Branching Pipe and Pipes in

S i and
Series dPParallel
ll l

Lecture 21
 Pipes in Series
„ If a pipeline is made up of lengths of different
diameters, conditions must satisfy the continuity
and energy equations
equations.
 Pipes in Series
„ Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = …
„ hL = h1 + h2 + h3 +…
„ Using rigorous equations
2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 L3 V3
hL = ( f1 + ∑ k1 ) + ( f2 + ∑ k2 ) + ( f3 + ∑ k3 ) + ....
D1 2g D2 2g D3 2g

„ Using non-rigorous
non rigorous equations
equations, we have:
hf = K1 Q1n + K2 Q2n + K3 Q3n +……. n=2
 Numerical Example
„ The pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 300 m of 300 mm
diameter, 150 m of 200 mm diameter, and 250 m
of 250 mm diameter,
diameter respectively,
respectively of new cast
iron and are conveying 15oC water.
„ If ΔZ = 10 m,, find the rate of flow from A to B.

„ For cast iron pipe:

e = 0.25 mm = 0.00025 m
„ F water
For t att 15oC:
C
ν = 1.139 x 10 -6 m2/sec
 Numerical Example
Energy equation:
2 2 2
300 V1 150 V2 250 V3
Δz = 10 = 0.019( ) + 0.021( ) + 0.020( )
0.3 2 g 0.2 2 g 0.25 2 g

Continuity Equation:
2 2 2 2 2 2
V2 V D V 0 .3 V V3 V1
= 1 ( 1 ) 4 = 1 ( ) 4 = 5.06 1 = 2.07
2 g 2 g D2 2 g 0. 2 2g 2g 2g
2
V1
2
1000 750 1000 V1
10 = [0.019( ) + 0.021( )5.06 + 0.020( )2.07] = 0.0713m
2g 1 1 1 2g

V1 = 2(9.81m / sec 2 )(0.0713m) = 1.183m / sec Q=A1V1=0.0836m3/sec

Pipes in Parallel
In the case of flow through two or more parallel pipes,
conditions must satisfy the continuity and energy
equations.
 Pipe in Parallel
„ Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ...
„ hL = h1 = h2 = h3 =…

„ Using non-rigorous (empirical) equations, we have:

h f1 1 /n h f2 1 /n h f3 1 /n
Q =( ) +( ) +( ) + ....
K1 K2 K3
 Numerical Example
„ A horizontal, galvanized iron pipe system
consists of a 20 cm diameter, 4 m long g main
pipe between the two joints 1 and 2. The
branch pipe is 12 cm in diameter and 6.4 m
l
long. It consists
i t off two
t 90o elbows
lb (R/D
(R/D=2.0)
2 0)
and a globe valve. The system carries a total
0 26 m3/sec water at 10oC.
discharge of 0.26 C
Determine the discharge in each of the pipes
when the valves are both fullyy opened.
p
 Numerical Example

Adapted from Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering

Systems (Hwang and Hita, 1987)
 Numerical Example
„ The cross-sectional area of pipes a and b
are, respectively,
0 .2 2 0.12 2
Aa = π ( ) = 0.0314 m 2 Ab = π ( ) = 0.0113m 2
2 2
„ Continuity condition requires that,

0.26m 3 / sec = AaVa + AbVb = 0.314Va + 0.0113Vb (a)

 N
Numerical
i lE Example
l

„ The head loss between 1 and 2 along the

main pipe is ha,
2 2
La V a Va
ha = f a ( ) + 0.15
Da 2 g 2g

kc

The second term in above represents the

head loss for a fully opened gate valve
 Numerical Example
„ The head loss between 1 and 2 along the
branch pipe is hb: k c
2 2 2
Lb Vb Vb Vb
hb = f b ( ) + 2(0.19) + 10
Db 2 g 2g 2g

Where the second term is for the elbow losses

and the third term is head loss for a fully
opened globe valve.
 Numerical Example
„ Since the total head losses through both
pipes must be the same, we have
ha = hb
2 2 2 2 2
La Va Va Lb Vb Vb Vb
fa ( ) + 0.15 = fb ( ) + 2(0.19) + 10
Da 2 g 2g Db 2 g 2g 2g

4 Va 2 6 .4 Vb 2
[ f a ( ) + 0.15] = [ fb ( ) + 0.38 + 10] (b)
0.2 2g 0.12 2g
Numerical Example

„ (e/D)a= 0.15/200 = 0.00075

( / )b= 0.15/120
(e/D) 0 1 /120 = 0.00125
0 0012
„ We may obtain fmin from Moody diagram:
fa = 0.0185 and fb = 0.021
as a first approximation.
Numerical Example
„ Substitute the above values into energy
equation (equation (b)), we have
2 2
[20 × 0.185 + 0.15]Va = [53.33 × 0.021 + 10.38]Vb

11.50
Va = Vb = 4.70Vb
0.52
Numerical Example
„ Substitute Va into continuity equation
(equation (a)), we have:
0.26 = 0.0314 × (4.7Vb ) + 0.0113Vb = 0.159Vb
0.26
Vb = = 1.636m / sec
0.159
Va = 4.70Vb = 4.70 × 1.636 = 7.818m / sec
Numerical Example
„ Corresponding
C di RReynolds
ld numbers
b are
calculated to check the above friction factors.
„ For pipe a:
7.818 × 0.2
V a Da
Ra = = = 1.19 × 10 6

υ 1.31 × 10 −6
The Moody diagram gives f = 0.0185, which is correct.

„ For p
pipe
p b:
1.636 × 0.12
Vb Db
Rb = = = 1.40 × 10 5

υ 1.31 × 10 −6
The Moody diagram gives fb = 0.0225, which is not
close to 0.021
Numerical Example
„ Equations (a) and (b) are solved again for the
new value of fb:
2 2
[20 × 0.185 + 0.15]Va = [53.33 × 0.02225 + 10.38]Vb
Va = 4.70Vb
Vb =1.630 m/sec and Va = 7.693 m/sec
Th f
Therefore, the
th discharges
di h are:
Qa = AaVa = 0.0314x7.693 = 0.242 m3/sec
Qb = AbVb= 0.01134x1.630 = 0.018 m3/sec