MODULE 13.

5 - ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WORKBOOK

Electrical Systems

1. For any given aircraft circuit, what determines the:

a. Cable diameter

b. Cable Voltage/Power

2. What is the International standard for aircraft DC systems and how is a positive charging
voltage established.

3. State the DC and AC electrical supply specifications for aircraft.

4. Identify typical AC/DC sources of electrical power in an aircraft and how each can be
converted to the opposite.

a. Typical Sources

b. Conversion

5. Complete the table for the function of electrical system components

Component Function DC AC

Relay/Contactor

Busbar Yes Yes

Switching to a circuit less than 20A

Switching to a circuit greater than 20A

Essential Services
Non-Essential
Services
Bus Tie Breaker
Split System Breaker
(SSB)
Isolation Relay

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6. State the three categories of Consumer Services in Bus-Bar systems and provide examples:

a. ..

b. …

c. ..
d.

Bus Bar Priority

7. What is a Bus Bar Supply priority system and state the method

8. Sate the priority for:

a. AC system in fig 5-1 for AC Bus 2

b. AC Grnd Serv Bus

c. DC system in fig 5-1 for DC Bus 2

d. Emergency DC Bus

Parallel Electrical Systems

9. Determine the function of a Parallel Bus system and the common distribution component

10. What must be taken into account when Paralleling AC systems to ensure correct operation

11. Sate the advantage of the Split Parallel system over the Parallel Bus System

DC Power Generation

12. Refer to the diagram:

a. State two reasons for the Generator switch and what does it
operate
i. ..

ii. ..

iii. ..

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b. If an open circuit earth for the Generator Line Contactor occurs, what will happen

Voltage Regulation

13. What does a voltage regulator normally control

14. Look at the Vibrating Voltage Regulator circuit.

a. Identify components “A” & “B” and state
their function.

b. State what happens if the generator output

voltage rises above its regulated limit

c. State the sequence of operation if the

generator voltage is lower than its
regulated limit

d. Determine what will happen if the Current Regulator spring tension is too high

e. How will an open circuit Series winding affect the regulator

15. Refer to the diagram of the carbon pile regulator and answer the following:
a. What is the condition of the carbon pile during
normal operation

b. Explain what happens in the event of an

overvoltage output from the generator

c. State the effect of the spring pressure on the carbon pile reducing to zero (will the
regulator produce over or undervoltages.

d. How can minor adjustment of the voltage coil be made and when is it used

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16. Refer to the Transistor regulator in your notes:

a. What state will the Control Transistor (TR2) and Zenner diode (ZD1) be during
normal operation of the generator

b. On an under-voltage from the generator , what will be the condition of TR2 & ZD1

c. What will be the result on the regulator/generator output of an open circuit

between ZD1 & R5

17. Refer to the Current Limiter diagram below:

a. What component can be adjusted and
determines the regulated output current to
+10% from the generator.

b. Identify the purpose of the Resistor in the

circuit

c. Analyse and state the effect of the resistor going short circuit in the circuit

18. Look at the Reverse Current Cut Out (RCCO) Relay diagram in your notes:

a. Why is thier a requirement for the RCCO relay

b. How is the voltage coil electrically connected in the circuit

c. How is the Current coil electrically connected in the circuit

d. Explain what happens on the detection of reverse current from the battery to
generator

e. If the Current coil goes open circuit, evaluate the effect on the circuit

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19. What is contained in the three unit regulator unit

Overvoltage Protection

20. Identify the two fault conditions that an Over Voltage relay should detect
i. ..
ii. ..

21. What is unusual about the resistor in the Overvoltage relay

22. Given an increase in voltage, assess what will happen to the

a. Resistance of the sensing coil resistor

b. Latching mechanism

23. How can the Overvoltage relay be reset, once the fault has been repaired.

DC Power System Parallel & Load Sharing

24. What is used in addition to Voltage regulators to maintain a balanced load between two
generators.

25. In a balanced generator system supplying a total load of 120Amps, what would you calculate
each generator to be supplying.

26. When would you expect the Equalizing Relays to be energized in a parallel system

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27. Complete the table below for the load sharing circuit

Component Function/Operational when?

Field Coil

Voltage Coil
Equlaising
Coil

Carbon Pile

Interpole Coil

28. Refer to the diagram of the parallel circuit:

a. Which generator is currently supplying the highest Load (explain your answer)

b. Analyse and explain what happens to the CP, FC, VC and EC to regain a balanced
load in the circuit.

c. Why are the voltages in the equalizing circuit minus or negative voltages

29. In the vibrating contact load sharing circuit, identify the additional coil, which is used for
load sharing circuit connection.

30. Determine and explain what happens if the voltage output rises from generator No1 to the
“D” coil and “Eq” coil and how this affects the overall operation of the circuit of the vibrating
contact circuit.

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31. Investigate and predict what would happen if the “EQ” coil short circuited to earth during
the units operation.

DC power Systems Warnings & Indicators

32. In the single generator system below what will

be the colour of the warning indicator if the
generator fails and how does is this different
tot a multiple generator system.

33. When will a single generator failure warning

light appear

34. Refer to the diagram of the Current monitoring circuit:

a. What is the purpose of the Shunts

b. Where can the Shunts be fitted and what

indication would you expect to see on
both meters with the generator
supplying a Load to the Main Busbar

AC POWER GENERATION

35. Complete the table below for Star & Delta Interconnection of Phases:

Phase Line Phase Line

Connection Physical Connection Voltage Voltage Current Current
200v 50A
Star
173v 100A
200v 50A
Delta
173v 100A

36. Refer to the diagram of a Brushless Generator, then identify the location and:

a. The purpose of the Permenant Magnet Generator (PMG)

b. Function of the Rotating Rectifier

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c. The operational sequence of the Generator (flow and AC/DC)

Constant Speed Drive Unit (CSDU) & Integrated Drive Generator (IDG)

37. Identify the purpose of the CSDU

38. What actions can the pilot carry out on the failure of a CSDU?

39. Label the Main components inside the CSDU

40. What device controls the output speed of the CSDU?

41. If the hydraulic pump variable wobbler plate is at the “straight drive” position what happens
(in relation to the input and output of the CSDU)?

42. What controls the angle of the variable wobbler plate?

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43. Define “Straight Drive” of the CSDU

44. State the angle of the Wobbler Plate if the engine speed:

a. Increase

b. Decreases

45. Label the diagram for the different Drive states, direction of rotation and calculate the
differential speeds:

Governing System

46. What does the Governor assembly do in the CSDU?

47. If the generator output speed increases, what happens to the:

c. Flyweights

d. Governor Stem

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Flight Deck Control & Indication of the CSDU/IDG

1. Give examples of the indications that a pilot may see in the cockpit:

2. What function does the “Drive Temp Rise Switch” achieve

3. An aircraft CSDU has a mechanical seizure, how can the pilot disconnect it and what other
protection method is available for seizure

4. Describe the thermal disconnection system

5. How is accidental operation of the CSDU disconnect switch achieved?

6. When the disconnect switch is operated, what causes the input shaft to move away from
the input splined shaft

7. When can the electro-mechanical CSD disconnection system be reset in flight, explain your
answer

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Integrated Drive Generator (IDG)

48. Refer to your notes and the diagram below to answer the following:

a. What does an IDG contain and what are the advantages

b. Where is the hydraulic trim unit and differential assembly contained

c. Provide typical speed and Power ratings of a IDG

Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Power Systems

49. Identify the difference between a VSCF generator system and a conventional hydro-
mechanical CSDU.

50. Look at the diagram below of a VSCF system:

a. Which stage module removes DC ripple from the DC link voltage

b. Identify the module that produces a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Waveform

c. What voltage is output from the Inverter

d. How is the GCU powered and what does it control

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51. In a Variable frequency system which type of loads are affected by the variable frequency
and which are not

52. State typical frequency ranges and outputs of a frequency wild system generator and the
two major assemblies.

53. Refer to the Servicing/Warning/Cautions Pages for Generator Maintenance in your notes
and highlight the critical areas, ready for Instructor or Peer evaluation of your
understanding.

Generator Control Unit (GCU)

54. Identify a minimum of three control and protection systems a Generator Control Unit (GCU)
will provide.

i. ..

ii. ..

iii. .

55. Determine the two classifications of generator excitation

i. ..

ii. ..

56. Identify the field current regulation below and write a brief description

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57. Complete the matrix below for the AC system control performed of a constant frequency
generator by a GCU

Regulation Method Of Auto

Detection Components Location
Type Control/Protection Trip

Variable Field Current GCU

Voltage
Regulation Error Detector

PWM excitation Controller

PMG Bridge Rectifier

Current Magnetic Field

Limiting Induction

Frequency
Governor with Flyweights CSDU
Regulation
PRR
Over Voltage (OV) >125v OV Unit GCU
GCR
PRR
Under Voltage (UV)
GCR
PRR
Over Frequency (OF) GCU
GCR
PRR
365/375Hz
GCR
PRR
GCR
Out-Of- Generator PRR
Over Current (OC) 169A
Tolerance Feeder Line GCR
Protection Ground
PRR
20-30A DPCT/Load
GCR
DPCT
Incorrect Phase
PRR
Sequence
Generator PRR
Feeder Line GCR
Shorted Rotating PRR
GCU
Diode GCR
PRR
GCR

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58. Identify the three methods of manual disconnection of a generator:

i. .

ii. .

iii. .

59. State the conditions for manual paralleling of generators and two methods that can be used

60. State the conditions for automatic paralleling of generators

Load Sharing In A Paralleled Generator System

61. Draw and label a Load Current diagram for a generator

62. Calculate the Power Factor of a circuit having a Real Current of 10A & Actual Current of 15A

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63. Draw and Label a Balanced Real Load Diagram for paralleled generators

64. What determines the Real Load that a generator will take during operation in a paralleled
system and how can this be controlled.

65. Calculate the Total Reactive Load in the case of a Total Real Load of 3A & Actual Load of 5A

66. What determines the Reactive Load that a generator will take during operation in a
paralleled system and how can this be controlled.

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Starter Generators

67. Which aircraft are Starter Generators normally fitted too and why?

68. What makes starter generators different from a standard shunt wound generator?

69. Refer to the Starter generator circuit in your notes:

a. Explain the requirement for a series and a shunt winding in the generator

b. Determine the purpose of the Throttle relay

c. What be the result if the Ignition relay has an open circuit?

d. The engine start switch is set to “Start”, what happens next (order of contactor and
relay operation)?

e. An open circuit develops between “C” on the Starter Generator and the “M”
terminal on the reverse Current & Motor Relay control unit, explain what happens in
the circuit

f. The Under Current Relay is stuck closed, meaning that the first indication of the fault
will be when?

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Inverters

70. Why is there a requirement for Inverters on aircraft

(state any operating parameters)

71. Which type of Inverter uses a DC Motor to drive a n

AC generator and state the typical Inputs and
outputs

72. What is the purpose of the two variable resistors in the Rotary Inverter

73. Where are “static” or “solid state” inverters commonly used

74. For each stage of a static or “solid state” Inverter, explain the purpose of the:

a. Square Wave Generator

b. Pulse Shaper circuit

c. Filter circuit

Transformers And Rectifiers

75. How are Voltage and Current transformers connected

i. .

ii. .

76. Where are transformers used (types of electrical supply circuit)

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77. What are transformers used for (provide a minimum of two examples)

78. How are transformers rated and what is Regulation

i. .

ii. .

79. What happens if the frequency at a fixed voltage for a transformer is:

i. Increased

ii. Decreased

80. What is a Transformer Rectifier Unit used for and provide typical operating parameters:

i. .

ii. .

81. How are TRU normally cooled

82. Identify the detection methods for overheat protection in a TRU

Standby/Emergency Power Generation

83. Identify three sources of Emergency Power

i. .

ii. ,

iii. .
iv.

84. Explain ETOPS certification and why it is required

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85. Complete the table below for electrical emergency and auxiliary power sources:

Emergency Power
Location Activated Output
Generation Source

Auxillary Power Unit (APU)

Fuselage Underbelly

Engine Driven

115v, 400Hz

Hydraulically operated
Motor/Generator

Batteries

86. Calculate the voltage and capacity for the following connected cell arrangements, 2v each
cell, rated at 1.5A/H

a. Six cells in series

b. Six cells in parallel

c.Three cells in series, connected in series to three cells in parallel

87. Complete the table below for the characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries:

Battery State of Nom Positive Negative

Volts RD Electrolyte
Type charge Volts Plate Plate

PbO2 H2SO4
Lead-Acid Charged (Lead Concentrated
Dioxide) Sulphuric Acid

PbSO4 H2SO4
Lead-Acid 1.8v 1.150 (Lead Weak Sulphuric
Sulphate) Acid

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88. How long will a 16AH battery at the 1 Hr rate, supply 4Amps continuously for

89. What are the three indicates that a Lead Acid Battery has discharged:

i. .
ii. .
iii. .

90. When measuring electrolyte relative density (RD), corrections should be made for
temperature variation. Calculate the following RD allowing for the indicated temperature:

a. RD reading of 1.280 at 230C

b. RD reading of 1.280 at 110C

c. RD reading of 1.150 at 270C

d. RD reading of 1.150 at 70C

91. Under what circumstances would you normally carry out a capacity test

92. Complete the table below for a Nickle Cadmium battery

State of Nom Negative

Battery Type Volts Positive Plate Electrolyte
charge Volts Plate

KOH
Ni2O2 & Ni2O3
Nickel- (Potassiumhydroxide)
Charged (Nickel unaffected
Cadmium
Oxides)
by state of charge

Cd(OH)2
Nickel- (Cadmium
Discharged
Cadmium Hydroxide)

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93. Briefly Describe Thermal Runaway

94. Identify the causes of Thermal Runaway

95. Why is a cell cap in a Nickel cadmium Battery a non-return valve

96. Identify the difference when determining the fully charged state of a Lead-Acid Battery
when compared to a Nickle Cadmium Battery

97. What is the advantage of Constant Current Charging compared to Constant Voltage charging

98. Calculate the charge rates below:

i. 0.2C = 4 Amps, 0.5C =

ii. 0.3C = 6 Amps, 0.45C =

99. When charging, what will happen to the electrolyte level in a Nickel Cadmium battery

100. Describe what battery Recycling is and the difference compared to Cell Balancing.

101. State the minimum battery capacity allowed

102. Determine the check used to detect high resistance connections and short circuits in a
battery.

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Aircraft Charging Systems

103. Identify the two methods of aircraft battery charging systems.

104. Which method of aircraft system battery charging charges in constant voltage mode after
reaching a terminal voltage of 31 – 32Volts

105. Which charging method is in TR mode at 27.5 or 28v

106. Typically, when would it be desirable to have charger isolation

107. Sate the purpose and function of:

a. Battery Ventilation

b. Battery Traps

108. Refer to the Typical aircraft battery system:

a. When are the batteries isolated from the Battery Busbar (Essential Services)

b. Sate the purpose of the Reverse Current CB

c. What would cause the Battery relay to be de-energised, once energized

d. The battery relay develops a short circuit to earth, what will be the result of this

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109. Look at the Series/parallel circuit below:

a. When is the series battery
arrangement used

b. Which component places the

batteries in series electrically and
when is it activated.

c. An open circuit occurs in the coil of the battery switching relay, state the effect on
the aircraft circuit

110. Refer to the External power schematic diagram

a. What is the purpose of the short

positive (+ve) pin

b. For the circuit to function correctly,

what position should the “Power Select
Switch” be to allow the application of
external DC power.

c. An open circuit occurs on the External Power Relay, what is the result

d. A Short circuit develops across the External Power Relay, meaning…

111. In a multiple DC Busbar system, what faults will cause the No3 Bus Tie Contact to remain
open on application of external power.

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AC External Power

112. What is the purpose of the smaller two pins in an aircraft AC Power Receptacle

113. Determine the parameters which are monitored for in a ground power system

114. Refer to your diagram of an AC power supply circuit in the notes:

a. When will the “Ground power available” indicator illuminate.

b. Sate the purpose of the Ground Power TRU

c. What will be the effect of an open circuit in the control relay coil and when will this
first be observed.

d. How is power applied to the Main 3 phase Busbar.

e. How is external power isolated from the aircraft

115. When does the Pin Monitoring Relay (PMR) operate

116. When does the Power Ready Relay (PR) operate and what indications does it control

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117. How can the “ELEC” page be displayed on the ECAM display

118. Describe the term “No Break Power Transfer”

119. Determine the difference between a standard AC parallel system and the NBPT

Circuit Protection

120. Define a “short circuit to earth” in electrical terms.

121. Describe what can happen if the high current flow in a circuit caused by a fault is not
corrected.

122. How does a fuse work to protect an electrical circuit and identify three types of
fusing links

i. ..

ii. ..

iii. .

iv. ..

123. How are fuses in an aircraft classified

i. ..

ii. ..

iii. ..

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124. In your class you will be asked to identify various types of fuses, ensure that you
know the difference between them.

125. State the difference between a “Slow Blow Fuse” and a “Current Limiter”.

Circuit Breakers

126. List three advantages of Circuit Breakers over Fuses

i. ..

ii. ..

iii. ..

127. Identify the three main parts of a Circuit Breaker in the diagram below:

128. Is it true to state that a circuit breaker is a thermal tripping device, why?

129. How do you know that a Circuit Breaker has tripped and how would you reset it

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Circuit Breaker Monitoring

130. Where are most narrow bodied Circuit Breakers Fitted/Installed

131. How would you recognize a Monitored Circuit Breaker

132. Refer to the Reverse Current CB Diagram

a. What allows the Monitored Circuit Breaker to report its condition

b. Determine the conditions that must be present for the Reverse Current Circuit
Breaker (RCCB) to operate

c. Will the Reverse Current Circuit Breaker operate (Latch operation) during normal
shut down of a generator.

d. If the Line Contactor remains closed, what effect will this have on the circuit And
when would it be observed.

e. How can the RCCB be reset

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Remote Controlled Circuit Breaker

133. State the differences between a Remote Controlled Circuit Breaker and normal
Power Contactor.

134. In the diagram in your notes what will be the result of:

i. An open circuit into the “And” Gate from the Sensing & Control

ii. A permanent 28vdc from the Galley Supplies “On” Switch

Electrical Load Control Unit (ELCU)

135. State the purpose of the ELCU

136. How is Differential Current Protection achieved

137. When is the ELCU contactor energized

138. Describe how the ELCU can be reset

Galley Power

139. Identify typical Galley power supplies and which Busbars they are supplied from

140. What are the typical Power Consumption figures for Galleys

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Refer to the Galley Supply and Control Circuit in your notes:

141. What would happen if the Galley Power Push Switch remained in the Open Position
with the aircraft on the ground being supplied with external power

142. With the aircraft on the ground being supplied with external power, If the earth
connection in GBCR2 was to open circuit, what would be the effect on circuit
operation.

143. State what would happen with the aircraft on the ground and the APU Generator
supplying power if the APPR failed to energise.

144. How does the GLPPR remain energized with both Generators on-line with the
aircraft in the air

Buses

145. Name the three types of Bus and compare their main function

146. Identify aircraft operations phases when you would use the Ground Handling Bus.

147. Provide examples of four systems the Ground Handling Bus supplies.
i. .

ii. .

iii. .

iv. .

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148. What are the requirements for Category III Auto-land

149. How are the requirements for Category III Auto-Land systems met

Electrical Power Management System

150. Provide an example of an Electrical Power Management System (shown below) and
identify a function of these systems.

151. Explain the purpose of the ELMS Electronic Unit (EEU) and why it is linked to the
ARINC629 data bus system.

i. .

ii. .

152. What is the function of the Electronic Load Control Units (ELCU)

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B737 Electrical System

153. What type of electrical system does the B737 use and what does this mean

154. Looking at the B737 electrical panel, explain the function of the indicators and the
rotary switches below them.

155. When will the Galley switch be selected to the “ON” mode

156. Locate and State the purpose of the “Residual Volts” Push button

157. Which panel are the CSD Disconnect switches

158. Identify in your notes and explain the function of the “Temp Rise” switch

159. Locate the panel and when the “Grd Power Available” Blue caption will illuminate

160. Explain what happens when the Generator switches are selected to “On”.

161. Describe what happens when the “Grd Power” switch is selected to On.

162. Investigate and Summarize what will happen if there is a failure of a single generator
(No1) when both generators are selected to On and the “ Bus Transfer” switch is
selected to “Auto”.

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163. Investigate and explain when the “APU Gen Bus Off” Blue caption will illuminate

164. In the diagrams below of an aircraft Generator Feeder Line and Electrical/Avionic
compartment layout determine the location of the missing descriptors for the
component parts of the systems:

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