- is a working substance which remains in gaseous state

during its operating cycle.

Ex. Air, O₂ , N₂ , CO₂
Where:
P=absolute pressure, kPa, psi
V= volume, mᶟ or mᶟ/s, ftᶟ, ftᶟ/s
m=mass, kg or kg/s, lb, lb/s
R=gas constant , kJ/kg.K, Btu/lb.R
T=absolute temperature, K, R
Alternative Forms of the Ideal Gas Equation of State
RT
PV=mRT P=ρRT =
v
m=MN PV=(MN)RT= NR u T
𝑅𝑢 𝑚Ru T .
R= PV=
𝑀 M
Where:
PV=ṁRT P=absolute pressure, (kPa, psia, bar, atm)
V=total volume, (mᶟ, ftᶟ , liter)
m=mass, (kg, lbm)
T=absolute temperature, (⁰K, ⁰R)
ρ=density, (kg/mᶟ, lbm/ftᶟ)
ṁ=mass flow rate, (kg/s, lbm/s)
.
V=volume flow rate, ( mᶟ/s, ftᶟ/s, gpm)
M=molar mass or molecular weight (MW), kg/kmol
N=no. of moles, kmol
R, Gas Constant
One mole of an ideal gas will occupy a volume of 22.4
liters at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure, 0°C
and one atmosphere pressure)
• The mass of a system (m) is equal to the
product of its molar mass M and the mole
number N:

Where:
m=mass, kg or kg/s, lbm
M=molar mass or molecular weight (MW), kg/kmol
N=number of moles, kmol
Sample problem 1
Sample problem 2
Sample problem 3
Sample problem( 𝑐𝑝 , 𝑐𝑣 ,R problem)
3. For a certain ideal gas, R=0.277 kJ/kg.K and
k=1.384. Determine 𝑐𝑝 , 𝑐𝑣 & MW.
seatwork
 Thermodynamic Tables
SI Units

English Units
Table A-1[Molar mass(M or MW) & Gas constant, R]
 Important terms in thermodynamic processes:
1. PROCESSES
• Whenever a system undergoes any change, it is said to have described a
process.

2. REVERSIBLE & IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

Reversible Process
- is one in which both the system and the surroundings are returned to
their original states, otherwise it is an irreversible process.

3. CYCLIC PROCESS
- a process which gives the same states/conditions after the system
undergoes a series of processes.

4. ADIABATIC PROCESS
- is one in which no heat is transferred to or from a system.
 IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
• Isometric Processes; V=C
• Isobaric Processes; P=C
• Isothermal Processes; T=C
• Isentropic Processes, S=C or PV k
• PolytropicProcesses, PV n =C, where n is
any constant
ISOMETRIC PROCESS
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM
 Isometric(isochoric or isovolumic) process
• Is an internally reversible constant volume
process of a working substance.

Internally reversible process – if no irreversibilities occur within the boundaries of the system
during the process.
 Sample problem
1. Ten ftᶟ of air at 300 psia and 400⁰F is cooled to
140⁰F at constant volume. What are
(a) The final pressure
(b) The non-flow work
(c) The change of internal energy
(d) The transferred heat
(e) The change of enthalpy and
(f) The change of entropy?
SOLUTION
ISOBARIC PROCESS
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM
 Isobaric process; P=C
• Is an internally reversible constant pressure process
of a working substance.
 Sample problem
• A certain gas, with 𝑐𝑝 =0.529 Btu/lb.⁰R and R=96.2
ft.lbf/lbm⁰R, expands from 5ftᶟ and 80⁰F to 15 ftᶟ
while the pressure remains constant at 15.5 psia.
Compute
(a) T
(b) ΔH
(c) ΔU
(d) ΔS
(e) For an internally reversible nonflow process, what
SOLUTION
 Isothermal process; T=C
• Is an internally reversible constant temperature
process of a working substance.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. During an isothermal process at 88⁰F, the pressure on 8 lb
of air drops from 80 psia to 5 psig. For an internally reversible
process, determine
(a) The ‫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝 ׬‬and the work of a nonflow process
(b) The ‫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 ׬‬and the work of a steady flow process during
which ΔK=0
(c) Q
(d) ΔU, ΔH and
(e) ΔS.
solution
ISENTROPIC PROCESS
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM
 Isentropic process; S=C or PV =C
k
• Is an internally reversible constant entropy process of a
working substance. Also known as reversible adiabatic
process.
 Sample problem
4. From a state defined by 300 psia, 100 ftᶟ and
240⁰F, helium undergoes an isentropic
process to 0.3 psig. Find:
a. V₂ and t₂
b. ΔU and ΔH
c. ‫𝑉𝑑𝑝 ׬‬
d. -‫𝑝𝑑𝑉 ׬‬
e. Q &ΔS
f. What is the work if the process is
solution
POLYTROPIC PROCESSES
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM
 polytropic process; PV =C n
• Is an internally reversible process during which
PV n =C; where n is any constant.
 Sample problem
5. During a polytropic process, 10 lb of an ideal
gas, whose R=40 ft.lb/lb.⁰R, changes state from
20 psia and 40⁰F to 120 psia and 340⁰F.
Determine:
a. n
b. ΔU and ΔH
c. ΔS
d. Q
e. ‫𝑉𝑑𝑝 ׬‬
f. -‫𝑝𝑑𝑉 ׬‬
g. If the process is steady flow during which
solution
summar
y