When the exhaust gas is pushed out by the car, it gains momentum in the backward

direction. By conservation of momentum, the car will gain momentum in the

opposite direction (rightward). By Newton’s 2nd Law, this results in a forward force
on the car.
 acceleration = gradient of vel-time graph
14.8 − 4.0
=
4.50 − 0.50
= 2.7 m s−2
Accept 2.6 to 3.0 m s−2

ΣF = ma
forward force − resistive force = ma
4.6 − resistive force = 0.440 × 2.7
resistive force = 3.4 N

As the speed increases, it can be seen from the graph that the gradient
decreases. This means that the acceleration, as well as the resultant force,
is reduced due to the increase resistive force. Moreover, mass of car
reduces with time. By (forward force – resistive force = ma), ma reduces
and since forward force is constant, resistive force increases.

As t = 0, acceleration = 8.0 m s-2 (from gradient when t = 0). Hence the initial
mass = forward force/acceleration = 4.6/8.0 = 0.575 kg. At t = 0, upward
propelling force is 4.6 N. which is smaller than the weight of the car (W =
0.575 × 9.81 = 5.6 N). Hence the rocket would not have enough force to
propel vertically.
Q = mc ∆θ
= 5.6 × 0.73 × 1
= 4.088
= 4.1 J

Since P and n are constant,

V ∝T
Vf Tf
=
Vi Ti
281
Vf = × 4.6 × 103 = 4616.4 cm3
280
∆V = Vf − Vi = 16 cm3 (2 s.f.)

WD = P × ∆V
= 1.0 × 105 × (1.64 × 10 −6 )
= 1.6 J
 In a closed system, the increase in internal energy is equal to the sum of heat
supplied to the system and the work done on the system.

Because in (a), volume is constant, thus,

∆U = Q = 4.088 J
Using first law of thermodynamics,
∆U = Qin + Won
4.088 = Qin + ( −1.64)
Qin = 5.7 J
When waves meet, the actual displacement is the vector sum of the separate
displacements of the individual wave, and each wave proceeds as though no
other waves exist.

λD
x=
a
590 × 10 −9 × 2.3
=
1.2 × 10 −3
= 1.13 × 10 −3 m
= 1.1× 10−3 m (2 s.f.)
As I ∝ A2 , I = kA2
I
For slit A, AA =
k
I 1 I
For slit B, AB = =
3k 3 k
AP = AA − AB
I 1 I I
= − = 0.4226
k 3 k k
IP = kAP 2 = 0.179I
 c −34 3.0 × 108 −15
E =h = 6.63 × 10 = 1.29 × 10 J
λ 1.54 × 10−10
 Kr Ba
U

8 – 9 (actual = 8.79)

During the nuclear reaction, binding energy is required when U is split into its
individual nucleons while binding energy is released when Ba and Kr are formed
from these individual nucleons. Since Ba and Kr has a higher combined BE than
U, more energy is released than absorbed. Hence there is a net release of
energy.
Since gravitational force contributes to the centripetal force of the satellite,
ΣF = maC
GMm mv 2
=
R2 R
GM
v2 =
R
1 1 GM GMm
E k = mv 2 = m( )= (Shown)
2 2 R 2R
 Let EP be the gravitational potential
energy of m at distance of R from M
GMm GMm
ET = EK + EP = + (− )
2R R
GMm
=− (Shown)
2R

GMm (6.67 × 10−11 )(6.0 × 1024 )(850)

EK = = 6
= 2.36 × 1010
2R 2(7.2 × 10 )
1
mv 2 = 2.36 × 1010
2
v = 7455 m s-1
= 7500 m s−1 (2 s.f.)

To be in a geostationary orbit, Period has to be 1 day

GM 2π
g= 2
= R( )2
R T
−11
(6.67 ×10 )(6.0 ×1024 ) 2π
6 2
= (7.2 ×106 )( )2
(7.2 × 10 ) T
T = 6070 s = 1.69 hr < 1 day

Therefore, this satellite cannot be in geostationary orbit

Due to the small resistive forces, the total energy of the satellite will reduce and thus
the orbital radius of the satellite will reduce. With the smaller orbital radius, the KE and
velocity of the satellite will increase (refer to part b), results in larger rate of heat
generation due to resistive forces. Moreover, as the satellite comes closer to the
atmosphere, the resistive force will become larger. The heat generated heats up the
satellite and the satellite will ‘burn up’ as the heat generated is very large
Simple Harmonic motion is an oscillation where the acceleration
is directed towards the fixed equilibrium position and the
acceleration is proportional to the distance from a fixed
equilibrium position.
From Fig 7.2
T = 0.60 s
1
f = = 1.67 Hz
T

ET = KEMax
1
= m(ω 2a 2 )
2
1
= m((2π f )2 a 2 )
2
= 2π 2 mf 2a 2 (Shown)

ET = 2π 2 mf 2a 2 = 2π 2 (0.320)(1.667)2 (0.010)2 = 1.76 × 10 −3 J

The damping is light because it oscillates more than once with its amplitude
decaying exponentially.

Faraday’s Law states that when there is a change in the magnetic

flux linkage of a conductor, an e.m.f. is induced in it.

Faraday’s Law also states that the magnitude of the e.m.f. induced is
proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.

When the current is switched on, the coil will act as an electromagnet
and magnetic field is produced. Thus a magnetic flux is linked to the
copper plate.
As the copper plate is set on oscillation with up down motion, there will
be a cutting of magnetic flux by the copper plate. According to
Faradays law, an e.m.f is induced.
As the copper plate is large, eddy current is produced within the plate.
Therefore, kinetic energy from the spring-copper plate system will be
converted to electrical energy and the amplitude of the oscillation will
reduce and damping occurs
 The amplitude drops by 0.0050 m, 1.8s after the current is switched

∆ET = 2π 2 mf 2af 2 − 2π 2 mf 2ai 2 = 2π 2 mf 2 (af 2 − ai 2 )

= 2π 2 (0.320)(1.667)2 [(0.0050)2 − (0.010)2 ] = −1.32 × 10 −3 J

Therefore the loss of energy is 1.32 x 10-3 J

The damping will be heavier with the iron core inserted into the coil.
The iron core will concentrate the magnetic field generated from the coil
when the current is switched on. The increased magnetic field will increase
the e.m.f generated in the copper plate and this creates a larger eddy
current within the plate which result in a larger energy loss and heavier
damping.
 Electrical resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the
potential difference across it to the current flowing through it. It
depends on the dimension of the conductor.

Resistivity quantifies how strongly a material opposes electric current.

It is a constant for a given material at a certain temperature regardless
of the dimensions.

l 1.0
R=ρ = 1.7 × 10 −8 ×
A 0.26 × 10−3 2
π( )
2
= 0.32 Ω

1 1 1 −1
Rcable = ( + + .... + ) × 5.0
0.32 0.32 0.32
24 −1
=( ) ×5
0.32
= 0.0667 Ω
= 0.067 Ω (2 s.f.)
 To achieve max current, let R = 0
12.0
∴ Imax = = 4.0 A
3.0

P = I 2R
= 4.0 2 × 3.0
= 48 W

This is to prevent short circuit when R is set to zero, so that the

maximum current in the circuit is not too high, hence prevents
overheating or burning in the circuit.
 1.0 9.0

Taking R = 1.0 Ω,
Taking R = 9.0 Ω,
Pout = I 2R
2
Pout = I 2R
9.0 = I × 1.0
9.0 = I 2 × 9.0
I = 3.0 A
I = 1.0 A
P
e = out × 100% P 9.0
Psupp e = out × 100% = × 100% = 75%
Psupp (1.0)(12.0)
9.0
= × 100%
(3.0)(12.0)
= 25%
1.0 25

9.0 75
r must be smaller than the resistance of the component. The efficiency would
increase with increased difference between the two resistance values.