Book - Safety at Residence

Safety at Residences
– Electrical and
Gas Appliances
Authors :
K B Rajoria • Satish Kumar
The Institution of Engineers (India)

SAFETY AND QUALITY FORUM
New Delhi
- Electrical and Gas Appliances
- Electrical and Gas Appliances
Authors
K B Rajoria
Former Engineer-in-Chief, PWD, Delhi
Former Chairman, Safety and Quality Forum, New Delhi
Satish Kumar
AMIE

New Delhi
All rights reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced in
any form or by any means without the prior written permission of
Safety and Quality Forum - The Institution of Engineers (India)
First Published : September, 2017
ISBN : 81-88919-03-9
Published by :
Subh Publications
M-51, Gali No. 4, Naveen Shahdara,
Delhi-110032
Printed by :
Maansee Printers
35-D, Pocket-B, Dilshad Garden
Delhi-110095
maanseeprinters@yahoo.co.in
Safety and Quality Forum

Delhi State Centre
Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-11002
Dedication
Dedicated to all Members of
&
Delhi State Centre
of
Message vii
AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED ORGANISATION

(ESTABLISHED 1920 - INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1935)
8, GOKHALE ROAD, KOLKATA - 700 020, INDIA
http://www.ieindia.org
Ph : +91-33-2223 1979
Navinchandra B Vasoya, FIE
President
"97 years of Relentless Journey Towards

Engineering Advancement for Nation Building"
Message
I am delighted to note that the Safety & Quality Forum of The Institution of
Engineers (India) is bringing out a Technical Publication on the theme "Safety at
Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances". This subject is an exceedingly
important to all concerned specially women who are by and large connected with
these two things by virtue of their daily needs. Electrical and gas faults and
accidents at homes cause frequent fires, injuries and even deaths. In most cases,
these could have been prevented by following basic safety advice and carrying out
regular simple safety checks. I am sure that various safety tips that are included in
this Technical Publication would be of useful information to keep our house and the
people in safe condition. I convey my greetings to all associated with the Safety and
Quality Forum of the Institution and laud the efforts of the Forum.
(Navinchandra B Vasoya)
1&2, Shri Krishna Centre, First Floor, Nr Mithakhali Six Roads Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009
Ph. No. +91-79-26463061, Fax : +91-79-26460012, Mob. : +91-9925206312, E-mail : navin@lvjprojects.com
viii Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances

LT Gen J S Ahluwalia, PVSM (Retd)
Chairman
Message
Safety and Quality Forum of the Institution of Engineers (India) is
continuously striving to disseminate knowledge of Safety to the gross root level
since 2003. In this regard, Forum has taken pioneer initiative by preparing
Safety Manual on “Safety at Residences – Electrical and Gas appliances”.
Accidents due to mishandling of Home appliances bears significant volume,
mainly due to lack of knowledge. This comprehensive Manual of methods of
ensuring safety at homes by safely operating home appliances addressees all
classes of appliances being used in homes. It explains nearly every situation in
detail so that house –wives find it easy to understand.
I am sure that this manual Safety Manual on “Safety at Residences – Electrical
and Gas appliances” would serve as a single point source of complete
information and developing soft skill required for safe use of home appliances
and help in reducing accidents and moratility due to accidents at homes.
I am sure that this manual will helpful for all home appliance users to know and
understand the procedures of safe operations.
With best wishes.
Lt Gen (Retd.) J S Ahluwalia

Message ix
Message
"Safety starts with awareness, awareness starts with you. You are the key to
your safety".
This quote has been widely accepted since centuries. Majority of accidents
occur mainly due to lack of awareness about process, procedure, norms of
specific equipment.
I am delighted to note that Safety & Quality Forum of The Institution of
Engineers (India), under the guidance of eminent engineer Shri K. B. Rajoria,
former Chairman of SQF, has taken an initiative to curb home accidents by
preparing a book titled, "Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances",
with an objective to create awareness among house-wives about various safety
threats involved in handling home appliances.
The book highlights key issues involved in safe operations of home appliances.
This focus to reduce accidents caused due to mishandling of appliances will
definitely give fruitful results & will provide immense opportunity, mainly to
house-wives, to develop their skill to negate any safety hazards with respect to
home appliances. Additionally it will act as a catalyst to create "Culture of
Safety" among future generation .
I am sure that this manual will be helpful for all homes to know and understand
the procedures of safe operations.
I convey my best wishes to all Readers.
(O.P. Goel)
x Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances

Delhi State Centre
Pradeep Chaturvedi
Chairman, Strategic Plan Committee, IEI
Message
The Safety and Quality Forum has focus on safety in public life which
includes household safety. This topic “Safety at Residences – Electrical and
Gas appliances” is very often discussed and the responsibility for
undertaking appropriate steps remain with uneducated and non certified
workers. This is a first ever effort of preparing a manual for safety of
household appliances.
I am glad that this manual has been prepared under guidance of eminent
engineer Shri K.B. Rajoria who is a former Chairman of SQF. I had the
opportunity to go through the text. I am confident that this manual will help
a large number of families in keeping their devices safe.
I wish happy reading.
(Pradeep Chaturvedi)
Message xi

Delhi State Centre
Devendra Gill
Chairman
Message
With the release of the book titled “Safety at Residences – Electrical and Gas
appliances”, our long cherished dream of contributing to nearly half of the
population of the country is fulfilled. Every Housewife, lady and other members of a
family get exposed to risks of injuries from Electrical and Gas appliances. Even an
innocent looking activity of cutting vegetables with knife has an exposure to
occupational risk of cuts from sharp-edged objects. In such a case, Personnel
Protective Equipment are not the ideal option as is done in industrial scenario.
Understanding of the inherent risk and hazards posed by various domestic
appliances and recommended safety precaution for their use would be key to
prevent injuries.
I would extend my complements to Shri K B Rajoria, Former Chairman, Delhi
State Centre and Safety & Quality Forum and his associate team for addressing
this most neglected concern and producing an informative collection of guidelines.
I urge other senior professionals to come forward and undertake similar task as a
gesture of Engineers contribution to Society & common citizens. Delhi State
Centre shall be pleased to extend all its resources for such noble activity.
Once again, congratulations go to the entire team led under the able guidance of
Shri K B Rajoria.
Jai Hind !
Devendra Gill
xii Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
Brig S V S Chowdhry (Retd)

Past Chairman
Safety & Quality Forum - IEI
Message
I am happy to learn that a book titled, “Safety at Residences –
Electrical and Gas Appliances”, which has been compiled by the
Safety & Quality Forum of The Institution of Engineers (India) will
be released during the Inaugural Function of Safety Convention-
2017.
This book highlights the important safety issues and precautions

which should be borne in mind while handling electrical and gas
equipment at home, specially by the housewives, to ensure maximum
safety.
This book would be useful not only for the housewives but also for
everyone else who is interested in the safe handling of electrical and
gas appliances to avoid any damage or accident. The Safety & Quality
Forum therefore deserves praise for bringing out this publication to
emphasize the need for the safe handling of all our electrical and gas
appliances of daily use.
Brig S V S Chowdhry (Retd.)

Message xiii

Praveen Kumar Singh
Director
Message
It is a matter of immense pleasure for me to Place this publication in the hand of
esteemed professionals & users of home appliances. Safety & Quality Forum has
been working incessantly towards inculcating culture of Safety at every level since
its inception. We have adopted various strategies, like organizing training
programmes, seminars, conferences, skill development programmes & interactive
session to achieve this objective. All these events were mainly focused for
professionals working various sectors, like Manufacturing Industries,
Constructions Sector, Energy Sector, Transportation Sectors etc.
Preparedness and focus on Household's safety has been neglected area. This time
we have focused on vivid concerns of regularly occurring safety hazards at Homes.
This manual "Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances" will serve as a
single source solution for all safety related issues with home appliances &
simultaneously will also assist house-wives in developing their skill for managing
home appliances safely.
We are highly grateful to Shri K B Rajoria, Former Chairman, Safety & Quality
Forum for taking initiative in preparing this manual within a time bound period.
I extend my heartiest thanks to Mr Satish Kumar, IEI's Alumni for working on this
project patiently in spite of other tough commitments. It is my privilege that I have
been mentoring him since April 2016 and releasing of this book is giving inner
sense of satisfaction to me due to outstanding work deliver by Mr Satish Kumar. I
convey my best wishes to him for future endeavor.
I am confident that this manual will seek appreciable comments from various stake
holders.
(Praveen Kumar Singh)

xiv Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
Acknowledgement
It is my proud privilege to express my gratitude to Shri N.B. Vasoya,

President, I.E.(I). and Lt. Gen. J.S. Ahluwalia (Retd.), Chairman, Safety and
Quality Forum, IE(I) for facilitating publishing this book on 'Safety at
Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances". It was possible to compile and
draft this document due to hard work of Mr. Satish Kumar, AMIE my co-
author. He deserves appreciation and I wish him a very bright future. Shri
Pradeep Chaturvedi, Council Member; Shri Devendra Gill, Chairman, IEI-
DSC and Shri Praveen Kumar Singh, Hony. Secretary, IEI-DSC provided
active support for publishing this book. I am grateful to them. Mr. Ravi
Singh (Maansee Printers) has done commendable job.
My journey with The Institution of Engineers (India) started almost 25
years back when I worked as Honorary Secretary when Shri O.P. Goel was
Chairman, Delhi State Centre I.E.(I). I was Chairman, Delhi State Centre,
I.E.(I) during 1999-2000.
A few years back, a book on 'Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Structures'
was edited by Mr. Ashok Basa, Past President, I.E.(I) and myself. It was the
first book of I.E.(I) and published by M/s Macmillan.
Shri S.L. Garg, Past President, I.E.(I) gave me an opportunity to work as
Chairman, Safety and Quality Forum and I am grateful to him. During that
period it was decided that a book should be written to give guidelines to
housewives and others for "Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas
Appliances". The book has been drafted accordingly. I hope it will be useful
for the society.
K.B. Rajoria
Index
Sl. Particulars Page
• Introduction xxiii
1. Electricity and its Transmission 1-2
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electricity Transmission
1.3 Flow of Electricity
1.4 Safety Rules While Handling Electricity
1.5 Caution
2. Electrical Energy Meter 3-9
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Certification
2.3 About Single Phase Meter
2.4 Measurement Parameter
2.5 Marking of Meter
2.6 Related Specification Must Know Before
Purchasing the Electrical Energy Meter
2.7 Meter Location (Residential)
2.8 Meter Location (Multi Storied Buildings)
2.9 Unacceptable Means of Meter Installation
2.10 Main Switch Location
2.11 Common Fault In Electrical Energy Meter
2.12 General Safety Recommendations
xvi Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
2.13 Three Phase Supply System

2.14 Incorrect Installation of Electrical Energy Meter
3. Electrical Accessories 10-20
3.1 Electrical Cable
3.2 Electrical Switches
3.3 Plug And Socket
3.4 Extension Cord
3.5 Main Circuit Box
4. Electric Iron 21-28
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Difference Between Automatic and
Non Automatic Electric Iron
4.3 Certification
4.4 Trouble Shooting Chart
4.5 Risk and Hazards
4.6 Safety Checks Before Using Iron
4.7 Safety Procedure During Using Iron
4.8 Storage
5. Electric Fan 29-32
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Different Type of Fan Style
5.3 Certification
5.4 General Fault and Remedy
5.5 Marking (as per BIS Standard)
5.7 Safety Check before Using Electric Fan (after Long Time)
5.8 Safety Precaution During Using Electric Fan
Index xvii
5.9 Unsafe Place For Fan Installation

5.10 Checks after Fan Maintenance
6. Electric Food Mixer 33-36
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Certification
6.3 Defect and Shortcomings
6.4 Troubleshooting Chart
6.5 Content of Instruction Booklet (as per BIS)
6.7 Safety Checks Before Using Mixer
6.8 Safety Procedure During Using Electric Food Mixer
7. Washing Machine 37-39
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Washing Machine
7.3 Certification
7.4 Troubleshooting
7.6 Safety Before Using Washing Machine
7.7 Safety During Using Washing Machine
8. Air Conditioner 40-42
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Air Conditioner
8.3 Troubleshooting
8.5 Safety During Installation of Air Conditioner
8.6 Safety During Using of Air Conditioner
8.7 Checks after Maintenance
xviii Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
9. Air Cooler 43-45

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Troubleshooting
9.4 Installation of Air Cooler
9.5 Safety Checks before Installation
9.6 Safety during Installation of Air Cooler
10. Electric Pump 46-48
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Electric Pump
10.3 Troubleshooting At Home
10.5 Checks Before Using Electric Pump
10.6 Safety During Using Electric Pump
11. Portable Generator 49-50
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Certification
11.3 Troubleshooting
11.5 Installation Safety
11.6 Checks Before Using Portable Generator
11.7 Safety During Using Portable Generator
12. Home Refrigerator 51-53
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Certification
12.3 Marking
12.4 Safety in Home Refrigerator
Index xix
13. Water Heater 54-56

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Type of Water Heater
13.3 Trouble Shooting
13.5 Safety Checks before Installing Water Heater
14. Dishwasher 57-59
14.1 Introduction
14.3 Safety During Installation of Dishwasher
14.4 Safety During Using Dishwasher
14.5 Improper Usage of Dishwasher (photograph)
15. Vacuum Cleaner 60-61
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Various Parts of Vacuum Cleaner
15.3 Risk And Hazards
15.4 Pre-operational Safety Checks
15.5 Safety in Vacuum Cleaner
16. Microwave Oven 62-63
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Certification
16.4 Safety Check before using Microwave Oven
16.5 Safety During using Microwave Oven
16.6 Safety Instruction during Maintenance of
Microwave Oven
16.7 Safety Tip during Testing of Microwave Oven
xx Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
17. Electrical Batteries 64-66

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Certification
17.3 Type of Batteries
17.4 Risk and Hazard
17.5 Battery Safety
17.6 Battery Charger Safety
18. Battery Inverter 67-68
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Certification
18.5 Installation Environment
19. Computer / Laptop 69-70
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Certification (Laptop)
19.4 Safety during using Computer/Laptop
19.5 Health during using Computer/Laptop
20. Table Lamp 71-72
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Certification
20.5 Safety While during Table Lamp
21. Hair Dryer 73-74
21.1 Introduction
Index xxi

21.3 General Safeties in Hair Dryers
22. Telephone/ Mobile 75-76
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Certification
22.3 Health Safety
22.4 Battery Safety
23. Cooking Gas - Liquefied Natural Gas (LPG) 77-81
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Parts of LPG Cooking Gas
23.3 Certification
23.4 Safety Information During Purchasing/reciving
of Gas Cylinder
23.5 Safety Information During Cooking
23.6 LPG Cooking Gas Maintenance
23.7 Do's and Don't for Homes/Big Kitchens/Hotels
23.8 Precautions during Gas Leakage
23.9 Correct and Incorrect Practices during
using Cooking Gas
24. Petroleum Natural Gas (PNG) 82-84
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Technical Criteria for Installing Domestic
PNG Connection
24.3 Properties of PNG
24.5 Safety related to PNG
24.6 Do's and Don't in Case of Gas Smelling
Introduction
Safety of human life has always been of prime concern right from primitive
ages. With socio – economic developments, scientific inventions and
technological advancements, the society has reached to present stage. Still
the concern of society for human safety is equally important. The safety is
necessary everywhere and all the time.
Safety at residences particularly in the context of electrical appliances and
gas appliances is very important. Besides, safety on roads is equally
important and it is unfortunate the India is leading in number of accidents
and number of fatal accidents on roads. Safety from natural and other
manmade disasters is of concern to human life. This include fire,
earthquakes, floods etc.
Residence is considered as the safe place to live comfortably. Residences
are planned by architects and constructed by engineers, contractors and
workers. All care is taken that residences serve the required purpose.
Electrical and gas appliances at the residences, make life comfortable and
worth living. The electrical current and the gas supply are needed to run
these appliances. If due care is not taken these appliances can be dangerous
and safety of human being gets affected.
In modern residential building, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge of
electrical and gas appliances. This book will help housewives to acquire the
knowledge. Workshops can be arranged by resident welfare societies to
import this basic knowledge. In fact children are most receptive and
acquire knowledge quickly. Therefore it is suggested that workshops can
also be arranged for students of class seven to class ten levels. Govt. of Delhi
can help to achieve this objective.
This document has been drafted in English. To make it more useful, we
intend to get it translated to Hindi. This document can be propagated in
NCT of Delhi, through ladies associations, resident's welfare societies, and
xxiv Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
schools as also social media platform. President I.E.(I) can consider

translating this book in other National languages and propagate in other
regions of the Country, through different Centers of I.E.(I). Manufacturers
and suppliers of electrical and gas appliances can also be invited for
knowledge sharing. They can be requested to spread basic knowledge for
safety by adding a small booklet on safety with the appliances. Besides, we
should propagate use of ISI marked appliances and discourage non ISI
mark sub slandered appliances.
This document is published by Safety and Quality Forum, The Institution
of Engineers (India), for the cause of making life of common man safe. We
hope that this book serves the intended purpose.
1 Electricity & Its Transmission
1.1. Introduction
Electricity is a form of energy. It is all around us - powering the world. This
energy can generated at in one place and flow from one place to another.
The electricity gathered at one place is called static electricity. When
electricity moves from one place to another place it is called current
electricity.
1.2. Electricity Transmission

Electric power transmission is the movement of electrical energy from
generating station to the electricity users. The interconnected lines transfer
the power from station to the users. All the poles and wires we see along the
highway and in front of the house are the transmission lines of electrical
supply.
1.3. Flow of Electricity
Photo 1.1 : Transmission of electric power to house

2 Safety at Residences - Electrical and Gas Appliances
• Electricity is generated in the power plant by huge generators.

• The power is sent through the power transmission lines.
• Domestic user receives the power supply from the transmission line
or from the transformer.
• It connects to our house through the service drop and passes through
a meter that measures the consumption of electricity.
• Thereafter electricity goes to the service panel or main circuit board
where breaker or fuses protect the wire inside house from
overloading by electrical appliances.
• The electricity travel through the wires on or inside the walls to the
outlets and switches of the house.
1.4. Safety Rules While Handling Electricity

• Avoid contact with energized electrical
wire.
• Treat all electrical devices as if they are live
or energized.
• Disconnect the power source before
servicing or repairing electrical equipment.
• Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when
working on electrical devices.
• Always wear safety gloves and necessary protective wearing while
handling electricity.
• Always think logical while handling electricity and don't go to luck.
• Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical equipment.
• Always ask for certified electrical technician for electrical repairs.
1.5. Caution
DON'T EVER PLAY WITH ELECTRICITY
Electricity is amazingly useful but it can be really dangerous as well. If you
don't handle electricity property, you could get seriously injured or die.
2 Electric Energy Meter
2.1. Introduction
Watt hour meter or electric energy meter
is an instrument which measures the
amount of electrical energy used by the
consumers. Electric energy meter can be
installed at every place like home, offices,
industries, organization etc, to charge or
to know the consumption of electricity.
Basic unit of electrical energy is watt. One
thousand is one kilowatt. If we consumed Photo 2.1 : Single Phase Electric
one kilowatt in one hour then that Energy Meter
becomes one unit. This power is integrated over a time period which gives
the energy utilized over that the period.
2.2. Certification
• IS: 13779, IEC 1036, & CBIP Technical report no.88 and its latest
amendments along-with distribution company's specifications.
• The meter shall be ISI marked (vendor shall be BIS certified) and
conform to CEA metering regulation.
2.3. About Single Phase Energy Meter

Single phase energy meter is used for small service units like domestic
consumers. These can be directly connected between the line and
consuming unit. The most common type is a kilowatt hour meter. When
used in electricity retailing, it records different parameters like current,
voltage etc., which are measured by these meters to generate an invoice for
the electricity. They may also record other variables including the time
when the electricity was consumed.
2.4. Measurement Parameters

Active Energy (kWh), Instantaneous voltage, Instantaneous Current,
Instantaneous Power Factor, instantaneous Load (kW), maximum
demand, frequency, real time, real date.
2.5. Markings on the Meter

The basic marking on the meter name plate should be as follows (all other
markings as per IS shall also be there):
• Manufacturer's name & trade mark
• Type Designation
• No. of phases & wires
• Serial number (Size not less than 5mm)
• Year of manufacture
• Reference Voltage
• Rated Current
• Operating Frequency
• Principal unit(s) of measurement
• Meter Constant (Imp/KWh)
• Class index of meter
• Property of "______".
• Purchase Order No. & Date
• Guarantee.
• BIS marking and ISO number.
• Place of manufacture
• Meter Sl. No. in alpha numerical form, Date of Manufacture, Rating
of the meter and reference should be bar coded.
Electric Energy Meter 5
2.6. Rated specification must be known before purchasing the electric

energy meter
This is the responsibility of electricity suppling agency :
• Supply voltage/rated voltage.
• Operating voltage.
• Current range.
• Power consumption by electric energy meter.
• Class of energy meter. It should be CLASS -1.
• Electrical energy meter must be IS - 13779(1999) certified along with
IE rule 1956, IEC 1036.
2.7. Meter Location (Residential)

• Outdoors and mounted on or recessed in an exterior building wall
but not under a carport, breezeway, patio, porch, or in any area that
can be enclosed, or
• Outdoors in a meter pedestal or service entrance section, but not
under a carport, breezeway, patio, porch, or in any area that can be
enclosed, or
• In a room within the building, as per norms, for the location of
electric meters, and with access only by a door opening to the outside
of the building.
2.8. Meter Location (Multi Storied Buildings)

• Meters and metering equipment shall be installed:
– Outdoors and mounted on or recessed in an exterior building
wall, or
– In a room within the building, as per norms for the location of
electric meters, and with access only by a door opening to the
outside of the building.
• Meters and metering equipment shall not be installed within any
residential occupancy.
Photo 2.2 : Correctly installed electrical energy meter with seals.
• Before meters can be installed in multiple residential panels, each

individual meter socket must be permanently and clearly identified.
2.9. Unacceptable Location For Meter Installation

• In any location not readily accessible.
• Directly over any stairway, ramp, steps or in any exit way.
• Accessible only by a trap door or in any location which may be
hazardous to personnel.
• On any surface subject to excessive vibration.
• In or accessed through any rest, bath, shower, powder, or toilet room.
• In any elevated area.
• In any location not providing a clear and continuously unobstructed
working space extending a minimum of three (3) feet from the face of
the meter panel, and having a width to permit ready access to the
complete metering installation.
• In any location where moisture, fumes, or dust may interfere with
the operation of the meter, or materially damage it.
• In any basement or depressed area.
• Within carport or patio areas which are or can become enclosed,
when served overhead or underground.
• In a room containing mechanical equipment.

• Mounted on any trees.
• In any portion of a return or supply air ducting system.
• Areas where entry may be restricted or controlled because of
medical, health environmental or other safety-related issues.
• Electric meter should not be placed in the way of gas equipment,
boilers, heaters, battery or battery charging equipment, generator
sets or any fire risers.
2.10. Main Switch Location

The meter and service main switch shall be installed on the same wall
adjacent to each other and accessible from the same working area.
2.11. Common Faults In Electrical Energy Meter:
S.No. Fault Probable Cause of Fault

1 Meter stops clocking Fault in electrical energy meter
consumption, so reading measuring unit.
remains the same even
whilst using energy.
2 Meter display can disappear Either power is not available or
so can't get a meter reading. meter is faulty.
3 Can stop clocking Fault in meter software or
consumption- while you're measuring unit.
using energy.
4 Terminals getting sparking. Loose terminal connections.
Note : Never try to repair or correct any electrical energy meter fault, it could be
dangerous for safety. It has to be reported to supply agency.
2.12. General Safety Recommendations:

• Never accept electric energy meter in unsealed condition.
• Before going to installed electrical equipment at your home, you
must turn off the main switch of the consumer unit.
• Electric meter must be ISI marked and vender shall be BIS certified
and conform to CEA metering regulation.
• Electric energy meter is prompt to fire, so it should be installing
outside the house (as possible).
• Electric energy meter should be installed out of reach of children.
• Meter should away from water, rain, snow, or from direct sunlight.
• Never temper with the energy meter or any associated equipment. It
is illegal to temper with meter and dangerous for safety.
• In cold regions, ice can build up near or on the meter, cause
potentially dangerous for meter and human safety. So place meter at
proper place.
• Never use electric blower, gasoline or wet cloth to clean the meter.
Instead use broom.
• Never installed electric meter at congested ones or in path of
pedestrian.
• If the electrical meter box is loose on the wall, don't touch it and ask to
Distribution Company to fix it.
• Never use loose mounting screw, it may drop into meter box, short-
circuiting the electrical connection and then cause to fire.
2.13. Three Phase Energy System

Three-phase electricity consists of three ac voltages of identical frequency
and similar amplitude. Each ac voltage 'phase' is separated by 120° from the
other. It means that their instantaneous values are different.
There are some advantages to use three phase supply system and these are
given below:
• Power delivered to the equipment is constant.
• Heavy induction motor becomes self starting.
• As compare to single phase, three phase system having high power
rating and high efficiency.
• Torque generated by motor is uniform in three phase system.

In three phase supply system power comes from three wires, which are of
in three colors RED, YELLOW and BLUE.
2.14. Incorrect Installation of Electrical Energy Meter
These are shown in Photo 2.3 to 2.5 :
Photo 2.3 : Always covers the meter by Photo 2.4 : Never let too many wires
insulation covering on/around the meter
Photo 2.5 : Never let insect to the meter Photo 2.6 : Always use seperator/
cabin to installed multiple meter
in same permisis.
3 Electrical Accessories
3.1. Electrical Cable

A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or
braided together to form a single assembly. Electrical cable is also called a
power cable and used to transfer the electrical power.
3.1.1. Certification
PVC insulated (heavy duty, up to and including 1100 volts) electric cable
must be as per IS - 1554 - 1 (1988) and certified from Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS) having ISI marking.
3.1.2. Types of Electrical Cable

There are many types of electrical cables having different configuration,
size and performance. Few are given below:
Coaxial Cable : Co axial cable is a type of cable in which inner core is
surrounded by a tubular insulation layer. It is used for radio frequency
signals.
Twisted Pair Cable : This is the type of wire used to cancel the effect of
external magnetic field.
Shielded Cable : A shielded electrical cable is made of one or more
insulated wires that are collectively enclosed by an aluminum Mylar foil or
woven braid shielding. The shielding prevents the cable from external
radio and power frequency interference, allowing the signal transmission
smoothly.
Ribbon Cable : It is a cable with many conducting wire running parallel to
each other on the same flat plane.
Portable Cord : Portable cord is a cable with multiple conductors using for
temporary electrical connection.
Electrical Accessories 11
Multicore Cabel : Multi core cable consists of many wires in a single

cable jacket.
3.1.3 Marking of the Cable

The Cable shall carry the following information stencilled on the drum:
• Reference to the Indian standard IS - 1554 - 1 (1988).
• Manufacturer's name, brand name or trade mark.
• Type of cable and voltage grade.
• Number of core and nominal cross sectional area.
• Color of the single core in case of single core.
• Cable length and number of cable length on the drum.
• Direction of rotation of drum.
• Approximate gross mass and running end of the cable.
• Country of manufacturer and year of manufacture.
3.1.4 Color Code of Electrical Cable
Use Color Description

Phase Red/Yellow/ Phase is using as power line
Blue or hot line
Neutral Black Black is using as return line
Protective Earth/ Green/ Earth is using to protect device
Ground Green-Yellow and personnel from electrical shock.
3.1.5 Safety From Electrical Cables

• Never use damaged electrical cord.
• Keep unprotected cords out of the path of foot traffic and furniture to
prevent fraying, overheating, and tripping.
• Never run a cord under a rug. It prevents the cord from releasing its
heat and could lead to a fire.
• Don't leave cords dangling anywhere where they can be pulled

down and tripped over.
• Heavy loaded power cable must have proper ventilation to release
the heat.
• Never use staples or nails to attach cords or cord bundlers to a
surface. They could puncture the insulation and create a shock or fire
hazard.
• Outlets or extension cords are not to be overloaded with too many
appliances. It could be the reason of fire.
• Adapter to get an extension cord with a three-prong plug into a two-
prong outlet are improper and dangerous.
• If a cord is hot to the touch, don't use such cord.
As per BIS Standard temperature of the conductor should not exceed the
following:
Type of insulation Normal continuous Short circuit
operation condition
General purpose wire 70ºC 160ºC
Heat resisting 85ºC 160ºC
3.1.6. Safety Recommendation in Electrical Wire:

• Always use recommended brands.
• Always mind the color and their use in electrical circuit.
• Employ only licensed electrical mechanic to install, repair or change
the electrical equipment or wiring.
• Always check the extension cord and the wiring before using it.
• Conduct through check before doing any construction repair like
cutting of wall, floor or ceiling.
• Never modify electrical plugs and sockets.
• Always do a quick inspection of machine and wiring before using it.
• Doing any electrical repair, connect earthing wire first to remove

chance of electrical hazard.
3.2. Electrical Switches

Switch is the electrical device that is used to break or make an electrical
circuit manually or automatically. The working principle of switch
depends on ON/OFF mechanism. The simplest type of switch is one where
two electrical conductors are brought in contact to each other by motion of
actuating mechanism.
3.2.1 Certification
Electrical switches for domestic and similar purpose must be IS-3854 (1997)
certified from Bureau of Indian Standard.
3.2.2 Types of Switch

Switches which are generally used at residence:
• Toggle Switch : This switch is actuated by angles in one of two or
more positions. The common light switches in household wiring are
toggle switches.
• Push Button Switch : Pushbutton switches are two-position devices
actuated with a button that is pressed and released. Most pushbutton
switches have an internal spring mechanism returning the button to
its "out" or "impressed" position, for momentary operation.
• Selector Switch : Selector switches are actuated with a rotary knob
or lever of some sort to select one of two or more positions.
Electrical fan regulator having this type of switch.
• Proximity Switch : A proximity switch is a sensor able to detect the
presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
3.2.3 Selection of Electrical Switch

• Use the Selection Guide (as given by manufacturer) to select a
suitable switch for the rated current, operating load, actuator type,
and operating environment.
• Consider using a sealed switch in environments subject to water

droplets.
• It is not recommended to use large power electrical switch for small
value of current.
3.2.4 Risk and Hazards from Electrical Switch

• Sparking from the contacts of electrical switch.
• Electric shock from the switch.
3.2.5 Safe use of Electrical Switch

• Before mounting, dismounting, wiring, or inspecting a switch, be
sure to turn OFF the power supply to the switch, otherwise an
electric shock may be received or the switch may burn.
• Do not use switches in atmospheres having combustible or explosive
gases. Arc or heat generated by switching may cause fires or
explosions.
• Do not drop or disassemble switches. Not only characteristics will be
jeopardized, but it may result in damage, electric shock, or burning.
3.3 Plug and Socket

Electrical power plug and sockets are devices that allow electrically
operated equipment to be connected to power supply in a building.
Electrical plug and socket are differing in voltage and current rating, shape,
size, and type of connectors.
Electrical socket for single phase domestic, commercial and light industrial
purposes generally provide two or three electrical connections to the
supply conductors. Two pin sockets normally provide neutral and line
connection, both of which carrying current and are define as live parts.
3.3.1 Certification
Plugs and socket (outlet of rated voltage up to and including 250 volts and
rated current up to 16 ampere) must be certified by IS 1293 (2005) from
Bureau of Indian Standard.
Preferred combination of types and rating (as per BIS Clause 6.1):
Type Rated Voltage (V ) Rated Current (A )

2 Pole (non - rewirable plug only) 230, 240 and 250 2.5
2 Pole plug only 230, 240 and 250 6
2 Pole and Earth 230, 240 and 250 6, 10 and 16
It is advisable to use 10A socket outlets for all appliances requiring up to
and including 10A. BIS is planning to phase out 6A socket outlets in future.
3.3.2. Marking of Plug and Socket

Accessories shall be marked with:
• Rated current in Amperes.
• Rated voltage in Volts.
• Symbol for nature of supply.
• Manufacturers or vendor's name, trademark or identification mark.
• Symbol of degree of protection, if designed for special protection.
3.3.3 Symbols and their Meaning
Symbol For Symbol For

A Ampere V Voltage
Alternating Current N Neutral
Earth L Terminal for live (line)
3.3.4 Importance of Earth Pin

• In while using of electrical appliance, we need protection against
possible electric shock, if there is a fault the current leaks inside the
appliance, then the whole appliance become live. In turn, the
operator becomes prone to get electrocuted.
• The earth pin on a plug is bigger and longer then live and neutral
pins. This means the earth pin is first to connect and last to
disconnect.
• Many wall sockets having safety shutters on the live and neutral lines
to prevent children from getting electric shock. The earth pin (longer
one) helps to open the shutter.
• The earth pin is made thicker so even by mistake it cannot be inserted
into the live or neutral hole.
NOTE : If earth pin is given on any plug, never remove it.
3.3.5 Class of Appliances and their Identification

Class 0 : These appliances have no protective earth connection and feature
only single layer of insulation between live part and exposed metalwork.
Class 1 : Class 1 appliances must have their chassis connected
to electrical earth by a separate earth conductor. A fault in the
appliance which causes a live conductor to contact the casing
will cause a current to flow in the earth conductor. In this type
of appliances there is a provision of fuse or circuit breaker
which trip the circuit when current to the body is large.
Class 2 : A class 2 electrical appliance is one which has been
designated in such a way that it does not require a safety
connection to the electrical earth.
Class 3 : A Class 3 appliance is designed to be supplied from a
separated/safety extra-low voltage power (SELV) source. The
voltage from a SELV supply is low enough that under normal
conditions a person can safely come into contact with it
without risk of electrical shock.
3.3.6. Some approved plugs and sockets :
2.5AMP 2 round-pin Used for electronics appliances such

as TV, DVD and audio sets. No need
of earth protection, only live and
neutral wires
13AMP 3 pin fused Used for electrical appliances such
Mains Plug as refrigerators, washing machines
and microwave ovens. These
appliances have metal body or

exposed metal parts. Thus appliances
must be grounded (earthed)
eliminate electrocution risk.
15AMP 3 round-pin Used for high current heavy duty
Mains Plug electrical appliance like air-
conditioners. No fuse protection.
3.4. Extension Cord

An extension cord, power extender, drop cord or extension lead is a flexible
electrical power cable with a plug on one end and one or more sockets on
the other end.
3.4.1. Risk and Hazards for safety

• Poor maintenance and incorrect use of extension board can cause fire
in house.
• Overloading of extension cord may also cause fire in house.
• Electrical shock from damaged extension board.
3.4.2. Checks Before Using

• Check the condition of extension cord. If any visible sign of defect or
damage is detected then don't use the extension cord.
• Make sure that power rating of extension cord must be higher than
equipment which is going to be connect.
3.4.3. Doe's
• Use power boards with overload protection, this will prevent it from
overheating.
• Only use power boards with built in safety switches/circuit
breakers.
• Provide adequate ventilation around the power boards.
• Regularly check that all plugs are firmly fixed in power boards.
• Regularly check the power board for any signs of damage and
degradation
3.4.4 Don't
• Don't use extension cord as substitutes for permanent wiring.
• Never overload the extension board. Don't put plugs more than
specified.
• Avoid plugging high wattage appliances to the extension board.
Plug them directly.
• Never use faulty, damaged or dirty extension board.
• Never place extension leads under carpet, as they may get
overheated.
• Don't place the extension leads near to the hot objects.
• Never try to repair yourself, get repaired from licensed person.
• Extension lead should never nail, stapled, or taped to the wall, desk
or ceiling.
• Don't coil equipment or extension cords while they're in use. Uncoil
extension cords before use so that heat can escape.
3.5 Main Circuit Box

Introduction : Home electric
distribution system consists of
main distribution box which
encloses fuses, circuit breaker and
other circuit protection devices.
This electrical distribution box is
used to distribute power to
numerous electrical appliances or
consumer points. This electrical
distribution box takes power from
main wire through electrical
metering unit. Photo 3.1 : Electric distribution box
3.5.1. Different Component of Distribution Box is given below :

A. Fuse
Fuse is an electrical device which is used to protect the circuit form over
current.
Certification : Fuse wire used in rewirable type electric fuse up to 650 volts
must be IS 9926 (1981) certified from Bureau of Indian Standard.
Marking of the Fuse (as per BIS) :

• Manufacturer's name or trademark.
• Material of the fuse wire, that is copper.
• The rated current, and
• Length and weight of each spool.
B. Circuit Breaker
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated
manually or automatically for protecting the electrical circuit and
equipments.
Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB) are aimed to protect the
individual from the risks of electrical shocks, electrocution and fires that
are cause due to faulty wiring or earth faults.
Certification : Residual current circuit breakers for household and similar
use must be certified with IS-12640 from Bureau of Indian Standard.
Marking on RCCB
• Manufacturer's name or trade mark.
• Type design, catalogue numb er or serial number.
• Rated voltage, current and frequency.
• Rated residual operating current.
• Position of use, degree of protection.
• The letter T that means operating means of the test device.
• Wiring diagram and symbol of S for type S devices.
C. Wires and Cables

See the article 3.1 electrical accessories.
3.5.2. Risk and Hazards from Electrical Distribution Box

• Electrocution from main electrical distribution box.
• Fire and electrical shock from electrical distribution box.
• Arching and sparking from circuit breakers.
3.5.3 Safety Precautions

The following safety precaution should be taken to prevent an electrical fire
or damage associated with the circuit breaker :
• All electrical panels should be covered with proper covering and
should remain closed.
• There should not be missing circuit breaker or other opening in the
breaker.
• Circuit breaker must not be tapped or physically secure to the "ON"
position.
• The electrical panel must be indexed, identifying each electrical
connection.
• Never use automatic tool to repair main circuit box and accessories.
• Never try to do repair or undertake any maintenance task. Always
ask for certified electrician.
3.5.4 Safety Precautions During Housekeeping

• Access to electrical distribution panel should be limited.
• Electrical equipment area should be dry and free from moisture.
• Electrical equipment area should be clean and free from dirt and
dust.
• Don't put any explosive material near or around the electrical panel.
4 Electric Iron
4.1. Introduction
An Electric Iron box is a heating device in
which the electrical energy is converted into
heat energy. This heat energy is concentrated
on a smooth, flat bottom surface which is
pressed over the cloth to be ironed.
Electrical iron, meant for ironing of cloths,
are of two types. These are :
1. Non automatic electric iron. Photo 4.1 : Electric iron box.
2. Automatic electric iron.
In ordinary (non automatic) electric iron, there is no arrangement to control
temperature. Whenever it becomes extra hot then it is necessary to cut off
electric supply. When iron is cool, the electrical supply is again connected
and the iron becomes hot. Thus while ironing of cloths, due care is required,
so that the iron does not get over heated and inturn damaged.
Automatic electric iron is about 750 watt capacity. The specialty of this iron
is that after temperature reaches to a pre decided limit, the iron get's
switched off. It also gets switched on, when temperature lowers to a pre
decided lower limit. Marking like cotton, silken, woolen etc. are written on
the iron. The knob is rotated, to the mark for the specific category of clothes
to be ironed. Besides, this iron is having an indicator or neon lamp, which
shows as to whether iron is hot or cold.
Steam Press/Besides other features, this iron is having a chamber to fill
water and steam. Whenever element is heated the temperature of water
stars increasing and it starts steaming. This steam moves down to gives
dampness to clothes being ironed. This facilitates the ironing process and
makes it more effective.
4.2. Difference between Automatic and Non Automatic Electric Iron
S. No. Automatic Non Automatic

1 It consists of thermostat switch It does not has thermostat
to regulate the heat to a switch. So temperature is
predetermined value. not controlled.
2 The thermostat switch User has to switch ON or OFF
disconnects the supply when the supply to iron box as per
predetermined value of the heat requirement.
temperature is reached and
reconnects the supply when the
iron cools down.
3 It has pilot lamp to indicate. It There is no pilot lamp to
will glow if the temperature is indicate the temperature
within predetermined condition whether it is within
value. Otherwise not glow. the limit or not.
4 Cost is high. Cost is low.
5 As the temperature is controlled Overheating may burn the
automatically by thermostatic cloth. Extra care is required to
switch, no such risk is involved. operate.
4.3. Certification
• Electric iron box must be IS: 366(1991) certified from Bureau of Indian
Standard.
4.4 Trouble Shooting Chart

There can be many reasons for differently in operating electric iron.
Non availability of electric supply: The plug which is supplying the iron
may not be having electric supply. It can be checked by tester. If there is no
supply, the line and plug can be tested for local defect.
It is necessary to show the iron to mechanic for this defect. Normally the
repair is possible.
Electric Iron 23
Iron giving electrical shock: Main reasons for this defect are, heating
element or its leads are touching the body, heating element is burnt,
connector is broken or its terminal is touching the body or earth wire can
get connected to terminal on account of overheating. The repair is to be
done by a mechanic.
Immediately after connecting the iron, the fuse is off : On account of short
circuit this defect is possible. Therefore, reasons of short circuit are to be
checked. Besides heating element can touch the body, when it gets broken
or melts on account of overheating. Iron should be got repaired by a
mechanic.
Heating element gets burnt, time and again after repairs: It is possible on
account of the fact that sole plate or pressure plats may not be clean or there
are undulations. It is necessary to level down the plate. Besides, nuts of the
pressure plate might have loosened. To removed this defect nuts are
required to be tightened.
Lamp of steam iron not functioning properly and remain off: It may be on
account of defect in circuit and needs repair.
Some other troubles, their possible cause and corrective action are given
below:
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Action to be

taken
No heating No power outlet. Check outlet of power.
Defective cord or plug. Repair or replace cord or
plug.
Loose terminal Check and tighten
connections. terminal.
Broken lead in iron. Repair or replaced lead.
Loose thermostat Clean and tighten the
control knob. knob.
Defective thermostat. Replace thermostat.
Defective heater element. Replace the heater.
Open terminal fuse. Replace the terminal

fuse.
Insufficient heat Low line voltage. Check voltage outlet.
Incorrect thermostat
setting. Adjust the thermostat.
Excessive heat Defective thermostat. Replace thermostat.
Incorrect thermostat Adjust the thermostat.
setting.
Power loss Loose connections. Clean and tighten.
Broken wire. Repair or replace.
Iron cannot be Thermostat contacts are Replace the thermostat.
turned off welded together.
Blisters on sole Excessive heat. Replace thermostat and
plate sole plate.
Tears cloths Rough spot, nick, Repair sole plate by fine
scratch. sand paper.
Sticks to clothes Dirty sole plate. Clean the sole plate.
Excessive starch in Iron at low temperature.
clothes.
Wrong setting in Set the knob at correct
thermostat knob. temperature.
Iron is too hot for fabric. Lower the thermostat
setting.
Iron gives shock Disconnected earth Check and connect the
connection. earth connection.
Weak insulation of Replace it if necessary.
heating element.
Earth continuity with Check the main earth
common earth continuity and
not available. connect it properly.
Electric Iron 25
Whenever defects are noticed in different type of iron, on the basis of details
explained above, it is possible to pin point specific defect. The basic
knowledge helps in giving direction to mechanics as also to decide and
workout reasonable repair charge. Besides, whenever defects occur, due
care is to be taken to avoid accidents. After iron is received back from
mechanic, following checks should be done.
1. Open circuit check - one bulb is connected in series with the iron and
it turn this circuit is connected to mains. It test lamp is not on, and
then it is clear that heating element is open or wires are not properly
connected. If the test lamp is fully lighted than element is ok. If test
lamp is fully lighted than it will be understood that heating element
is hot.
2. Earth or leakage check- in case heating element is touching the body,
it can be ascertained by earth or leakage check. For this test one wire
of test lamp is connected to body of iron and another to supply of
iron. If series test lamp is fully on then it is clear that either heating
element or its blades are touching the body of iron. If test lamp
remains off it means iron is working properly.
While taking back the iron from mechanics, after repair, he can be asked to
demonstrate above tests. If tests are ok, the iron can be used.
4.5. Risk and Hazards:

Hazzards that may be encountered while using electric iron :
• Burns from steam or the sole plate of the iron.
• Fire from fabric.
• Electrical faults.
• Dropping the iron onto the feet.
• Back injury due to improper adjustment of
ironing table.
• Burn can occur from touching hot metal part, hot water or steam. Use
caution when you turn a steam iron upside down- there may be hot
water inside.
4.6. Safety Checks Before Using Iron

• Never iron the clothes with bare foot.
• Always check that iron and its chord are in good working order.
• Check all adjustments and indications before using the electric iron.
• Check water level of the iron, make sure that it is topped to the full
level.
• Filling of water must be completed before using the iron.
• Working area should be clean, free form rubbish and other obstacles.
• Set up the ironing board at the right height or towards working hand.
• Ironing board must not be far from the length of one hand.
• Always set the temperature adjustment in accordance to the cloth.
• Always use recommended accessories. Non recommended
accessories may result in fire, electric shock, or personal injury.
• Never use scouring pads, abrasive or chemical cleaners, or solvents
to clean the exterior or sole plate of your iron. Doing so will scratch
and/or damage the surface.
• Do not aim iron or direct steam towards people or animals while
using iron or adjusting steam. Burns or serious injury may occur. Do
not iron clothes while they are being worn.
• Electric iron is high wattage appliance. To avoid a circuit overload,
do not operate another high-wattage appliance on the same circuit.
• If an extension cord is absolutely necessary, use minimum 14 AWG
size wire with 15 ampere breaker size. Cords rated for less amperage
can result in a risk of fire or electric shock due to overheating. Use
care to arrange the cord so that it cannot be pulled or tripped over.
4.7. Safety Procedure During Using Iron

• Read all instructions manual carefully before using the iron.
• Ensure that work place always rests flat during ironing.
Electric Iron 27
• Allow iron to reach maximum temperature before applying

pressure.
• Keep hands well away from the sole plate during ironing.
• Garments requiring low temperatures and steam should be ironed
first.
• If fabric of the garment is not known then start from low temperature
and steam.
• Never wear loose clothing during ironing.
• Never leave the iron unattended while electric iron is in on
condition.
• Adjust steam setting of iron in accordance to the requirement of
clothes.
• Always use IS 1293 (2005) certified plug and sockets.
• Always use the iron upright position when not in use.
• Always turn off the switch before pulling the plug from socket.
• Do not wind the wire around the sole plate while sole plate is still
hot.
Photo 4.2 : Correct and incorrect Photo 4.3 : Never use damaged
resting of electric iron. electric cord.
4.8. Storage
• The iron should always be turned off before plugging or unplugging
from outlet. Never pull the cord to disconnect from outlet. Instead,
grasp plug and pull to disconnect.
• Empty the water tank after each use when iron is still hot.
• Allow the iron cool completely before storing it. Never wound the
chord too tightly it may damage the chord.
• Always store the iron on the heel rest position and temperature
selector switch should be on minimum.
5 Electric Fan
5.1. Introduction
Electric fan is an electro mechanical device,
which take energy in the form of electrical
energy and then convert into mechanical
rotation, which gives movement in the air.
5.2. Different Types of Fan Style

Table Fan : It is small, compact size fans,
allows for easy transport. Suitable for
cooling personal spaces and can be placed
on floors, desks, tables, or countertops. Photo 5.1 : Table fan.
Pedestal Fan : Pedestal fan gives the facility of adjustable height selection
for convenient operation. It has many oscillation heads for more air
distribution and best for cooling large rooms.
Window Fan : It brings fresh air inside the room and draws stale air out. It is
best suitable for cooling areas where leaving a window open is not enough.
Tower Fan : It has thin vertical design allows it to fit into small, compact
spaces. It is used for cooling in homes and offices.
Ceiling Fan : It is most popular fan and makes rooms significantly cooler
by providing a circulatory breeze.
Box Fan : It is extremely versatile fan and can be placed on the floor or on the
open window. It helps circulate indoor air and prevent it from stagnation.
Misting Fan : Misting nozzles create a fine, cool mist which evaporates and
creates a chilling breeze. It is simple to assemble and incredibly energy
efficient. It is Ideal for use in outdoor areas such as backyards, patios, and
athletic fields.
Bathroom/Exaust Fan : It greatly reduces/eliminates problems created by

excess moisture. This fan prevents paint from peeling and doors from
warping. It also eliminates and exhausts stagnated air and odors out of
bathroom.
5.3. Certification
Electric fan must be IS: 374(1979) certified from Bureau of Indian Standard.
5.4. General Faults and Remedy
Fault Cause Remedy

Noise It is due to worn out The bearings must be
bearing and low replaced if worn out
lubricating in rotating otherwise lubricate with
structures. proper lubricant.
Low speed Low supply voltage. Check the supply voltage.
Faulty capacitor. Replace the capacitor.
Jamming rotor It is due to misalignment. Dismantle and assemble
properly after proper
lubrication.
Fail to start Low supply voltage. Check supply voltage.
Supply failure. Check supply source.
Open winding. Check for continuity.
Capacitor failure. Replace capacitor.
Regulator failure. Replace regulator.
5.5. Marking (as Per BIS Standard)

Each fan shall be indelibly marked with at least the following information
I. Manufactures name, trade name of fan (if any) and number.
II. Rated voltage or voltage range.
III. Type of fan, AC or DC.
Electric Fan 31
IV. Frequency or frequency range of power supply, if is AC fan.

V. Input in watts.
VI. Size of fan, and
VII. Country of manufacture.
Note : The trade-name, voltage and the size of the fan shall be marked on
the associated regulator also.
5.6. Risk and Hazards

• Electric shock.
• Injury from rotating parts.
• Slipping and tripping hazards.
• Fire, fume or burn from body.
• Ejection of material.
5.7 Safety Checks before using Electric Fan (after Long Time)
1. Check the General Condition of Fan:
• Any damage to the fan or fan blade.
• Any missing bolt of the fan or fan accessory.
• Any missing or damaged part.
• In case of ceiling fan, check the proper installation of hook/nut
and bolt/fasteners by which fan is supported to ceiling. Most
of the accidents occurs by dropping of fans.
2. Checks For Power Cord

• Any damage to the cord.
• Any bare wire or unnecessary protruding wire.
• Check for any damage or missing ground parts.
NOTE : If any of the above defects are seen then do not use the fan, Instead contact
your maintenance personal.
5.8. Safety Precautions while using Electric Fan

1. Do not touch the fan blades while fan is running. Always use finger
guard when there is any possibility that a person may touch the fan
blade.
2. Do not use the fan in high temperature areas, it could be the reason of
rotor winding burning.
3. Do not use the Fan in locations subject to flammable or explosive gases.
4. Do not attempt to disassemble, repair, or modify the Fan, if you don't
have sound knowledge about fan and electricity.
5. Never use extension cords on a permanent basis to power the fan.
6. Make sure that the power is turned OFF before performing any
action that requires touching the blades, fan body, such as inspections.
7. Stop the operation of fan when fan/regulator enclosure temperature
exceeds the limit. As per BIS Standard regulator temperature should
not exceed 40ºC.
NOTE : Never perform any inspection/repair task while the fan is live. It might
lead to injury.
5.9 Unsafe Place for Fan Installation

1. Do not installed the fan where it is subjected directly to oil, heat,
water, sunlight, dust or other things which may be injurious for man
or machine.
2. Don't install the fan in the place for which they are not made. Never
use table fan as the replacement of ceiling fan.
5.10 Checks after Fan Maintenance

1. Check the fan motor temperature. It should not go beyond the
normal temperature .
2. Check for any unusual vibration and noise.
3. Check for any arching sound or smell of burning varnish.
NOTE : If any of the above implies then do not use the fan, instead contact
maintenance personal.
6 Electric Food Mixer
6.1. Inroduction
Electric mixer is extensively used
for multiple uses in the kitchen.
It is used for grinding of Masala,
blending of drinks, extracting
juice from fruits, making of
chatni etc. Mixer is run by a high
speed motor. The speed of this
motor is very high; normally
12,000 to 20,000 revaluation per
minute. The speed of this motor
can be varied in most of the
Photo 6.1 : Electric food mixer
models of mixers. There are three
speeds in mixer 1. low 2. medium 3. High. Mixer has a metal jar, which can
be replaced by blender. Both these are part of mixer set. Two important
precautions are necessary while using a mixer. There are:
1. Speed of mixer should not be increased suddenly. For change in
speed of mixer, move from low speed to medium and from medium
to high.
2. Care is to be taken that as for as possible the mixer should be run for
two minutes and then some rest should be given.
6.2. Certification
• Electric food mixer must be IS: 4250 (1980) certified from Bureau of
Indian Standard.
• The appliance may also be marked with the ISI certification mark.
6.3. Defect and Shortcoming

Defect and shortcoming develop in a mixer, while it is used. It can be on
account of several reasons such as mishandling, over loading, over
speeding, trying to use mixer for hard materials etc. Thus while in use,
defects develop in a mixer. It is necessary to understand the defect and
reason for such defect. There after mixer should be repaired or replaced.
6.4. Troubleshooting Chart

S.No. Fault Possible Reason Remedy
1. Motor is not No voltage or low Check supply with
running. voltage. multi meter.
Any open circuit Check continuity to
inside the motor. know the open circuit.
2. Supply voltage is Over load in the jar. Remove some material
correct but motor from jar and then
is not running. restart it.
3. Motor rotates at Faulty regulator. Check regulator and
same speed at all the connection. Repair
speed variations. or replace if necessary.
4. Excessive heat There may be short Do continuity test.
generates. circuit in motor Check and lubricate
winding or wear and the bearing or replace
tear in motor bearing. the bearing.
It is necessary that mixer is given to mechanic and it should be tested in
presence of user. Only after ascertaining and knowing the defect, the
charges to be paid can be decided and mixer given for repairs.
6.5. Content of Instruction Booklet : (as per BIS)

Electrical food mixer and its appliance shall be accompanied by an
instruction booklet containing the following information:
A. Precautions
I. While positioning of the appliances and
II. Before switching on the appliances
Electric Food Mixer 35
B. Warning
I. About the parts of the appliances which shall not brought into
contact with liquids.
II. About keeping away from moving parts, and
III. About the running appliances empty, if necessary.
C. Instructions
I. For assembling and dismantling the bowl for cleaning and
servicing.
II. Types of supply to which the appliance may be connected, and
instructions for electrical connections.
III. Instruction to the effect that after every use of food mixer, pour
little hot water into the bowl to remove left over material,
specifically sticky substance, so that the cutter will rotate freely
during the subsequent use, and
IV. The manufacturer may include instructions stating that the
machine may be overhauled at least once in a year so that its
useful life is increased.
D. Direction to switch off when the motor stall or smoke emanates from
the appliances.
E. Guide for operation giving maximum quantity per loading and in
case of multi speed appliances speed/control position suitable for
various operations.

Hazards that may be encountered while using electric food mixer :
• Electrical shock.
• Injury from rotating blade.
• Falling of electrical mixer from height.
6.7. Safety Checks before using Mixer

• Read all instructions manual carefully before using electrical mixer.
• Never operate the food mixer with bare foot.
• Always check that electric food mixer and its cord are in good
working order.
• Check all adjustment and indications before using the electric food
mixer.
• Working area should be clean, free form rubbish and other obstacles.
• Always use recommended accessories. Non recommended
accessories may result in fire, electric shock, or personal injury.
• Make sure mixture bowl is firmly in placed with mixer body.
• Always starts mixer at lowest speed, working your way up to desired
speed.
6.8. Safety Procedure during using Electric Food Mixer

• Do not run the motor without any load.
• The motor should not be run for more than specified time period (as
prescribed by the manufacturer).
• Do not operate unless Jar and Dome are in proper position.
• Do not grind hot ingredients in the mixer.
• Do not add big ice pieces while making cold drinks. Crush the ice and
then put into the blender.
• Do not add any product to the mixer while mixing. Bring mixer to
stop and then mix the product.
7 Washing Machine
7.1. Introduction
Washing machine is the machine used
for washing the different type of cloth
without physical effort. With the help of
washing machine, we need not to do the
traditional practice to wash the clothes.
Almost all the washing related task like
soaking, rubbing and drying are done by
the washing machine.
7.2. Types of Washing Machine

Types of washing machine are mainly
depends upon the performance. Photo 7.1 : Washing machine.
Semi Automatic : A semi automatic washing machine having two separate

tubs used for washing and drying. Initially along with the clothes, we have
to put water and quantity of detergent in according to type of clothes.
According machine, requires adjusting the timer of washing process.
Washing and drying of the clothes is done in the different chambers.
Fully Automatic : Fully automatic washing machine have only one tub
which serve the function of washer, rinser and drier. Depending on the
quantity of clothes, machine automatically takes the required quantity of
water and detergent. The task, of washing is done by the fully automatic
washing machine, without any other human input.
7.3. Certification
Domestic washing machine must be IS 15370: 2005 certified from Bureau of
Indian Standard.
7.4 Troubleshooting
Washing machine is associated with many faults, few of them are given
below:
Fault Cause Remedy

Washing machine Power supply not Check for power
doesn't work. available. supply.
Discontinuity in Check cables for sound
electrical connection. operation.
Fault in internal Get help from certified
mechanism of machine. technician.
Washing machine Faulty motor. Get repaired from
doesn't spin. certified technician.
Machine overloaded Remove some clothes
by clothes. from machine and then
restart.
Washing machine Clogged water pump. Clean the inlet of water
doesn't drain. pump.
Kinked water hose. Remove kink from
pipeline.
Note : Never handle the electrical appliance in power on condition. Take the help of
certified technician to maintain the pump.

• Electrical shock from washing machine.
• Injuries from rotating parts of washing machine.
7.6 Safety Before Using Washing Machine

• Always purchase, washing machine from authorized dealer of
approved brands.
• Before using washing machine make sure that it must be placed
properly with ground connection.
Washing Machine 39
• Check the electrical cords for any sign of damage or crack. If it is

visible then first replace it and then start using.
• Put washing machine in open and ventilated place.
• Before using washing machine, do pre - inspection of the machine for
any possible obstruction.
7.7 Safety During Using Washing Machine

• Never put the hands on the spinning basket while machine is
operating.
• Never allow the children to operate or play with the washing
machine.
• Don't over load the machine. Put only recommended amount of
clothes.
• Don't use overheated water for washing the clothes. General
recommendation for washing is 50ºC.
• Before washing the clothes, check the pockets of all clothes.
• Never splash water on the control panel.
8 Air Conditioner
8.1. Introduction
The air conditioner is the
machine which removes heat
from confined space, thus cools
the air and removes humidity.
Air conditioner are using in
domestic as well as commercial
environment. Air conditioner
often uses a fan to circulate the
cooled air to improve thermal
comfort and air quality.
8.2. Types of Air Conditioner Photo 8.1 : Air conditioner

Window Air Conditioner :
window air conditioner is the most commonly used air conditioner for
single rooms. In this air conditioner all the components, namely
compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and cooling coil are
enclosed in a single box.
Split Air Conditioner : The split air conditioner comprises of two parts, the
outdoor unit and indoor unit. The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room,
and houses compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit
comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan.
Packaged Air Conditioner : This type of air conditioner is use where more
than two rooms or a larger space is requires cooling. This also contains two
units.
Central Air Conditioning System : Central air conditioning is used for
cooling big buildings, and complexes. A central air conditioning system
Airconditioner 41
comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds

of tons of air conditioning.
8.3. Troubleshooting
Air conditioner is a complicated electrical device and it is not easy to
maintain by the untrained person. It should not be repaired by user.
Always ask for certified electrical technician to repair the air conditioner.
8.4. Risk and Hazards

• Electrocution from air conditioner unit.
• Illness from irregular drastic temperature changes.
• Fire hazard from overheating of air conditioner.
8.5. Safety During Installation of Air Conditioner

• Install the air conditioner at the height of minimum 6 feet from the
floor.
• No laundry equipment must be placed in the vicinity of air
conditioner unit.
• Never install indoor or outdoor unit in the way of pedestrian.
8.6. Safety During Using of Air Conditioner

• Do not attend the air conditioner while power is 'ON'.
• Make sure that the equipments are properly connected to
earthling.
• Always use the recommended power sockets for air conditioners.
• Do not touch the operation button with wet hands.
• Make sure that the mountings of indoor and outdoor units are
rigid.
8.7. Checks After Maintenance

• Check for possibility of electrocution by using of electrical tester.
• Check for any sign of smoke coming out from air conditioner.
• Monitor the variation of cooling temperature, it should not change
drastically.
• Check for any noise coming out form air conditioner.
• Ask the technician about energy consumption, whether it remains
the same as earlier or it has increased.
Note : If any of the above defect noticed then do not use the air conditioner, contact
your certified maintenance personal for attending to Air Conditioner.
9 Air Cooler
9.1. Introduction
Desert type Room Coolers are used in peak
summer season for cooling in rooms, offices, hotels
and restaurants etc. In general Air Coolers are used
for cooling smaller areas and desert coolers are
used for larger areas. Air Coolers basically consist
of body, fan, water pump and control switch etc.
An electric fan generally of exhaust fan type is
mounted inside a louvered housing and three
vertical sides of the housing are fitted with filtered
pads which are kept wet with the help of water
pump. Rotation of fan mounted inside the body Photo 9.1 : Air cooler
draws air from all the three sides through wet pads. Thus, air gets cooled by
evaporation of water and which is blown into the room. Desert coolers are
economical (both initial and running costs are low) and are effective in hot
and dry areas. But they are not effective in humid areas.
9.2. Trouble Shooting
Fault Cause Remedy

Cooler won't start. No power. Check for the power supply.
Faulty electrical Check fuse, circuit breaker
connection. and wiring for damage.
Water is dripping Improper storage of Adjust as per requirements.
out. water or cooling pads.
Cooler not Water pump in not Check electrical connection
providing working. and functioning of pump.
adequate cooling.
Improper functioning Inspect the cooling pads for

of cooling pad. dry or open slots.
Order coming out Order from stagnant Change stagnant water by

of cooler. water. fresh water.
Order of sparking. Check source of sparking.
NOTE : Never handle the electrical cooler in power on condition. Take the help of
certified technician to maintain the appliance.
9.3. Risk and Hazards:

• Electric shock from cooler body.
• Injury from rotating part of air cooler.
• Health injury from polluted air thrown by the air cooler.
• Health hazard due to sudden change in room temperature.
9.4. Installation of Air Cooler

• Installation and electrical connection should be done by electrical
certified personnel.
• Follow the manufacturer's manual to install the air cooler.
• Always install the air cooler where it is easy to inspect and refill the
water.
• Electrical air cooler must not in reach to the children.
• Air cooler should not be in placed in the vicinity of moisture sensitive
equipments.
• It is advisable to place the air cooler where intake of the cooler open
outside the room.
9.5. Safety Checks Before Installation

• Power sockets must be of the proper rating in according to the power
rating of air cooler.
• Checks for the electrical cords and cable must be sound for operation.
Air Cooler 45
• Check fan for free rotation.

• After installation check the air cooler body for possibility of electrical
shock.
• Rotating part of air cooler must be guarded.
9.6. Safety During Operation of Air Cooler

• Never touch air cooler while running. It uses water to cool the air, so
it is more prone to electrical shock.
• Never try to insert any material to the air cooler.
• Never try to refill the water level during running of air cooler.
• Always pay attention to water level. Never run the water pump with
empty tank.
10 Electric Pump
10.1. Introduction
Electric pump is a device which
moves fluids like water, air or
sometimes slurries by mechanical
action. In pump system pumps are
used to keep the fluid moving in
useful way. Pumps are widely used
in variety of applications in home,
office, school, college, hospitals to
the commercial complexes and Figure 10.1 : Household electric
pump motor
industries.
10.2. Types of Electric Pump

Vacuum Pump : Vacuum pump sucks the gas from a sealed container
leaving behind a partial vacuum.
Water Pump : Water pump are used to pump the water. The pumps draw
water up from the ground to water supply system directly.
Trash Pump : Trash pump is generally used to pump waste water. They are
more commonly used to pump basement bathroom waste up to higher
level for disposal.
Hydraulic Pump : Hydraulic pump are used in hydraulic drive system in
motor vehicle or in industry.
Sump Pump : Sump pump are used to remove water accumulated in a
water collecting basin called sump. Commonly used in basement and
other low laying areas within the building where flooding is common.
Most often they are battery powered equipment to be used in case of
emergency.
Electric Pump 47
10.3. Troubleshooting at Home
Defect Cause Remedy

Failure to start. Motor case packing Take the help of technician
may be too tight. to readjust the tightness of
motor case.
Power not available. Check the availability of
power source.
Low voltage from Check the voltage source.
source.
Failure to deliver Wrong pump Check for write installation
water. installation. suction end to suck water
and deliver end to deliver
water.
Inlet and/or outlet Remove the blockage.
blockage.
Improper water level Check the water level, it
should not be more then
specified.
Rate of pumping Low voltage supply. Check voltage supply.
is low. Impeller may be Take the help of technician
clogged. to maintain impeller.
Inlet and/or outlet Remove the inlet and/or
blockage. outlet blockage.
Pump becoming Pump might be on Remove the unnecessary
hot. overload. water connection.
Note : Never handle the electrical appliance when power is on. Take the help of
certified technician to maintain the pump.

• Over heated pump can cause severe burns or injury.
• Electrocution from the body of electric pump.
• Injuries from rotating parts.
10.5 Checks Before using Electric Pump

• Read the manual before installing, operating or maintaining the
pump.
• Check the discharge and suction opening, they should not be
clogged.
• Locate the pump in accessible location and free from any
interruptions.
• Secure the pump in such manner so that it cannot move during its
operation.
10.6 Safety During Using Electric Pump

• Never run pump without water/fluid.
• Cautionary approach to any pump which is in operation.
• Pump only those fluids for which pump are designed.
• Don't run the pump against any closed valve.
• Do not remove any cover plate or any covering from the motor or
from the pump.
• Never operate pump in explosive or volatile atmosphere until it is
design for the same.
• Pump motor must be placed in cool and dry place.
11 Portable Generator
11.1 Introduction
An electric generator is necessary in most
off-grid power systems and can also be a
real life-saver during emergency power
cuts. Portable generators are versatile and
commonly used at construction sites,
camping/recreation, mobile businesses
such as food trucks, small backup power
systems, house hold and anywhere else a
portable power source is required.
Photo 11.1 : Portable Generator
11.2 Certification
Electrical generator must be certified in accordance with ISO-8528 as per
Bureau of Indian Standards.
11.3 Troubleshooting
Electrical power generator is a complex device. It is not recommended to
repair or give maintenance by users. Always take help of approved/
certified technician.

• Electrocution from electricity.
• Burning from heated surface of the generator.
• Fire from the fuel contaminants in the vicinity of generator.

• Do not connect the generator directly to the household wiring.
Rather use transfer switch and take help from certified electrician.
• Keep the generator dry and placed it in open space.

• Keep the children away from the generator.
• Do not light cigarettes or smoke during fueling the generator.
• Do not over fill the fuel tank.
• Never use generator inside the house. It generates poisonous gases.
• Never operate the generator near to combustible material.
• If generator is not in operation then start generator at least once in a
month.
11.6 Checks before using Portable Generator

• Always read and follow the manufacturer's operating manual before
operating the generator.
• Make sure that the generator must properly connect to ground
system.
• Make sure that the extension cord of the generator must be in sound
condition.
• Don't start the generator when any sign of fuel leakage is visible.
• A fire extinguisher should be easily available.
11.7 Safety During Using Portable Generator

• Don't try to touch or fueling the generator during running condition.
• Never overload the generator.
• Turn off all the appliances before shutting down the generator.
• Petrol or diesel based generator releases noxious gaseous, so never
try to smell the gas in house.
12 Home Refrigerator
12.1. Introduction
A refrigerator (fridge) is a popular household
appliance that consists of a thermally insulated
compartment and a heat pump that transfers heat
from the inside of the fridge to its external
environment so that the inside of the fridge is
cooled to a temperature below the ambient
temperature of the room.
12.2. Certification
Refrigerator must be IS: 15750(2006) certified from
Photo 12.1 : Household
12.3 Marking Refrigerator
Each appliance shall have, one or several securely fastened rating plates.
The following information marked in a permanent and legible manner,
either preferably readily visible in normal use or when the appliance is
away from a wall or after the removal, without any tool, of a flap or grille.
• Indication of type of refrigerator.
• Trademark or name of the manufacturer.
• Model designation.
• Serial number and or date of manufacture, which may be coded.
• Rated total gross volume, either in cubic decimeter or in liter, gross
volume shall be marked in "normal letters" below or after the storage
volume which is marked in bold letters.
• Designation and mass of the refrigerant.
• All information relating to the energy source, including those lay

down by safety regulations.
12.4 Safety in Home Refrigerator

Refrigerator has to run 24 hours a day so it's important to look after them to
prevent a fire risk.
12.4.1 Safety First

• When buying a new refrigerator, always buy from a reputable
dealer, and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
• Always register a new refrigerator with the manufacturer. That way
that you can be contacted easily if a safety recall is required.
• Do regular checks of the plug and socket for burn marks, sound of
'arcing' fuses blowing, circuit breakers tripping or if it is too hot to
touch.
12.4.2 Safety Checks Before and During Using Refrigerator:

• Always ensure that the area you are placing the refrigerator is free of
paper or other flammable materials and make sure there is enough
room behind the refrigerator for air to circulate freely.
• Don't connect a fridge to the electrical supply until all packaging has
been removed.
• Never block the interior or exterior ventilation openings of the
refrigerator.
• Make sure you don't trap the mains cable beneath the fridge when
putting is in position.
• Don't use the fridge outdoors or anywhere it is likely to come into
contact with the elements.
• Don't place a refrigerator near cookers, radiators, or in direct
sunlight, as this will result in it having to work harder to maintain the
required internal temperature.
Home Refrigerator 53
• Defrost your fridge at least once a year to ensure that it continue to

work properly. Clean behind your fridge and freezer regularly to
keep lint and dust from building up. Do not use a heater to defrost
the inside of the fridge.
• Unplug and stop the refrigerator if it is not to be used for extended
period of time.
• Stop using a refrigerator if abnormal operating condition occurs,
such as being too noisy, having sign of overheating, abnormal
frosting. Arrange for repairs by qualifying persons.
13 Water Heater
13.1 Introduction
Electric water heater is very popular house hold domestic appliance which
is use to heat small or bulk quantity of water. The heating element of water
heaters converts electrical energy into heat energy.
13.2 Types of Water Heater

Electric Kettle : It is used to heat small quantity of water. The heating
element is fixed inside the kettle. When electric supply is given to the
heating element, it gets heated and hence water inside the kettle heated.
Immersion Water Heaters : An immersion water heater is a very simple
appliance which heats buckets of water in a short while. It consists of a
heating coil which is further connected to cord to plug.
Storage Water Heaters (Geysers) : These type of water heaters heat and
store the water in a tank so that hot water is always available at the user
point.
13.3 Trouble Shooting
Fault Cause Remedy

No hot water. No supply. Check the supply
availability.
Blown fuse. Replace fuse.
Open circuit. Check the circuit and
repair it.
Heater element blown Check element for burn
out. out.
Water Heater 55
Insufficient Thermostat setting is too Check the heating element.

quantity of low.
of hot water. Lower value of Set recommended
thermostat. value of thermostat.
Capacity of tank is Check the quantity and
insufficient. capacity of storage tank.
Fuse blowing Grounded heating Check the heater element
time and again element for insulation resistance
and replace if necessary
Grounded lead wire. Check wiring for grounds
Steam in hot Thermostat improperly Check the circuit and
water connected. correct any improper
connections.
Thermostat contacts Check the thermostat for
welded together. its operation.
Grounded heating Check the unit for ground.
element
Thermostat set too Reset thermostat.
high or out of calibration.
High Leaking faucets. Replace washers in
consumption leaking faucets.
of power Excessively exposed Hot water lines should
leading to hot water pipes. be as short as possible
increased
Thermostat setting Reset thermostat. Setting
electricity bill.
too high Should be 60ºC to 65ºC
Grounded heating Check element for ground
element
Scale deposit on the Dismantle the water
heating units. heater and remove the
scale form the element
tube gently
Leaking tank Leakage around Check all points for

thermostat possible leakage.
Leakage around Replace fiber
heating unit flange.
Leakage at plumbing Washers and use Teflon
connections tapes to seal
Tank leak. the leaks. Or replace
the tank.

• Hot water scalding burn hazards.
• Electrocution from water heater.
• Injuries due to falling water reservoir.
• Smoke hazards from the water reservoir.
13.5 Safety Checks before Installing Water Heater

• Keep the area around the hot water tank clean and clear of
combustibles.
• Hot water heaters should be properly sized for your house.
• It is recommended to set the temperature nearly 65ºC. More than this
cause scalding.
• Hot water heater requires schedule maintenance for good operation
life.
• Immersion rod do not have auto off system and hence if left
unattended can be hazardous.
• Immersion rods are not safe to use. So it is not generally
recommended.
• While leaving on vacation put water heater on off or set hot water
temperature at its lowest setting.
• Don't keep combustible material or flammable material with in 18
inch of the hot water.
14 Dishwasher
14.1. Introduction
A dishwasher is a mechanical device for
cleaning dishwasher and cutlery. Unlike
manual dishwashing which is largely on
physical scrubbing to remove soiling. The
mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying
hot water, typically between 45ºC and 75ºC
at the dishes, with lower temperature used
for delicate items.
A mixture of water and dishwasher
detergent is pumped by rotating pumping
arms which blast the dishes with cleaning
mixture. Once the wash is finished, the
water is drained, more hot water is pumped Photo 14.1 : Household
in and a rinse cycle begins. After the rinse dish washer.
cycle finishes and the water is drained, the dishes are dried using one of
several drying methods.

• Risk of electrocution.
• Burns from steam vapors.
• Injuries from falling of dishes from heights.
• Fire inside the dishwasher.
14.3 Safety During Installation of Dishwasher

• Install the dishwasher as specified by the manufacturer.
• Observe all the governing codes and instructions.
• Don't use extension cord to feed electrical supply.

• Make sure that dishwasher must be electrically grounded.
• Don't use the dishwasher until it is completely installed.
• Don't push down on open door.
• Use two or more people to move and for installation of the
dishwasher.
• Don't install the machine without help of trained personnel.
14.4 Safety During Using Dishwasher

• First read the operating manual properly before using dishwasher.
• Place the sharp items, like knives with point down in the utensil
basket.
• Carefully place the glassware to prevent breaking/ chipping and
rattle against each other.
• Avoid overloading of dishwasher.
• Allow the machine cool before opening in order to prevent burns
from the sudden steam.
• After loading unloading the dishwasher, always close the door.
• Keep children away from machine and /or add a child safety lock.
• Don't mix dishwashing detergent to other detergent.
• Extremely sensitive dishes are more prone to damage in dishwasher
wash, so hand wash is advisable.
• Dishwasher must be properly installed and located in accordance
with the installation manual.
• Machine always connect to a properly rated and protected power
supply circuit to avoid electrical overload.
• Don't leave the dishwasher running overnight or while not at
residence.
Dishwasher 59
14.5 Improper Usage of Dishwasher (photograph)
Photo 14.2 : Don't allow pets Photo 14.3 : Don't try to clean
near the dishwasher everything by dishwasher.
Photo 14.4 : Don't allow kid to Photo 14.5 : Always place the machine
operate machine in vertically upward position.
15 Vacuum Cleaner
15.1 Introduction
A vacuum cleaner is also known as a
sweeper. This device is uses an air pump to
create a partial vacuum to suck up dust
and dirt, usually from floors and from
other surfaces such as upholstery and
draperies.
15.2 Various Parts of Vacuum Cleaner

Inlet : The inlet to a vacuum cleaner can
significantly affect the efficiency of the
vacuum cleaners dust collection, typically
almost every vacuum cleaner sold today
comes with a range of tools in accordance
to the uses of the cleaner.
Filtration : In vacuum cleaner, an Photo 15.1 : Household
arrangement like paper bag is given which Vacuum cleaner
act as filter. By this vacuum cleaner separates the dust particles from air.
Storage : This storage chamber stores the collected dust and/or dirt.
Suction : suction end of the vacuum cleaner is used to suck dust and dirt
from the floor.
Motor : The motor in a vacuum cleaner rotates at high-speed up to and even
beyond 30,000 rpm, which is an order of magnitude faster than the typical
car, washing machine, or computer fan.
Power Cord : Power cord of a vacuum cleaner transfer the electrical supply
from source to vacuum cleaner motor.
Vacuum Cleaner 61

• Electrocution from vacuum cleaner, if it is operated by electricity.
• Injuries from rotating parts, slip during uses.
• Injuries from getting contact to the suction end.
15.4 Pre-operational Safety Checks

• Don't wear loose garments and jewellery while using vacuum
cleaner.
• Foot of the operator must be protected.
• Inspect the power supply cord for sound condition.
• Make sure that your cleaner is compatible with what you are going to
clean.
15.5 Safety in Vacuum Cleaner

• When vacuum cleaner not in used, unplug the vacuum cleaner from
the wall outlet.
• Never vacuum a wet surface. This can damage the motor and puts
the user at risk for electrical shock.
• If a machine is accidentally dropped, have it checked by a certified
technician before using it again.
• Never pull a vacuum cleaner by its cord and keep the cord away from
sharp edges or corners.
• Keep fingers, hairs and clothing away from all powered moving
vacuum cleaner parts.
• Keep vacuum cleaners away from children.
• Don't clean up toxic or flammable materials with a vacuum cleaner.
• Always store vacuum cleaners in a cool, dry location.
• Electrical cable should not be used for lift or pull the machine.
• Don't pick up the hard materials and powders.
• Don't direct the vacuum cleaner toward any person in running
condition.
16 Microwave Oven
16.1 Introduction
A microwave oven is a kitchen
appliance that heats and cooks food by
exposing it to microwave radiation in
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Microwave ovens heat food quickly
and efficiently because excitation is
fairly uniform. High water content
food item is more evenly heated
throughout than generally occurs in
the cooking techniques.
Photo 16.1 : Microwave oven
16.2 Certification
• Microwave oven must be IS: 302-2-25 certified from Bureau of Indian
Standard.

• Risk of electrocution from microwave oven.
• Fire from microwave oven.
• Improper cooking by oven can cause health hazards.
• Hazards from leaking of microwaves from oven.
16.4 Safety Check Before Using Microwave Oven

• Always read the manufacturer's instructional manual before using
equipments.
• Check if the utensils are suitable for use in the microwave oven.
Microwave Oven 63
• Conform the wattage rating in accordance to the food cooking.

• Read carefully the food packet heating instructions. If not very clear,
use a shorter time and heat the food in different stages.
• Place the microwave oven at safe and secure place along with the
sound electrical connection.
16.5 Safety During Using Microwave Oven

• Do not leave the microwave oven unattended while cooking.
• Don't cook egg with the shell, it may burst.
• Don't put sealed can or bottle inside the microwave oven.
• Don't fry food.
• Do not put dry clothes, paper or other combustible material.
• Don't use or operate the microwave oven empty.
16.6 Safety Instructions During Maintenance of Microwave Oven

• Special care should be taken to avoid the development of faults.
• Repair should be done only by the trained people.
• Do not by pass the door interlock.
16.7 Safety Tips During Testing of Microwave Oven

• Only qualified certified personals should attempt repair and/or test
the microwave oven.
• Service personal should be aware about any risk associated with
leakage of microwave energy.
17 Electrical Batteries
17.1 Introduction
Batteries are used to store
electrical energy. It stores
energy in the chemical form.
Many of the things we use
every day rely on the instant
power provided by batteries.
However, the larger batteries
found in workplaces can be
dangerous and may explode if
used incorrectly.
Photo 17.1 : Rechargeable electrical batteries.
17.2 Certification
Sealed cells or batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes
for use in portable applications must be certified in accordance with IS-
16046 from Bureau of Indian Standards.
The multipurpose batteries must be certified in accordance with IS-8144
from Bureau of Indian Standards.
17.3 Types of Batteries

1. Non Rechargeable Battery : Non rechargeable batteries are used
once and then discarded. They have the advantage of convenience.
Generally, primary batteries have uniform discharge rate, higher
capacity and initial voltage compared to rechargeable batteries.
2. Rechargeable Battery : Rechargeable batteries are such type of
batteries which may be recharged again after power drains. These
batteries are comparatively lower capacity then non rechargeable
battery and also expensive.
Electrical Batteries 65

• Chemical hazard : Batteries are filled with the combination of
water and acid, so this is harmful for human being as well as
equipments.
• Risk of explosion.
• Risk of electrical shock.
• Fire from electrical short circuit.
17.5 Battery Safety

• Never dissemble a battery, as the battery contains toxics material
inside.
• Never attempt to short circuit the battery, it can cause fire.
• Never solder anything to the battery directly. It may destroy the
battery features.
• Don't connect the battery to the reverse polarity.
• Never charge the battery with unspecified charger.
• Never attempt to charge a battery which is physically damaged.
• In high rated battery, which used for heavy equipments the air
ventilation must given.
• Avoid using old and new batteries together. And also avoid using
different kind of batteries using together.
• Store the batteries in cool and dry place. Don't lay the batteries in
direct light of sun or rain.
• Don't put the batteries on the plastic bags. Use the bags made from
the conductive material to discharge the static charge on the
batteries.
• Never try to install the batteries by self. Take the help of trained
technician to install of inspect the battery.
17.6 Battery Charger Safety

• Make sure that the charger is switch OFF when it is going to connect
the battery or power unit.
• Connect the charger's positive lead to the positive terminal and
negative lead to the negative terminal.
• Don't remove or adjust the charging leads during charging. Adjust
the charger after switching of the power supply.
• Don't remove the charging unit during charger ON. Do this in switch
OFF condition.
• Don't use battery immediately after charging. Give the settling time
for the battery. Generally it is of 20 minutes.
18 Battery Inverter
18.1 Introduction
Home power inverter is to
provide uninterrupted power
to run household electric
devices. These inverters for
home are available in different
voltage and load capacities. In
the basic design of the home
inverter a DC (battery) source
is connected to a transformer
Photo 18.1 : Household electrical inverters
through the center tap of the
primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow
current to flow back to the battery following two alternate paths through
one end of the primary winding and then the other.
18.2 Certification
The invertors of rating equal or less than 5 KVA must be certified in
accordance with IS-16242 (part 1) from Bureau of Indian Standards.

• Risk of fire and smoke.

• Installation and wiring must be in accordance with the approved
standards.
• Always connect the grounding connections before working on any
circuits associated with the unit.
• Installation and disassembly or repair should be done by the

qualified personnel.
• Disconnect all the AC and DC side connection before working on
electrical inverter.
• Don't touch the terminals of the inverter, it contain electrical shock.
Discharge it before touching it.
18.5 Installation Environment

• The inverter should be installed indoor only in a well ventilated, cool
and dry environment.
• Do not expose to moisture, rain, snow or liquids of any type.
• To reduce the risk of overheating and fire, do not obstruct the suction
and discharge openings.
• Always keeps a fire extinguishing equipment at around the
equipment.
19 Computer / Laptop
19.1 Introduction
A computer is an electronic machine
that accepts input data and processes
it to give human interface output. In
today's life computer plays very
important role in human life. It is used
everywhere, in offices, schools,
colleges, hospitals, and many more
places. Laptop is the advanced and
compact version of computer. It
function similar to the computer but in Photo 19.1 : Desk top computer
this operator having freedom to keep it along.
19.2 Certification (Laptop)

Laptop/tablets must be IS: 13252 (part 1) certified from Bureau of Indian
Standard.
19.3 Risk and Hazards:

• Risk of damage to the machine from external voltage surges.
• Health hazards due to improper way of working.
19.4 Safety During Using Computer/Laptop

• Don't use the extension cords as permanent solution.
• In computer mostly all plugs are off three pins. Don't try to insert
such plug in two pin socket. Removing earth pin may cause serious
electrocution.
• Work area should be well lit and have a grounded AC power outlet.
• Don't put your computer/laptop in extreme condition. It may affect
the working of the machine.
• If possible, avoid using carpet in the room were many computers are
working. Carpets tend to generate lot of voltage.
• The working table on which computer is placed must be non
metallic, if it is not then cover the table with cloth.
• Use surge protection devices especially when computer is connected
to modem.
19.5 Health Safety During Using Computer/Laptop:

• Blink your eyes frequently to reduce dryness.
• The tops of your eyebrows should be level with the top of the screen.
• Adjust the chair settings to adapt your body for the proper height
and lumbar support.
• Shake your hands periodically when typing for extended periods of
time.
• Reduce the need to reach for items by moving frequently used things
such as telephones and files closer.
• Take frequent short breaks when performing repetitive tasks.
20 Table Lamp
20.1 Introduction
Table lamp are such kind of lamp which are used
to illuminate the table area only. In such type of
table lamp, a bulb is fitted inside the enclosure to
reflect the light in dedicated area.
20.2 Certification
Tungsten filament Electric table lamp must be IS:
418 certified from Bureau of Indian Standard.
Photo 20.1 : Table lamp
• Hazard from table lamp fire.
• Hazard from high luminous intensity.

• Always follows the instructions given by the manufacturer.
• Before installing the lamp, check all the specification and symbol of
class of insulation.
• Don't install the equipment if it is not protected by fuse.
• Always installed the table lamp or wall mounted lamp at secure and
safe place, out of reach to children.
• Don't put the lamp in the overloaded socket
20.5 Safety While Using Table Lamp

• Don't plug the device in an overloaded socket.
• Make routine checks on its wiring. If there are bare parts, use
electrical tape to cover them up.
• As much as possible, keep easily combustible materials away from
the device.
• If it starts to heat up, make sure to let it cool down.
• Don't leave the device plugged - in, when it has no bulb or it is faulty.
• Don't hide the wires under the carpet. It may lead to home fire.
• Always use the right socket for the lamp's plug and right bulb for the
lamp/table lamp.
• When lamp is working always careful about any smells, or sparking
sound for the lamp.
21 Hair Dryer
21.1 Introduction
A hair dryer is an electromechanical
device designed to blow normal or
hot air over damp hair to accelerate
the evaporation of water particles
and dry the hair. Blow dryers allow
better control over the shape and
style of hair by accelerating and
controlling the air.

Photo 21.1 : Electric hair dryer
• Electrical hazards from hair dryer.
• Hair dryer also prone to fire hazard.
• Hazards from contaminated air blown by the hair dryer.
• Injury from falling of hair dryer.
21.3 General Safeties in Hair Dryers

• Before using a hair dryer, read all warnings and instructions.
• Unplugged the hair dryer when it is not been used.
• Don't use hair dryer during bathing.
• Don place or store a hair dryer, where it can fall or be pulled into a tub
or sink.
• Don't drop or put a hair dryer into water or in other liquid.
• Don't reach for a hair dryer if it falls into water or any other liquid.
First unplug the equipment than reach to equipment.
• Don't place hair dryer on bed or any other soft material in running
condition.
• Don't poke hairpins or wire through grillwork or in any part of the
appliance
• If the appliance has an electrical burning odor to it, discontinue use
and replace the appliance. Do not attempt to repair it yourself.
• Don't dip styling instruments into water to dampen hair.
• Never cover the air vents as this can cause overheating.
22 Telephone / Mobile
22.1 Introduction
Telephone and mobiles are the latest
medium of communication. We can
communicate to the other person
who is sitting far from us. Telephone
is the fixed one and mobile is the
portable telecommunicating device.
22.2 Certification Photo 22.1 : Telephone and mobile

Mobile phones must be IS: 13252 (part-1) certified from Bureau of Indian
Standard.
22.3 Health Safety

• Limit phone calls to those that are absolutely necessary, and restrict
these to 6 minutes maximum.
• Do not carry mobile phones directly to the body in order to reduce
the effect of radiation.
• Those fewer than 15 years age should not use mobile phones at all
because they are still growing and they are more prone to radiation
effect.
• Don't keep the mobile phone under the pillow during sleep.
• Use of mobile phone should be avoided by anyone who has any
metallic object in or on the head. Because this type of material are
more sensitive to the radiation.
• Make as many phone calls as possible using landlines which emit no
radiation.
22.4 Battery Safety

• Never dissemble a battery, as the battery contains toxics material
inside.
• Never attempt to short circuit the battery, it can cause fire.
• Never solder anything to the battery directly. It may destroy the
battery features.
• Don't connect the battery to the reverse polarity.
• Never charge the battery with unspecified charger.
• Never attempt to charge a battery which is physically damaged.
• Never put the mobile in plastic bag during charging.
• Avoid using unspecified batteries.
• Store the batteries in cool and dry place. Don't lay the batteries in
direct light of sun or rain.
• Don't put the batteries on the plastic bags. Use the bags made from
the conductive material to discharge the static charge on the
batteries.
NOTE : Don't use the cell phone and/or earphone while driving vehicle,
crossing the road or railway tack. It may cause accident.
Photo 22 : Don't use headphone or cell phone while crossing or driving.

Cooking Gas -
23 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
23.1 Introduction
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a petroleum derived, colorless and
odorless gas, typically comprised of mainly propane, butane, or a
combination of these two constituents. LPG is a natural derivative of both
natural gas and crude oil.
23.2 Parts of LPG Cooking Gas

Gas Cylinder : LPG cylinders are manufactured either in two piece or three
piece construction. It is used to store the gas and transport from one place to
another.
Gas Regulator : Gas regulator is a device which regulates the high pressure
gas to a pre determined limit. This regulator is usually factory preset to the
standard operating pressure setting.
Safety Rubber Hose : Safety rubber hose is a flexible hose and connected
between gas cylinder and cooking stove.
Cooking Stove : Cooking gas stove use natural gas as source of energy to
gives heat energy.
23.3 Certification
Gas Regulator : Gas regulator must be ISI marked and should be IS-9798
Certified from Bureau of Indian Standard.
Safety Rubber Hose : Safety rubber hose must be IS-9573 Certified from
Photo 23.1 : Safety rubber hose. Photo 23.2 : Pressure regulator valve.
Cooking Gas Stove : Domestic cooking gas stove must be IS-4246 Certified
from Bureau of Indian Standard.
23.4 Safety Information During Purchase/receiving of Gas Cylinder:
• Always buy LPG cylinder from authorized franchises only.
• Check that the cylinder has been delivering with the company seal
and safety cap intact, don't accept the cylinder of the seal is broken.
• Please look for the due date of test, which is marked on the inner side
of the cylinder stay plate and if the date is over, do not accept the
cylinder.
Checking of Due Date for Test : The gas cylinder is having at the top round
portion and bottom gas filled portion. Both the portions are connected by
three vertical plates. Inside it, you can notice a number like A20, B19, C18,
or D17. This number show the due date for cylinder test.
Alphabet Identification
A MARCH B JUNE
C SEPTEMBER D DECEMBER
Number Identification : Last two numbers show the year.

Example : B.19 Shows that the next due date
of inspection is JUNE 2019.
Never receive the cylinder if date of
inspection has expired.
Leakage Check
• Check the received gas cylinder for gas
leakage by smelling or by applying
soap water over the joint of the
cylinder.
Photo 23.3 : Due date for test
• Don't use open flame to check the
leakage of cylinder.
Cooking Gas - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 79
Weight of Cylinder
• Check that the cylinder seal is intact.
• The weight of the empty cylinder is 15.3 kg which is painted over the
body of cylinder and product weight is 14.2 kg ± 150 gm.
• So the total weight of filled gas cylinder is 29.5 kg ± 150 gm.
23.5 Safety Information During Cooking

• Don't use undue force to open or close the valve. In of difference ask
the expert.
• Keep the window open to ventilate the kitchen.
• Do not place flammable or plastic items near the flame.
• Never leave your cooking unattended.
The cooking vessel could overflow and
extinguish the burners, causing gas to
leak.
• Close the regulator knob to OFF
position when cylinder is not in use.
• If match stick is used to light the burner
then light the match stick first and then
switch ON the knob.
• Don't use any inflammable item in the Photo 23.4 : Knob on cylinder
kitchen, other than the gas cylinder.
• Don't place gas stove in the strong windy location i.e. more than 10
km/hr.
23.6 LPG Cooking Gas Maintenance
• Disconnect LPG regulator and affix safety cap when your gas stove is
not in use for prolonged period.
• Check for gas leaks regularly by applying soap solution on
cylinder joints. The appearance of soap bubble indicates leak
points.
• Don't use open flame to detect leaks.

• Always store the LPG cylinder in an upright position and away from
the other combustible and flammable materials.
• Always replace worn out or defective hoses and regulators. Use only
ISI marked hose and regulator.
• Almost half of the accidents occur due to gas leakage from hose. So
regularly inspect the hose for any defect or damage.
• Always replace the safety hose every 5 years. Avoid trying to repair
the gas stove without experts guidance.
• Never temper with your LPG cylinder or from any accessories.
• If any abnormality is seen then do not panic, contact to your franchise
immediately for assistance.
• No more than two cylinders should be carried in a car during
transportation from one place to another.
23.7 Do's and Dont's for Home/big Kitchens/Hotels:

• Don't put gas cylinder direct into sunlight or in heated atmosphere.
• Always keep the cylinder in upright position.
• Don't heat the cylinder directly or indirectly.
• Check the cylinder for any leakage from 'O' ring and valve before
connecting.
• Don't keep unconnected cylinder in the kitchen.
• Turn off the valve when cylinder is not in use.
• Don't store any extra material I n the LPG shed.
• Don't allow battery operated instrument inside the LPG shed.
• Don't use any non flame proof electrical item inside the LPG shed.
• No smoking in the LPG shed or area.
Cooking Gas - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 81
23.8 Precautions During Gas Leakage:

• Don't panic, shout to inform others and raise alarm/siren.
• In case of leakages stop all operations, close the valve/regulator of
the gas supply.
• In case of valve leakage from cylinder, put the safety cap and take the
cylinder to an open space.
• Don't turn any electrical switch "ON" or "OFF" in case of gas leakage.
• Use dry chemical powder type fire extinguisher in case of fire and or
call fire brigade.
23.9 Correct and Incorrect Practices While Using Cooking Gas
Photo 23.5 : Always use tong instead Photo 23.6 : Always remain in kitchen
of cloth. while cooking.
Photo 23.7 : Gas cylinder must be Photo 23.8 : Cooking gas stove must be
placed vertically upward. placed above the cylinder level.
24 Petroleum Natural Gas (PNG)
24.1 Introduction
PNG is Piped Natural gas. It is the same natural gas which is brought up to
the kitchen appliance at the consumer end through a pipe line network.
PNG is supplied continuously through mild steel pipelines. Oil and natural
gas together make petroleum. Petroleum is a fossil fuel meaning it was
naturally from decaying plant and animal remains. It is a mixture of
different kind of hydrocarbons molecules containing hydrogen and carbon
that exist sometime as a liquid and sometime as gas.
A domestic PNG connection includes conversion of one LPG appliance to
PNG, lying of associated galvanized iron (GI) pipeline network, along with
necessary fittings, pressure regulator and a meter.
24.2 Technical Criteria For Installing Domestic PNG Connection

• Pipeline must be installed in the manner which doesn't impose any
hazards or danger to the safety human being or property.
• The regulator must be placed on a permanent structure like wall
where it is freely accessible and open to free space.
• The domestic meter shall be installed inside or outside the kitchen at
an open to atmosphere place.
• Location of kitchen shall be such that is has a provision of permanent
ventilation of minimum size of 35x35 sq. cm per window or it may be
door less kitchen.
• Service pipeline in full or part, shall not be camouflaged in the
customer's premises and shall always be exposed or open to
atmosphere.
Petroleum Natural Gas (PNG) 83
24.3 Properties of PNG

• PNG is lighter than air, so in case of leakage it vents upwards.
• Natural gas is colorless and odorless gas, an odorant is mixed for leak
detection.

• There is a risk of carbon monoxide poisoning if PNG is being used in
confined place.
• Risk of fire and burn due to PNG.
24.5 Safety Related To PNG

• Please check your rubber tube for crack, damage and replace it with
SURAKSHA rubber tube.
• Make it a practice to keep the appliance valve closed after use.
• Meter control valve to be turned off if your house is to remain closed
for more than a day.
• In case of leakage, don't switch ON/OFF any electrical
switch/appliance and for ventilation open doors and windows.
• Don't fiddle with PNG pipeline or fittings and for any repairs or
modifications do not call local plumber or mechanic. Always call
PNG control room for any assistance.
• Always intimate PNG control room prior to any construction and
modification in civil structure at your house.
• Always inform PNG control room if you find any third party digging
work in progress nearby PNG pipeline leading to your house.
• Do not allow any naked flames near any PNG pipeline.
• Check whether PNG pipe is concealed/covered under cupboard in
your kitchen, if yes, please get it in open, else leaked gas if any, may
accumulate and pose danger.
24.6 Doe's and Don't in Case of Gas Smelling

Doe's :
• Close the gas tap.
• Close the control valve.
• Close the riser isolation valve.
• Open window and doors.
• Call for authorized PNG representative.
Don't :
• Don't initiate any ignition and also extinguish. All are the sources of
ignition.
• Don't switch ON/OFF any electrical switches or appliance in the
house.
• Don't use mobile phones inside the house.
• Don't start any vehicle in your premises.
• Don't attempt to repair the gas equipment or pipelines.
• Don't open the riser isolation valve.
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
1

“Engineers Bhawan”, 2, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,
New Delhi - 110002
Phone. : +91-11-23379052, 23379948 Fax : +91-11-23370489
E-mail : sqfdelhi1@gmail.com
Website : www.sqfiei.in

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Safety at Residences

The Institution of Engineers (India)

The Institution of Engineers (India)

First Published : September, 2017

Safety and Quality Forum

AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED ORGANISATION

"97 years of Relentless Journey Towards

Safety and Quality Forum

Lt Gen (Retd.) J S Ahluwalia

The Institution of Engineers (India)

The Institution of Engineers (India)

Brig S V S Chowdhry (Retd)

This book highlights the important safety issues and precautions

Brig S V S Chowdhry (Retd.)

Safety and Quality Forum

(Praveen Kumar Singh)

It is my proud privilege to express my gratitude to Shri N.B. Vasoya,

2.13 Three Phase Supply System

5.9 Unsafe Place For Fan Installation

9. Air Cooler 43-45

13. Water Heater 54-56

17. Electrical Batteries 64-66

21.2 Risk and Hazards

schools as also social media platform. President I.E.(I) can consider

1.2. Electricity Transmission

1.3. Flow of Electricity

Photo 1.1 : Transmission of electric power to house

• Electricity is generated in the power plant by huge generators.

1.4. Safety Rules While Handling Electricity

2.3. About Single Phase Energy Meter

2.4. Measurement Parameters

2.5. Markings on the Meter

2.6. Rated specification must be known before purchasing the electric

2.7. Meter Location (Residential)

2.8. Meter Location (Multi Storied Buildings)

Photo 2.2 : Correctly installed electrical energy meter with seals.

• Before meters can be installed in multiple residential panels, each

2.9. Unacceptable Location For Meter Installation

• In a room containing mechanical equipment.

2.10. Main Switch Location

2.11. Common Faults In Electrical Energy Meter:

S.No. Fault Probable Cause of Fault

2.12. General Safety Recommendations:

2.13. Three Phase Energy System

• Torque generated by motor is uniform in three phase system.

3.1. Electrical Cable

3.1.2. Types of Electrical Cable

Multicore Cabel : Multi core cable consists of many wires in a single

3.1.3 Marking of the Cable

3.1.4 Color Code of Electrical Cable

Use Color Description

3.1.5 Safety From Electrical Cables

• Don't leave cords dangling anywhere where they can be pulled

3.1.6. Safety Recommendation in Electrical Wire:

• Doing any electrical repair, connect earthing wire first to remove

3.2. Electrical Switches

3.2.2 Types of Switch

3.2.3 Selection of Electrical Switch

• Consider using a sealed switch in environments subject to water

3.2.4 Risk and Hazards from Electrical Switch

3.2.5 Safe use of Electrical Switch

3.3 Plug and Socket

Type Rated Voltage (V ) Rated Current (A )

3.3.2. Marking of Plug and Socket