(An Institute of National Importance, under MHRD, Govt.

of India)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS LAB

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. R.P. SINGH

BY

PALLAVI KUMARI

REG. NO.-2018UGMM052

B.Tech-3rd SEMESTER
 BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BOF)

Question:
Using the principle of least square, find an equation of the form %O=a+b/%c that fits the BOF chemistry
then superimpose the C-O relation for 1 atm at 1600°C on the plot

[C]+[O]={CO} delG=8510-7.52T cal.

Find excess oxygen at 0.06%C. Lastly, how much Al must be added per tonne to a heat of steel to
deoxidise it at 1600oC.

2[Al]+3[O]=(Al2O3). delG=-292800+9.37Tcal

BOF steel chemistry is given below:

C O
0.06 ,0.04 ,0.05 ,0.066 ,0.07, 0.055 ,0.04, 0.068, 0.083, 0.095, 0.074 ,0.069, 0.075,
0.15, 0.06, 0.066, 0.042, 0.04, 0.03, 0.04, 0.018, 0.037, 0.0714, 0.0698, 0.107, 0.082,
0.24, 0.03, 0.06, 0.05, 0.045, 0.06, 0.05, 0.114, 0.095, 0.019, 0.136, 0.065, 0.084,
0.06, 0.06, 0.035, 0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.18, 0.105, 0.0675, 0.078, 0.0686, 0.0728, 0.114,
0.055, 0.2 0.0835, 0.056, 0.036, 0.025, 0.0626, 0.024

Program:-
clc
clear all
c=[.06 0.04 .05 .066 .07 .055 .04 .15 .06 .066 .042 .04 .03 .04 .24 .03 .06 .05 .045 .06 .05 .06 .06 .035 .05 .07 .12 .18
.055 .2 ];
length_c=length(c);
o=[.068 .083 .095 .074 .069 .075 .018 .037 .0714 .0698 .107 .082 .114 .095 .019 .136 .065 .084 .105 .0675 .078 .0686
.0728 .114 .0835 .056 .036 .025 .0626 .024];
length_o=length(o);
X=1./c;
Y=o;
%plot(X,Y,'*')
%hold on
%y = 0.0031967*x + 0.013635
a=0.013635;
b=0.0031967;
plot(c,o,'*')%scatter of original data
hold on
%superimposition of the curve obtained on original data
c=linspace(min(c),max(c));
o=0.0031967./c + 0.013635;
plot(c,o,'g')
hold on
%calculation of k
R=1.987;
T=1873;
dG=-8510-7.52*T;
K=exp(-dG/(R*T))
c1=linspace(min(c),max(c));
o1=1./(K*c1);
plot(c1,o1,'r')
oe=1/(K*0.06) %0.0385 practical value
op=0.0031967./0.06 + 0.013635 %0.0669 equilibrium value
do=op-oe %0.0284 difference in o
R=1.987;
G=-292800+9.37*1873;
K1=exp(-G/(R*1873));
Al1=sqrt(1/(K1*(oe^3)))
Al2=(2/3)*0.0284
Al=Al1+Al2;
Al=vpa(Al,5)

Output:
K=

433.2086

Al1 =

1.1541e-14

Al2 =

0.0189

Al =

0.018933

NEWTON’S FORWARD DIFFERENCE

Question:

Construct a forward difference table for the given data.

x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3

y 0.003 0.067 0.148 0.248 0.370 0.518 0.697

Program: -

clc clear all

x=[0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3];
y=[0.003 0.067 0.148 0.248 0.370 0.518 0.697];
D1=diff(y,1)
D2=diff(y,2)
D3=diff(y,3)
D4=diff(y,4)
D5=diff(y,5)
 Output: -

D1 = 0.0640 0.0810 0.1000 0.1220 0.1480 0.1790

D2 = 0.0170 0.0190 0.0220 0.0260 0.0310
D3 = 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050
D4 = 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010
D5 =1.0e-015* 0.1110 -0.1943

Question:
Evaluate f(15) for given table of values
x 10 20 30 40 50
y 46 66 81 93 101

Program:
clc
clear all
x=[10 20 30 40 50];
y=[46 66 81 93 101];
dy1=diff(y,1)';
D1=dy1(1);
dy2=diff(y,2)';
D2=dy2(1);
dy3=diff(y,3)';
D3=dy3(1);
dy4=diff(y,4)';
D4=dy4(1);
p=0.5;
yf=y(1)+p*D1+(p*(p-1)*D2/factorial(2))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*D3/factorial(3))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*(p-3)*D4/factorial(4))

Output:
yf =

56.8672

Question:
A thermodynamic student need the temperature under a pressure of 6.3MPa(NPa). Estimate the
temperature using polynomial interpolation from data :
Pressure(MPa) 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Temperature(°C) 250 263.99 275.64 285.88 295.06 303.40

Program:
clc
clear all
x=[4 5 6 7 8 9];
y=[250 263.99 275.64 285.88 295.06 303.40];
dy1=diff(y,1)';
D1=dy1(1)
dy2=diff(y,2)';
D2=dy2(1)
dy3=diff(y,3)';
D3=dy3(1)
dy4=diff(y,4)';
D4=dy4(1)
dy5=diff(y,5);
D5=dy5(1)
syms x y
p=x-4;
y=250+p*D1+(p*(p-1)*D2/factorial(2))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*D3/factorial(3))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*(p-3)*D4/factorial(4))+(p*(p-1)*(p-
2)*(p-3)*(p-4)*D5/factorial(5));
y=collect(y);
y=vpa(y,5)
x=6.3;
y=inline('0.00375*x^5 - 0.13667*x^4 + 2.0179*x^3 - 15.583*x^2 + 73.698*x + 106.54');
y=y(6.3)
x=linspace(4,9);
y=0.00375*x.^5 - 0.13667*x.^4 + 2.0179*x.^3 - 15.583*x.^2 + 73.698*x + 106.54;
plot(x,y)
title('steam temperature pressure graph')
xlabel('pressure(MPa)')
ylabel('temp^0C')
%shortcut method
xi=6.3;
yi=interp1(x,y,xi)

Output:

y=

278.8386

yi =

278.8382

Question:
Fit a polynomial to obtain a function, find the value of x for which value of y is maximum using Newton’s
forward formula. Also find the value of y. Draw a tangent at x=0.6 and find the value of 2 intercepts
x 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
y 0 298.2 652.4 800.0 620.5 251.5

Output:

clc
clear all
x=[0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9];
y=[298.2 652.4 800.0 620.5 251.5];
dy1=diff(y,1)';
D1=dy1(1)
dy2=diff(y,2)';
D2=dy2(1)
dy3=diff(y,3)';
D3=dy3(1)
dy4=diff(y,4)';
D4=dy4(1)
syms x y
p=(x-0.1)/0.2;
y=298.2+p*D1+(p*(p-1)*D2/factorial(2))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*D3/factorial(3))+(p*(p-1)*(p-2)*(p-3)*D4/factorial(4));
y=collect(y);
y=vpa(y,5);
y=inline('6721.4*x^4 - 13265.0*x^3 + 5457.2*x^2 + 1043.6*x + 151.86');
y=y(0.6)
x=linspace(0.1,0.9);
y=6721.4*x.^4 - 13265.0*x.^3 + 5457.2*x.^2 + 1043.6*x + 151.86;
plot(x,y)
syms x y
df=diff(6721.4*x.^4 - 13265.0*x.^3 + 5457.2*x.^2 + 1043.6*x + 151.86,x);
df =(134428*x^3)/5 - 39795*x^2 + (54572*x)/5 + 5218/5;
X=solve(df)
x1=X(1);
x1=vpa(x1,6)%x1=1.06458(max)
x2=X(2);
x2=vpa(x2,6)
x3=X(3);
x3=vpa(x3,6)%x2, x3 complex
df=inline('(134428*x^3)/5 - 39795*x^2 + (54572*x)/5 + 5218/5');
m=df(0.6)%-926.6704
y=inline('6721.4*x^4 - 13265.0*x^3 + 5457.2*x^2 + 1043.6*x + 151.86');
y1=y(0.6)% 748.4654
hold on
x=linspace(0.1 ,0.9);
y=748.4654-926.6704*(x-0.6)
plot(x,y)

Output:
y=

748.4654

x1 =

1.06458

x2 =

- 0.0744125 - 5.32907e-15i

x3 =

0.489993 + 5.32907e-15i

m=

-926.6704

y1 =

748.4654

NEWTON’S BACKWARD DIFFERENCE

Question :
Using the Newton’s Backward Difference formula for the following data and find the value of f(7.5) (ie
y7.5).

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512

Program:
clc

clear all x=[1:8];

y=[1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512];

N1=diff(y,1)

N1=N1(end);

N2=diff(y,2)

N2=N2(end);

N3=diff(y,3)

N3=N3(end);

N4=diff(y,4)

N4=N4(end);

N5=diff(y,5)

N5=N5(end);

N6=diff(y,6)

N6=N6(end);

Y=512-(0.5*169)-(0.5*0.5*21)-(0.5*0.5*1.5)

Output:

N1 = 7 19 37 61 91 127 169

N2 = 12 18 24 30 36 42

N3 = 6 6 6 6 6

N4 = 0 0 0 0

N5 = 0 0 0

N6 = 0 0

Y = 421.8750

LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION

Question:
Apply Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find f(x) if f(xo) = 2, f(x1) = 4, f(x2) = 8, f(x3)=16, f(x4)=128, calculate
f(5), f(6). Plot lagrange’s function & superimpose scattered data. Given, xo= 1, x1= 2, x2= 3, x3= 4, x4= 7.

Program:
clc

clear all

xo=1; x1=2; x2=3; x3=4;x4=7;

fxo=2; fx1=4; fx2=8; fx3=16;fx4=128;

syms x

no=(x-x1)*(x-x2)*(x-x3)*(x-x4);

x=xo;

do=subs(no);

Lo=no/do syms x ;

n1=(x-xo)*(x-x2)*(x-x3)*(x-x4);

x=x1; d1=subs(n1);

L1=n1/d1 syms x ;

n2=(x-x1)*(x-xo)*(x-x3)*(x-x4);

x=x2; d2=subs(n2);

L2=n2/d2 syms x;

n3=(x-x1)*(x-x2)*(x-xo)*(x-x4);

x=x3; d3=subs(n3);

L3=n3/d3 syms x ;

n4=(x-x1)*(x-x2)*(x-x3)*(x-xo);

x=x4; d4=subs(n4);

L4=n4/d4 ;

L=[Lo L1 L2 L3 L4];
fx=[fxo fx1 fx2 fx3 fx4];
Y=sum(L.*fx)
x=5;
y1=(11*x^4)/90 - (8*x^3)/9 + (59*x^2)/18 - (31*x)/9 + 44/15

x=6;

y2=(11*x^4)/90 - (8*x^3)/9 + (59*x^2)/18 - (31*x)/9 + 44/15

x=[1 2 3 4 7];

y=[2 4 8 16 128];
scatter(x,y)

hold on x=linspace(1,7);
Y=(11.*x.^4)./90 - (8.*x.^3)./9 + (59.*x.^2)./18 - (31.*x)./9 + 44./15;
plot(x,Y)
xlabel('x values')
ylabel('y values')
title('lagranges formula')

Output:
Y = (11*x^4)/90 - (8*x^3)/9 + (59*x^2)/18 - (31*x)/9 + 44/15
y1 = 32.9333 (at x=5)
y2 = 66.6667 (at x=6)

Question :
Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula, to find f(x) for the following data:

x 0 1 3 4
y -12 0 6 12

Plot Lagrange’s function & superimpose scattered data.

Program:
clc

clear all

xo=0; x1=1; x2=3; x3=4;

fxo=-12; fx1=0; fx2=6; fx3=12;

syms x
no=(x-x1)*(x-x2)*(x-x3);
x=xo; do=subs(no);

Lo=no/do

syms x

n1=(x-xo)*(x-x2)*(x-x3);

x=x1; d1=subs(n1);

L1=n1/d1

syms x

n2=(x-x1)*(x-xo)*(x-x3);

x=x2; d2=subs(n2);

L2=n2/d2

syms x

n3=(x-x1)*(x-x2)*(x-xo);

x=x3; d3=subs(n3);

L3=n3/d3

L=[Lo L1 L2 L3];
fx=[fxo fx1 fx2 fx3];
Y=sum(L.*fx)
x=[0 1 3 4];
y=[-12 0 6 12];
scatter(x,y)
hold on
x=linspace(0,4);
y=x.^3 - 7.*x.^2 + 18.*x - 12;
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x values')
ylabel('y values')
title('lagranges formula')

Output:
Lo =-((x - 1)*(x - 3)*(x - 4))/12

L1=(x*(x - 3)*(x - 4))/6

L2=-(x*(x - 1)*(x - 4))/6

L3=(x*(x - 1)*(x - 3))/12

Y=x^3 - 7*x^2 + 18*x – 12

NEWTON’S DIVIDED DIFFERENCE

Question :
Construct the Divided Difference table for the following data and find the value of f(2) and f(15).

x 4 5 7 10 11
y 48 100 294 900 1210

Program:
clc

clear all x=[4 5 7 10 11]; y=[48 100 294 900

1210];
n=length(y);

if length(x)~=n,error('x and y are not compatible'); end

D=zeros(n,n); D(:,1)=y(:); for
j=2:n fori=j:n

D(i,j)=(D(i,j-1)-D(i-1,j-1))/(x(i)-x(i-j+1)) end end c=diag(D);

X1=2;

X2=15;

Y1=48+(52*(X1-4))+(15*(X1-4)*(X1-5))+((X1-4)*(X1-5)*(X1-7))

Y2=48+(52*(X2-4))+(15*(X2-4)*(X2-5))+((X2-4)*(X2-5)*(X2-7))

Output:
D = 48 0 0 0 0

100 52 0 0 0

294 97 15 0 0

900 202 21 1 0

1210 310 27 1 0
Y1 =4 Y2 = 3150

Question :
Calculate the activity coefficient of Aluminium in a solution containing 49 atom percentage Aluminium using
Newton’s Divided Difference:-

χAl 0.90 0.75 0.63 0.53 0.45 0.38 0.30 0.20 0.10

aAl 0.89 0.69 0.50 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.03 0.005 0.008

Program:
clc

clear all

syms Xy

x=[0.90 0.75 0.63 0.53 0.45 0.38 0.30 0.20 0.10]; a=[0.89 0.69 0.50 0.31 0.20
0.10 0.03 0.005 0.008]; n=length(a);

if length(x)~=n,error('x and y are not compatible'); end

D=zeros(n,n); D(:,1)=a(:); for
j=2:n fori=j:n

D(i,j)=(D(i,j-1)-D(i-1,j-1))/(x(i)-x(i-j+1)) end end c=diag(D)

X=0.49;

y=c(1)+(X-0.90)*c(2)+c(3)*(X-0.90)*(X-0.75)+c(4)*(X-0.90)*(X-0.75)*(X-0.63)+c(5)*(X0.90)*(X-0.75)*(X-0.63)*(X-
0.53)+c(6)*(X-0.90)*(X-0.75)*(X-0.63)*(X-0.53)*(X-

0. 45)+c(7)*(X-0.90)*(X-0.75)*(X-0.63)*(X-0.53)*(X-0.45)*(X-0.38)+c(8)*(X-0.90)*(X0.75)*(X-0.63)*(X-0.53)*(X-
0.45)*(X-0.38)*(X-0.30)+c(9)*(X-0.90)*(X-0.75)*(X-
0.63)*(X-0.53)*(X-0.45)*(X-0.38)*(X-0.30)*(X-0.20);

Y=y/X

Output:
Y = 0.5213

Question :
The following table gives the value of x and y
X 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2
y 4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6
Find the value of x corresponding to y=12 using Newton’s Divided difference formula.
Program:
clc
clear all
x=[4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6];
y=[1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2];
plot(x,y,'*')
hold on
n=length(y);
%if length(x)~=n,error('x and y are not compatible')
%end
D=zeros(n,n);
D(:,1)=y(:);
for j=2:n
for i=j:n
D(i,j)=(D(i,j-1)-D(i-1,j-1))/(x(i)-x(i-j+1));
end
end
C=diag(D);
x0=4.2;
x1=6.8;
x2=9.8;
x3=13.4;
x4=15.5;
x5=19.6;
syms X
Y=C(1)+C(2)*(X-x0)+C(3)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)+C(4)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)+C(5)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)+C(6)*(X-x0)*(X-
x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)*(X-x4);
Y=collect(Y);
Y=vpa(Y,6);
syms X
Y =inline('0.0000372891*X^5 - 0.00239481*X^4 + 0.0580598*X^3 - 0.65273*X^2 + 3.65214*X - 6.2299');
V=Y(12)%V=3.5499
X=linspace(4,20);
Y=0.0000372891.*X.^5 - 0.00239481.*X.^4 + 0.0580598.*X.^3 - 0.65273.*X.^2 + 3.65214.*X - 6.2299;
plot(X,Y)
x=[1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2];
y=[4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6];
plot(x,y,'*')
hold on
n=length(y);
%if length(x)~=n,error('x and y are not compatible')
%end
D=zeros(n,n);
D(:,1)=y(:);
for j=2:n
for i=j:n
D(i,j)=(D(i,j-1)-D(i-1,j-1))/(x(i)-x(i-j+1));
end
end
C=diag(D);
x0=1.2;
x1=2.1;
x2=2.8;
x3=4.1;
x4=4.9;
x5=6.2;
syms X
Y=C(1)+C(2)*(X-x0)+C(3)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)+C(4)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)+C(5)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)+C(6)*(X-x0)*(X-
x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)*(X-x4);
Y=collect(Y);
Y=vpa(Y,6);
syms X
Y =inline('- 0.0511323*X^5 + 0.990686*X^4 - 7.22782*X^3 + 24.3806*X^2 - 34.0164*X + 20.4743');
V2=Y(3.5499)%V=3.5499
X=linspace(1,6.2);
Y=- 0.0511323*X.^5 + 0.990686*X.^4 - 7.22782*X.^3 + 24.3806*X.^2 - 34.0164*X + 20.4743;
plot(X,Y)

Output:
V=

3.5499
V2 =

12.1220

Question :
A slider in a machine moves along a fixed straight rod. Its distance x cm along the rod is given below for
various values of time ‘t’ sec. Find the velocity and acceleration when t=0.3 sec using Newton’s divided
difference formula

t 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

x 30.13 31.62 32.87 33.64 33.95 33.81 33.24

Program:
clc
clear all
x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6];
y=[30.13 31.62 32.87 33.64 33.95 33.81 33.24];
n=length(y);
%if length(x)~=n,error('x and y are not compatible')
%end
D=zeros(n,n);
D(:,1)=y(:);
for j=2:n
for i=j:n
D(i,j)=(D(i,j-1)-D(i-1,j-1))/(x(i)-x(i-j+1));
end
end
C=diag(D);
x0=0;
x1=0.1;
x2=0.2;
x3=0.3;
x4=0.4;
x5=0.5;
x6=0.6;
syms X
Y=C(1)+C(2)*(X-x0)+C(3)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)+C(4)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)+C(5)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-
x2)*(X-x3)+C(6)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)*(X-x4)+C(7)*(X-x0)*(X-x1)*(X-x2)*(X-x3)*(X-
x4)*(X-x5);%ndd formula
Y=collect(Y);
Y=vpa(Y,6);
dY=diff(Y,X);
dY=vpa(dY,6);
dY=inline('2416.67*X^5 - 4145.83*X^4 + 2702.78*X^3 - 823.125*X^2 + 68.4056*X +
13.6267');
Velocity=dY(0.3)
dY=2416.67*X^5 - 4145.83*X^4 + 2702.78*X^3 - 823.125*X^2 + 68.4056*X + 13.6267;
dY2=diff(dY,X);
dY2=vpa(dY2,6);
dY2=inline('12083.4*X^4 - 16583.3*X^3 + 8108.34*X^2 - 1646.25*X + 68.4056');
acceleration=dY2(0.3)

Output:
Velocity =

5.3335
acceleration =

-45.5924