BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Malolos,Bulacan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

GROUP NO. 5

CAIDIC, LUIGI
DELGADO, EUGENE
FAJARDO, CLARE
MENDOZA, JEDIDIAH
MNIGAO,GLENN MARK
TENGCO, MARICAR R.

BSCE-4E
YEAR/SECTION

ENGR. JOYCE EVANGELISTA

PROFFESOR
1. Preservative Treatments on Timber

A preservative penetrates the well-dried sapwood of most species more easily when pressure-treated
but results with heartwood are more variable. Even with the proper preservative penetration, good
protection cannot be achieved unless enough preservative stays in the wood.

- Most Commonly Used Preservatives

1. Boron Compounds-Boron provides effective protection against attack by insect borers. It has
been used for more than 40 years to protect the sapwood of susceptible hardwoods against lyctid
or ‘powder post' borers.
2. LOSP (Light Organic Solvent-borne Preservative) - This uses a light organic solvent to
take the preservative chemicals into the timber. It is drawn out in the last stages of treatment,
leaving the preservative behind. These preservatives are mainly regarded as fungicides, with
copper, tin, zinc, PCP's as major toxicants. Synthetic pyrethroidsmay be incorporated if an insect
hazard is also present.
3. CCA Compounds (Copper Chrome Arsenic) - Itis pressure impregnated and designed to
react with the wood cell components so that the active elements, copper (Cu), chromium (Cr)
and arsenic (As) are fixed into the wood's structure.

Different Types of Preservatives on Woods

1. Micronized Copper Technology – Unlike ACQ and CCA, this treatment does not use
organic solvents to dissolve copper for pressure treating. The copper is micronized into sub-
micron particles small enough to be pressure treated on wood. Micro copper particles are
physically deposited in the wood cells in solid form.
3. Copper Azole - Itis one of a new generation of arsenic free preservative treatments that can be
used in water-borne pressure treatment processes.
4. Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ) –This contains copper and a quaternary ammonium
compound. It protects against decay fungi and insects. There are a number of different forms,
and generally the form which is most suitable will be selected for any given species. Its colour
can range from dark green to a brownish green, and it is applied using a pressure process as a
water-borne preservative. It is free of arsenic and can be used to give up to an H4 treatment. It
can be painted or stained when dry.
 5. Creosote and PEC (Pigment Emulsified Creosote) - Creosote and PEC are commonly used
oil-borne preservatives and are painted onto timber surfaces, but can also be applied in a
pressure-based process for better penetration. They have volatile components and, hence, a
characteristic odor. This makes them only suitable for use in external or industrial applications.
Creosote was typically used on railway sleepers, timber bridge components, power poles, marine
structures and decking, and piles.
5. Borate wood preservatives –These are composed of naturally occurring minerals that protect
wood from fungus, termites, and other wood-decomposing organisms. Borate wood
preservatives are comprised of disodium octoboratetetrahydrate. Borate wood preservatives are
low-toxicity treatments used primarily on indoor wood that is protected from weather. Borate
wood preservatives have been used to treat wood for interior construction including joists,
sheathing, sill plates and other uses for over 70 years.

- Additional Types of Timber Preservatives

6. PTI Wood Preservatives

7. Sodium Silicate and Potassium Silicate Based Preservatives
8. Bifenthrin Spray Preservatives
9.Fire Retardant Treated
10. Oil Borne Preservatives

2. ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND ACTUAL STRESSES

ALLOWABLE STRESS

 Also called as SAFE WORKING STRESS

 Stress at which a member is not expected to fail under the given loading conditions.

It is the stress obtained or determined by a series of tests/experiments.

 It is the stress obtained or determined by a series of tests/experiments.

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Mechanical properties of materials

P (proportional limit) - The maximum stress that maybe developed during a simple T or C test such that
thebm stress is a linear function of strain.

E (elastic limit) - It is almost coincident with P. The maximum stress that may be developed during a
simple T or C test such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely
removed.

Y (yield point) - the ordinate of Y at which there is an increase in strain with no increase in stress is
known as the yield point of the material.

U (ultimate strength) - The maximum ordinate to the curve.

B (breaking strength) - The stress in failure.

ACTUAL STRESS

 also known as TRUE STRESS

 Is the stress caused by the applied loads on the structural member and it is computed by the
designer/engineer.

TRUE STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

 Engineering stress is always lower than corresponding true stress in tension.

Engineering stress considers original area of cross section while, true stress considers actual area.

3. FACTOR/MARGIN OF SAFETY: REASON

 COVERS UNCERTAINTIES IN FORCES OR LOADS, SHEARS AND MOMENTS

 COVERS UNCERTAINTIES IN MATERIAL STRENGTH
 COVERS POOR WORKMANSHIP
 COVERS NATURAL DISASTERS
 FACTOR/MARGIN OF SAFETY: REASON

A factor of safety is the load carrying capacity of a system beyond what the system actually supports.
Bridges, buildings, safety equipment and fall protection all start with a factor of safety. Simply put, the
safety factor is how much stronger a system is than required. The factor of safety is the backbone of all
structures and safety equipment and originates with engineers.

A factor of safety increases the safety of people and reduces the risk of failure of a product. If a structure
fails there is a risk of injury and death as well as a company’s financial loss. The safety factor is higher
when there is a possibility that a failure will occur.

Safety factors do not imply that a system is safe and free from accidents. Likewise, stress to one part of
whole can easily change the stress distribution to the whole itself. Remember, a factor of safety is a good
tool to determine how to properly install and use equipment, but many other factors go into determining
safety.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES -
The design of structural member entails the selection of a cross section that will safely and economically
resists the applied loads. Economy means minimum weight-that is, the minimum amount of steel .This
amount corresponds o the cross sections with the smallest weight per foot, which is the one with the
smallest cross sectional area.

the fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required strength not exceed the available
strength, that is,
required strength < available strength.

1. The allowable stress design (ASD)-

a member is selected that has cross-sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that are
large enough to prevent the max. applied axial force, shear, or bending moment from exceeding an
allowable or permissible vaue.

allowable strength ≤ nominal strength/ safety force

-apply service load to structure

-evaluate forces and stresses using linear matter
-“service limit state”

- in allowable stress design , the designer ensure that the stresses develop in structure due to service
loads do not exceed the elastic limit. The limit is usually determined by ensuring that stresses remains
within the limits through the use of factor of safety
ALLOWABLE STRENGTH = NOMINAL STRENGTH
SAFETY FACTOR

NOMINAL STRENGTH= is the predicted capacity of beam

example, n bending , it is the maximum moment that the beams are capable of supporting.

REQUIRED STRENGTH = is the internal that you derived from your analysis of structure being
designed

FACTOR OF SAFETY
for limit states involving yielding or compression buckling
Ω= 1.67
for limiting rupture
Ω= 2.00

Design Philosophy: Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is a method for designing structures so that no applicable
limit state is exceeded when the structure is subjected to all appropriate combinations of factored loads.
LRFD is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure condition, is considered. Load factors are
applied to the service loads, and a member is selected that will have enough strength to resist the
factored loads. In addition, the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the application of a
resistance factor. The criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of a member is

Factored load ≤ factored strength

In this expression, the factored load is actually the sum of all service loads to be resisted by the
member, each multiplied by its own load factor. For example, dead loads will have load factors that are
different from those for live loads. The factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by a
resistance factor.

(loads x load factors) ≤ (resistance x resistance factor)

The factored load is a failure load greater than the actual service load, so the load factors are
usually greater than unity. However, the factored strength is a reduced, usable strength, and the
resistance factor is usually less than unity. The factored loads are the loads that bring the structure or
member to its limit. In terms of safety, this limit state can be fracture, yielding , or buckling, and the
factored resistance is the useful strength of the member, reduced from the theoretical value by the
resistance factor. The limit state can alse be one of serviceability, such as a maximum acceptable
deflection.
 NSCP 2015 (LOAD COMBINATION USING LRFD)

1.4(D + F)

1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)

1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (F1l or 0.5W)

1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)

1.2D + 1.0E + f1L

0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H

0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

D: Dead load

E: Earthquake load

F: due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum height.

H: due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil.

L: Live load

Lr: Roof live load

R: Rain load on undeflected roof

W: due to wind pressure.

T: self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to
differetial settlement, or combination thereof.

3. ) Limit State Design

 this philosophy is an advancement over the traditional design philosophies.

 describes when a structure is on the limit of being uncapable for use.

 Two Principle Criterias in the Limit State Design

1) Ultimate Limit State

 Focuses on the strength of the structure

 In order to satisfy this principle, the structure must not collapse when it is subjected to the peak
design load in which it was designed

 The Ultimate Design Load can be computed through the formula (considering only dead and live
load):

ULS loading = 1.2DL+1.5LL

2) Servicability LImit State

 Focuses on the deflection of the structure

 In order to satisfy this principle, the users must be comfortable with the performance(deflection) of
the structure

 The Servicability Limit State can also be computed through a formula (considering only live and
dead loads):

SLS loading = 1DL+0.7LL