (WAPOR), 21
World Values Survey, 21, 753
Written consent, 63-66, 70-72
Yes/no questions, 276-278