O. V.

Gendelman1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa, 32000 Israel
e-mail: ovgend@tx.technion.ac.il

G. Sigalov
College of Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign,
Dynamics of an Eccentric
Urbana, IL 61801
Rotational Nonlinear Energy
L. I. Manevitch
Sink

Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019

Institute of Chemical Physics,
RAS, Kosygin str. 4,
Moscow, Russia
The paper introduces a novel type of nonlinear energy sink, designed as a simple rotating
eccentric mass, which can rotate with any frequency and; therefore, inertially couple and
M. Mane resonate with any mode of the primary system. We report on theoretical and experimental
investigations of targeted energy transfer in this system. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005402]
A. F. Vakakis
L. A. Bergman
College of Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign,
Urbana, IL 61801

1 Introduction modified commercial loudspeaker [18]. All these designs allow

demonstration and investigation of TET and related phenomena
The nonlinear energy sink (NES) has been defined as a single-
under laboratory conditions, but their long-term performance
degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structural element with relatively
under actual operating conditions has not yet been shown. How-
small mass and weak dissipation, attached to a primary structure
ever, both for scientific and engineering purposes, it would be de-
via essentially nonlinear coupling [1–3]. If the primary structure is
sirable to develop alternative concepts for NES designs.
excited by a shock whose energy is above a certain critical thresh-
The basic idea of TET is the ability of the NES to undergo exci-
old, the NES can act as broadband passive and adaptive controller
tation over a broad range of frequencies, ultimately related to its
by absorbing vibration energy from the primary structure in an
essential nonlinearity. Arguably, the simplest system which can be
almost irreversible manner. This process is referred to as passive
excited at any frequency is a simple, free rotator—quite obviously,
targeted energy transfer (TET) [4,5]. Targeted energy transfer nor-
the rotation frequency can be arbitrary. Needless to say, this simple
mally occurs via transient resonance captures, made possible by
system has been widely studied in literature; in particular, it was
the essential (nonlinearizable) stiffness nonlinearity of the NES
proposed as a vibration absorber for harmonically excited oscillator
which prevents a preferential resonance frequency. In previous
[19]. In the current paper, we demonstrate theoretically and experi-
works it has been shown theoretically, numerically and experi-
mentally that such a rotator can be efficiently used as the NES.
mentally that the NES can efficiently protect a primary structure
against impulsive excitations [6], harmonic (narrowband) loads
[7,8], and seismic excitations [9], and it has also been applied to
passively suppress aeroelastic instabilities [10,11] and drill-string 2 Description of the Model and Numerical
instabilities [12]. A detailed discussion of the concepts of NES, Demonstration of TET
TET and related issues is presented in a recent monograph [12]. Let us consider the dynamical system schematically presented in
Theoretically, the type of nonlinearity involved in the NES may Fig. 1. A simple, free eccentric rotator of mass m and radius r0 is
be rather diverse. In the first papers devoted to the subject [1,2] mounted inside a primary oscillator with mass M and linear stiff-
pure cubic nonlinearity was considered. Later more involved ness C. We assume linear viscous damping about the axis of the ro-
types of nonlinear stiffness were incorporated, including general tator with coefficient c. We mention here that no gravity is taken
nonpolynomial [13] monotonic functions, NES with multiple into account (for instance, the system is mounted horizontally) and
states of equilibrium [14], as well as nonsmooth and vibro-impact the attachment is allowed to freely rotate; so this design should not
NES [15]. Experimentally, only a handful of nonlinear stiffness be confused with the well-known torsional vibration absorber [20].
functions were built and tested. Nonlinear stiffness close to purely The Lagrangian of this system (without including dissipation)
cubic was realized with the help of elastic strings or springs with is expressed as:
minimal pretension [12,16]. The nonsmooth NES was realized by
combining linear elastic and vibro-impact elements [17]. Targeted
1 1 1
energy transfer in acoustic systems has been achieved by use of a L ¼ ðM þ mÞx_2 þ mr02 h_2  mr0 x_ h_ sin h  Cx2 (1)
2 2 2
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received January 11, 2011; final manu-
where x(t) is the displacement of the primary mass and h(t) is the
script received May 24, 2011; published online December 13, 2011. Editor: Robert rotation angle of the eccentric. Damping is taken into account via
M. McMeeking. the Rayleigh dissipation function

Journal of Applied Mechanics Copyright V

C 2012 by ASME JANUARY 2012, Vol. 79 / 011012-1
 and zero initial displacement of the primary mass, together with
zero initial state of the NES. For our system, this choice of initial
conditions is not optimal, since the nonzero initial velocity
_
uð0Þ 6¼ 0 implies that some energy is concentrated at the NES
from the very beginning (see Eq. (8)). Besides, as will be demon-
strated below, the response of the system strongly depends on the
initial orientation of the rotator, h0, although the initial energy at
the NES remains zero if both initial angular and translational
velocities vanish. So, in the following numerical simulations we
will employ

uð0Þ ¼ u0 ; uð0Þ
_ _
¼ 0; hð0Þ ¼ h0 ; hð0Þ ¼0 (9)

To demonstrate the TET phenomenon, we present here the simu-

lation results for Eq. (6) and initial conditions, Eq. (9), for

Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019

two different values of the initial angle: h0 ¼ p=2 (Figs.
Fig. 1 Scheme of primary mass with attached eccentric rotator 2(a)–2(c), 3(a)–3(c), 4(a)–4(c) and Fig. 5) and h0 ¼ 0:1 (Figs.
6(a)–6(c), 7(a)–7(c), 8(a)–8(c), and Fig. 9). In Figs. 2–4 and 6–8
we show the time series for u(t) and h(t) and the relative energy at
1
D ¼ ch_2 (2) the NES (8), and in Figs. 5 and 9, consolidated data concerning
2 the relative instantaneous energy in the system R ¼ 2EðtÞ=u20 . The
latter graphs illustrate the energy dissipation in each system for
The dimensional equations of motion are written as given level of the initial excitation. All simulations used the pa-
rameter values k ¼ 0.1, e ¼ 0.1 (needless to say, we do not claim
d _
ðM þ mÞ€
x þ Cx ¼ mr0 ðh sin hÞ that these values of the parameters are optimal in any sense).
dt (3) The simulations presented above demonstrate that for low lev-
mr02 h€ þ ch_ ¼ mr0 x€ sin h els of excitation (Figs. 2 and 6) the eccentric attachment does not
rotate at all and performs only oscillations. We will refer to that
Transition to nondimensional variables state as oscillatory. In this case only a small amount of energy is
concentrated at the NES, and the dissipation is rather slow. For
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi higher levels of excitation (Figs. 3 and 7), one observes intermit-
x0 ¼ C=ðm þ MÞ; t ! x0 t; u ¼ x=r0 ; e ¼ m=ðm þ MÞ;
(4) tent oscillations and rotations of the NES; we will refer below to
k ¼ c=mr02 x0 this regime as intermittent. The rate of energy dissipation during
intermittency is notably higher than in the oscillatory regime, but
yields the nondimensional equations still a considerable amount of energy is not transferred to the
NES. For high levels of the excitation (Figs. 4 and 8), the NES
d _ rotates in a stable manner until a majority of the energy is dissi-
u€ þ u ¼ e ðh sin hÞ pated. This is the rotational dynamical regime. From Figs. 4(c)
dt (5)
h€ þ kh_ ¼ u€ sin h and 8(c) one can clearly observe that the energy is concentrated at
the rotator; thus, it is possible to identify this type of response
with the TET. Figures 5 and 9 demonstrate high relative efficiency
For the sake of numerical simulations, it is convenient to resolve of the rotational TET for energy dissipation in the system.
the system with respect to the second derivatives We can conclude that, with growth of the magnitude of initial
excitation, the system exhibits two qualitative transitions—from
u þ eðh_2 cos h  kh_ sin hÞ oscillatory to intermittent response and from intermittent to rota-
u€ ¼
1  e sin2 h (6)
tional response. Transition into the rotational regime results in ef-
kh þ sin hðu þ eh_2 cos hÞ
_ ficient energy dissipation and constitutes TET in the system. In
h€ ¼ order to gain some insight into these transitions, we devote the
1  e sin2 h next Section to analytical investigation of the system.
In order to demonstrate and assess the process of TET in this sys-
tem, we simulate Eq. (6) for various initial conditions and use a 3 Analytical Estimation of the Response Regimes
criterion of relative energy [13]. Without accounting for damping, Numerical simulations presented in the previous Section
the energy of the system is given by describe three different dynamical regimes of the NES. It is clear
that the type of response and the amount of energy transferred to
1 the NES strongly depend on both nonzero initial conditions in
E ¼ EP þ ENES ; EP ¼ ðMx_2 þ Cx2 Þ;
2 (7) Eq. (9). Due to damping present in the system, we are interested
m
ENES ¼ ðx_ 2 þ r02 h_2  2r0 x_h_ sin hÞ only in the initial stage of the response. So, to qualitatively distin-
2 guish between different responses, it is sufficient to consider only
the regime of the excitation of the NES by the primary mass at the
where EP is the energy of the primary mass and ENES is the energy initial stage. For this purpose, we can neglect the reverse action of
concentrated at the NES. The relative energy concentrated at the NES on the primary mass and formally set e ¼ 0. Thus, under
the NES is defined and expressed via dimensionless variables, initial conditions, Eq. (9), we obtain
Eq. (4), as
u ¼ u0 cos t
eðu_ 2 þ h_2  2u_ h_ sin hÞ (10)
j ¼ ENES =E ¼ (8) _
h€ þ kh_ þ u0 cos t sin h ¼ 0; hð0Þ ¼ h0 ; hð0Þ ¼0
u þ u_ 2 þ eðh_2  2u_ h_ sin hÞ
2

Approximation, Eq. (10), is valid only for a rather narrow time

In previous studies of TET [12,13], standard initial conditions for scale (t  O (1)), but nevertheless allows one to distinguish the
the problem including damping involved nonzero initial velocity different response regimes mentioned above.

011012-2 / Vol. 79, JANUARY 2012 Transactions of the ASME


Fig. 2 Oscillatory response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions
_
h0 ¼ p=2; u0 ¼ 0:4; hð0Þ _
¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
3.1 Transition Between the Oscillatory and Intermittent
Response. Points h ¼ 0; p are always states of equilibrium of Eq.
(10), and the oscillatory modes correspond to oscillations around
these points. The oscillatory responses will not be possible if these
equilibrium points are parametrically unstable. To assess the sta-
bility of the equilibrium points, we restrict ourselves to the case of
small oscillations. Consequently, Eq. (10) is reduced to a particu-
lar case of the Mathieu equation with damping, given by:
h€ þ kh_ þ u0 h cos t ¼ 0 (11)
Journal of Applied Mechanics
Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Fig. 3 Intermittent response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions
_ _
h0 ¼ p=2; u0 ¼ 0:5; hð0Þ ¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
Equation (11) is well-known, and the critical amplitude corre-
sponding to the boundary of parametric instability for zero damp-
ing can be calculated from an Ince-Strutt diagram [22] for the
case of zero basic frequency. Here, the damping is nonzero, but
not too large compared to the excitation amplitude; it is reasona-
ble to suggest that the fundamental resonance responsible for the
parametric instability is the same as in the undamped case. From
the Ince-Strutt diagram we see that this resonance for zero fre-
quency is 1:2. Thus, we study the neighborhood of this resonance
for system, Eq. (11), and employ the ansatz
JANUARY 2012, Vol. 79 / 011012-3
 Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Fig. 5 Comparison of the energy dissipation rate for various
types of response, h0 ¼ p=2

u ¼ dþ expðltÞ þ d expðl tÞ

we easily obtain the characteristic equation

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k 1
l¼ 6 u20  1=4 (14)
2 2

The critical value of u0 corresponds to the case l ¼ 0, giving

1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
u0;crit ¼ 1 þ 4k (15)
2

For parameters used in the simulations, we have u0;crit  0:5, in

good agreement with the simulation data. The dependence of
u0,crit on initial condition h0 is more subtle and requires analysis
beyond approximation (Eq. (10)).

3.2 Transition Between the Intermittent and Rotational

Response. Stable rotations in parametrically excited system (Eq.
(10)) correspond to 1:1 resonance with the external forcing. Thus,
this regime can be described by

hðtÞ ¼ t þ wðtÞ (16)

where w(t) describes possible slow oscillations combined with the

fast rotation. We say that the rotations are stable if this additional
Fig. 4 Rotational response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions phase is bounded: 0  wðtÞ  2p. Substituting Eq. (16) into Eq.
_
h0 ¼ p=2; u0 ¼ 0:8; hð0Þ _
¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time (10), we obtain
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
w€ þ kw_ þ u0 ðcos t sin t cos w þ cos2 t sin wÞ ¼ k (17)
i
h_ þ h ¼ u expðis=2Þ (12)
2 In the case of the stable resonant rotations, phase w(t) is a slow
variable, and one can average Eq. (17) over fast time t. Such aver-
Following the standard complexification–averaging procedure, we aging yields
obtain
u0
w€ þ kw_ þ sin w ¼ k (18)
iu ku iu0  2
u_ þ þ þ u ¼0 (13)
4 2 2
This is the well-known equation of the damped pendulum with
The star in Eq. (13) denotes complex conjugation. Equation (13) constant external torque [23,24]. The only peculiarity is that the
is linear and autonomous, and by substituting value of the torque is equal to the damping coefficient. Quite

011012-4 / Vol. 79, JANUARY 2012 Transactions of the ASME


Fig. 6 Oscillatory response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions
_
h0 ¼ 0:1; u0 ¼ 0:4; hð0Þ _
¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
obviously, stable rotations correspond to a stable fixed point of
Eq. (18), which exists under condition
ju0 j  2k (19)
The physical meaning of Eq. (19) is also clear: the stable rotation
is possible if the damping is not too high. In order to illustrate dif-
Journal of Applied Mechanics
Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Fig. 7 Intermittent response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions
_
h0 ¼ 0:1; u0 ¼ 0:65; hð0Þ _
¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
ferent qualitative behaviors of the system described by Eq. (18),
we present phase portraits for the cases k ¼ 0 (Fig. 10(a)),
ju0 j  2k (Fig. 10(b)) and ju0 j < 2k (Fig. 10(c)).
Figure 10(a) presents, quite naturally, the phase portrait of an
unperturbed pendulum. In Fig. 10(b) one can see that, as a result
JANUARY 2012, Vol. 79 / 011012-5

Fig. 8 Rotational response of Eq. (6) for initial conditions
_
h0 ¼ 0:1; u0 ¼ 0:7; hð0Þ _
¼ uð0Þ ¼ 0. (a) Time series h(t); (b) time
series u(t); (c) relative energy concentrated on the NES.
of global bifurcation, the separatrix is split, and some phase trajec-
tories are attracted to the stable fixed point and the others to a
limit cycle that describes an unbounded growth of w. The fixed
points correspond to the regime of stable rotations. If Condition
(19) is not valid (Fig. 10(c)), this point does not exist, and all tra-
jectories are attracted to the limit cycle.
Then, one can see that, even if the stable rotations are possible
in Eq. (10), they will be realized only for certain sets of initial
conditions. In particular, our initial conditions, Eq. (9), are trans-
formed, according to Eq. (16), to
_
wð0Þ ¼ h0 ; wð0Þ ¼ 1 (20)
011012-6 / Vol. 79, JANUARY 2012
Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Fig. 9 Comparison of the energy dissipation rate for various
types of response, h0 ¼ 0:1
For a fixed value of h0 we define a critical amplitude u~0 ðh0 Þ for
which the system will exhibit transition to the stable rotations.
Obviously, this critical value corresponds to the situation when
the point ðh0 ; 1Þ crosses the separatrix of the phase portrait at
Fig. 10(b) as parameter u0 grows. This problem is solved numeri-
cally. For the two values of h0 for which TET was simulated
numerically in Sec. 2, we get the values of the critical amplitude
u~0 ð0:1Þ ¼ 0:62; u~0 ðp=2Þ ¼ 1:01: (21)
The first value fairly corresponds to the numerically observed tran-
sition threshold at u0  0.7. However, for h0 ¼ p=2, stable TET is
already observed for u0  0.8, so the approximate approach pre-
sented here overestimates this value by about 25%. This discrep-
ancy is significant. One can conclude that the approximation
presented in this section allows one to understand qualitatively dif-
ferent response regimes of the system. However, deeper insight into
the dynamics is required to make reliable quantitative predictions.
4 Experimental Verifications
4.1 Experimental Setup. Experimental verification of the
theoretical and computational results presented above was per-
formed using a setup consisting of a massive cart, M ¼ 702.8 g
(the linear oscillator) moving on an air track, connected to a light
rotator (NES) mounted on the cart, as shown in Fig. 11. The NES
(m ¼ 19:38 g, r0 ¼ 34:47 mm), was able to freely rotate around a
vertical axis (a 0.25" shaft mounted in a ball bearing attached to
the plate on the cart). The angular friction coefficient from Eq. (5)
was estimated from experimental data to be k  0:078. The cart
was connected by a linear leaf spring to ground. The velocity of
the cart was measured directly using a Polytech scanning vibrom-
eter, model OFV 056. The displacement of the cart was then cal-
culated by numerical integration of the velocity data. The natural
frequency of oscillations of the cart with fixed (inactivated) rota-
tor was measured to be f ¼ 1.41 rps, which translates to the angu-
lar frequency x ¼ 8:86 rad=s and the leaf spring constant
C ¼ 56.64 N=m. Free oscillations of the primary mass exhibited
an average logarithmic decrement d  0:011.
The angular position of the NES was recorded using a US Digi-
tal optical encoder (model E6-2500-250-I-S-D-D-B). The optical
encoder was mounted on the same shaft that holds the rotator.
The encoder provided 2500 counts per revolution; thus allowing
angular measurement accuracy of 2.5  103 rad or better. Two
channels of the encoder enabled determination of the direction
Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 10 Phase portrait of Eq. (18) for u050.5, (a) k50, (b) k50.1,
(c) k50.3
of rotation; the third (index) channel allowed calculation of the
absolute value of the angle. A National Instruments DAQ board
(model NI USB-6120, 16-Bit, 250 kS=s M Series Multifunction
DAQ) was used together with NI-DAQ and NI-MAX software to
record and save the optical encoder data. A PCB modally tuned
impulse hammer (PCB model 086C03) was used to trigger the
data acquisition for both the optical encoder (sampled at 81.92
kHz) and the laser vibrometer (sampled at 32 kHz). The resulting
data and discussion follow.
Journal of Applied Mechanics
4.2 Response Regimes of the System. First of all, we pres-
ent the experimental confirmation of three various types of
response regimes revealed in the Sec. 2. For relatively small dis-
placements, we expect purely oscillatory response; this is pre-
sented at Fig. 12.
It is easy to see that all responses are purely oscillatory and, af-
ter certain transients, the system stabilizes around an equilibrium
point. For somewhat higher (but still subcritical) values of the ini-
tial deflection, the results are presented at Fig. 13.
In Fig. 13, we continue to observe only the oscillatory
responses. However, there is an important difference between
Figs. 12 and 13. In Fig. 12, the slow decay toward the equilibrium
position is accompanied by small-amplitude oscillations with fre-
quency close to the linear frequency of the primary mass, and no
Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
resonance is encountered. In Fig. 13, in the initial stage of the
transient, one can observe resonant oscillations with frequency ra-
tio close to 1:2. Because of the short-lived character of the 1:2 res-
onance, standard methods such as the wavelet transform do not
yield clear results. However, straightforward analysis of the time
series presented in Fig. 13 shows that the first two periods of oscil-
lation of the NES: initially Th ¼ 1.42 s, then for the remaining
time of the experiment Th ¼ 0.71 s. The period of oscillation of
the primary mass remains close to 0.71 s at all times. This obser-
vation validates the criterion for transition to the intermittent
response used in the previous Section.
Examples of the intermittency are presented at Fig. 14. One can
observe the erratic transitions between oscillations and rotations,
typical for the intermittent regime.
For even higher values of the initial displacement, for part of
initial conditions one observes the transition to purely rotational
response, whereas for the other part of the initial conditions the
response remains intermittent (Fig. 15).
Thus, we are able to reproduce experimentally all types of
dynamic response expected in the system with rotational NES. It
should be mentioned that the experimentally observed values of
the critical amplitudes u0 are also close to the theoretical
predictions.
4.3 TET Observations. Targeted energy transfer in the sys-
tem under consideration is demonstrated in Fig. 16. While a
detailed study of targeted energy transfer (TET) in this system
was not a goal of this paper, we verified the feasibility of TET by
comparing the displacement d(t) of the linear element with and
without an active NES. In Fig. 16, both data sets are presented for
d0  38 mm. During the reference run with inactive NES, the am-
plitude of oscillations of the linear element after 13 s is about
64% of the initial displacement; thus, the energy of the linear ele-
ment has decreased to about 41% of its initial value solely due to
dissipation. Similar calculations for the run with active NES show
that only 3.2% of the initial energy of the linear element is
retained after 13 s. The additional loss of about 37.8% of the ini-
tial energy is due to the irreversible energy transfer to the NES,
the mass of which is about 2.8% of the primary mass. It is clear
that the TET efficiency may be increased by optimization of the
system’s parameters.
5 Concluding Remarks
The main result of this paper is a demonstration of the ability of
a simple eccentric rotator to perform as a nonlinear energy sink.
This ability is related to an obvious property of the rotator—it can
rotate with arbitrary frequency and; thus, resonate with any fre-
quency of the primary system. This variability of the resonance
frequency is achieved in more traditional versions of the NES by
use of essential physical and=or geometric stiffness nonlinearity.
For the version of the NES suggested in this paper, one need not
be concerned about design and maintenance of essentially nonlin-
ear stiffness elements. Arguably, the suggested design of the NES
is the simplest possible, and its efficacy is demonstrated both theo-
retically and experimentally.
JANUARY 2012, Vol. 79 / 011012-7
 Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Fig. 11 Experimental setup with various elements and equipment labeled

Fig. 12 Oscillatory response for initial deflection of the pri-

mary mass d0 5 10 mm (u0  0.15) and various h0
Fig. 14 Oscillatory response for initial deflection of the pri-
mary mass d0 5 25 mm (u0  0.38) and various h0

Fig. 13 Oscillatory response for initial deflection of the pri- Fig. 15 Oscillatory response for initial deflection of the pri-
mary mass d0 5 20 mm (u0  0.30) and various h0 mary mass d0 5 40 mm (u0  0.60) and various h0

011012-8 / Vol. 79, JANUARY 2012 Transactions of the ASME


Fig. 16 Experimental observation of TET
Of course, the simplicity of the design does not come for free.
Dynamics of the system with rotational NES is much more com-
plicated than that of more traditional designs. The system has a
complicated set of responses (we crudely divide them into oscilla-
tory, intermittent and rotational); only the latter provides efficient
TET. We offer some analytical estimates for these responses and
get at least a qualitative understanding of transitions between
them. However, it is clear that for a detailed description and pre-
diction of TET in this system, as well as for optimization of its pa-
rameters, a thorough investigation of the Hamiltonian dynamics
and damped responses of the complete 2DOF system is necessary.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to the Binational (US – Israel) Science Founda-
tion (Grant No. 2008055) for financial support of this work.
References
[1] Gendelman, O. V., 2001, “Transition of Energy to a Nonlinear Localized Mode
in a Highly Asymmetric System of Two Oscillators,” Nonlinear Dyn., 25, pp.
237–253.
[2] Vakakis, A. F. and Gendelman, O. V., 2001, “Energy Pumping in Nonlinear
Mechanical Oscillators: Part II – Resonance Capture,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.,
68, pp. 42–48.
[3] Manevitch, L. I., Gourdon, E., and Lamarque, C. H., 2007, “Towards the
Design of an Optimal Energetic Sink in a Strongly Inhomogeneous Two-
Degree-of-Freedom System,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 74, pp. 1078–1086.
Journal of Applied Mechanics
[4] Quinn, D. D., Gendelman, O., Kerschen, G., Sapsis, T. P., Bergman, L. A., and
Vakakis, A. F., 2008, “Efficiency of Targeted Energy Transfers in Coupled
Nonlinear Oscillators Associated with 1:1 Resonance Captures: Part I,” J.
Sound Vib., 311, pp. 1228–1248.
[5] Sapsis, T. P., Vakakis, A. F., Gendelman, O. V., Bergman, L. A., Kerschen, G.,
and Quinn, D. D., 2009, “Efficiency of Targeted Energy Transfers in Coupled
Nonlinear Oscillators Associated with 1:1 Resonance Captures: Part II, Analyti-
cal Study,” J. Sound Vib., 325, pp. 297–320.
[6] Vakakis, A. F., 2001, “Inducing Passive Nonlinear Energy Sinks in Vibrating
sSystems,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust., 123, pp. 324–332.
[7] Starosvetsky, Y. and Gendelman, O. V., 2008, “Strongly Modulated Response
in Forced 2DOF Oscillatory System with Essential Mass and Potential
Asymmetry,” Physica D, 237, pp. 1719–1733.
[8] Starosvetsky, Y. and Gendelman, O. V., 2009, “Vibration Absorption in Sys-
tems Comprising Nonlinear Energy Sink: Nonlinear Damping,” J. Sound Vib.,
324, pp. 916–939.
[9] Nucera, F., Vakakis, A. F., McFarland, D. M., Bergman, L. A., and Kerschen,
G., 2007, “Targeted Energy Transfers in Vibro-Impact Oscillators for Seismic
Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/appliedmechanics/article-pdf/4747404/011012_1.pdf by University Of Toronto Library user on 29 August 2019
Mitigation,” Nonlinear Dyn., 50, pp. 651–677.
[10] Lee, Y. S., Vakakis, A., Bergman, L., McFarland, D. M., and Kerschen, G.,
2007, “Suppression of Aeroelastic Instability Using Broadband Passive Tar-
geted Energy Transfers I: Theory,” AIAA J., 45, pp. 693–711.
[11] Gendelman, O. V., Vakakis, A. F., Bergman, L. A., and McFarland, D. M.,
2010, “Asymptotic Analysis of Passive Nonlinear Suppression of Aeroelastic
Instabilities of a Rigid Wing in Subsonic Flow,” SIAM J. Appl. Math., 70, pp.
1655–1677.
[12] Vakakis, A. F., Gendelman, O. V., Kerschen, G., Bergman, L. A., McFarland,
M. D. and Lee, Y. S., 2008, Nonlinear Targeted Energy Transfer in Mechanical
and Structural Systems, I and II, Springer, New York.
[13] Gendelman, O. V., 2008, “Targeted Energy Transfer in Systems with Non-
Polynomial Nonlinearity,” J. Sound Vib., 315, pp. 732–745.
[14] Gendelman, O. V. and Lamarque, C.-H., 2005, “Dynamics of Linear Oscillator
Coupled to Strongly Nonlinear Attachment with Multiple States of Equi-
librium,” Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 24, pp. 501–509.
[15] Georgiades, F., Vakakis, A. F., McFarland, D. M., and Bergman, L. A., 2005,
“Shock Isolation Through Passive Energy Pumping Caused by Non-Smooth
Nonlinearities,” Int. J. Bifurcations Chaos, 15(6), pp. 1–13.
[16] Gourdon, E., Alexander, N. A., Taylor, C. A., Lamarque, C. H., and Pernot, S.,
2007, “Nonlinear Energy Pumping Under Transient Forcing with Strongly Non-
linear Coupling: Theoretical and Experimental Results,” J. Sound Vib., 300, pp.
522–551.
[17] Nucera, F., Lo Iacono, F., McFarland, D. M., Bergman, L. A., and Vakakis, A.
F., 2008, “Application of Broadband Nonlinear Targeted Energy Transfers for
Seismic Mitigation of a Shear Frame: Part II. Experimental Results,” J. Sound
Vib., 313, pp. 57–76.
[18] Bellet, R., Cochelin, B., Herzog, P., and Mattei, P.-O., 2010, “Experimental
Study of Targeted Energy Transfer From an Acoustic System to a Nonlinear
Membrane Absorber,” J. Sound Vib., 329, pp. 2768–2791.
[19] Babitsky, V. I., 1981, “Principles of Dynamic Suppression of Vibrations,”
Vibrations in Science and Technology, v. 6: Protection from Vibrations and
Impacts, K.V. Frolov, ed., Mashinostroenie, Moscow.
[20] Shaw, S. W. and Geist, B., 2010, “Tuning for Performance and Stability in Sys-
tems of Nearly Tautochronic Torsional Vibration Absorbers,” ASME J. Vibr.
Acoust. 132, p. 041005.
[21] Tondl, A., Ruijgrok, T., Verhulst, F., and Nabergoj, R., 2000, Autoparametric
Resonance in Mechanical Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
[22] Nayfeh, A. H. and Mook, T. D., 1995, Nonlinear Oscillations, Wiley, New
York.
[23] Arnold, V. I., Kozlov, V. V., and Neishtadt, A. I., 1997, Mathematical Aspects
of Classical and Celestial Mechanics, Springer, New York.
[24] Manevitch, L. I. and Gendelman, O. V., 2001, Tractable Models in Solid
Mechanics, Springer, New York.
JANUARY 2012, Vol. 79 / 011012-9