Income from Business and Profession

The word ‘Business’ is defined in section 2(13) to include any trade, commerce
or manufacture or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or
manufacture. Sections 30 to 37 cover expenses which are expressly allowed as
deduction while computing business income, sections 40, 40A and 43B cover expenses
which are not deductible.

BASIS OF CHARGE [Section 28]:

Under section 28, the following income is chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and
gains of business or profession”:
a. Profits and gains of any business or profession;
b. Income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific
services performed for its members;
c. The value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not,
arising from business or the exercise of a profession;
d. Export incentive available to exporters;
e. Any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration received by a partner
from firm;
f. Any sum received for not carrying out any activity in relation to any business or
not to share any know-how, patent, copyright, trademark, etc.;
g. Any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including bonus;
h. Profits and gains of managing agency;
i. Income from speculative transaction etc.

Rent, rates, taxes, repairs and insurance for building [Section 30]:
Under section 30, the following deductions are allowed in respect of rent, rates, taxes,
repairs and insurance for premises used for the purpose of business or profession:
a. The rent of premises, the amount of repairs (not being capital expenditure), if he
has undertaken to bear the cost of repairs (this is applicable if the assessee has occupied
the property as a tenant);
b. The amount of current repairs (not being capital expenditure) (if the assessee has
occupied the premises otherwise than as a tenant);
 c. any sum on account of land revenue, local rates or municipal taxes; and
d. amount of any premium in respect of insurance against risk of damage or
destruction of the premises.

DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCE [Sec. 32]: refer the material on depreciation

TEA/ COFFEE/ RUBBER DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNT [Sec. 33AB]:

An assessee can claim deduction under this section if the following conditions are
satisfied:
1. The assessee must be engaged in the business of growing and manufacturing tea or
coffee or rubber in India.
2. It must make the following deposit in “special account”:
a. Deposit with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) any amount in accordance with, a scheme
approved by the Tea Board or Coffee Board or Rubber Board; or
b. Deposit any amount in deposit account opened by the assessee in
accordance with, an approved scheme framed by the Tea Board or Coffee
Board or Rubber Board with the previous approval of the Central
government.
3. The aforesaid amount shall be deposited within 6 months from the end of the previous
year or before the due date of furnishing return of income, whichever is earlier.
Amount of deduction:
The amount of deduction is lower of the following:
a. A sum equal to amounts “deposited in special account” as mentioned above: or
b. 40% of the profit of such business computed under the head “Profits and gains
of business or profession” before making any deduction under section 33AB and before
adjusting brought forward business loss under section 72.

SITE RESTORATION FUND [Sec. 33ABA]:

An assessee can claim deduction under this section if the following conditions are
satisfied:
 1. The assessee must be engaged in the business of the prospecting for, or extraction
or production of, petroleum or natural gas or both in India.
2. The Central Government has entered into an agreement with the taxpayer for such
business.
3. It must make the following deposit in “special account”:
a. Deposit with SBI any amount in accordance with, a scheme approved by
the Government of India in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas; or
b. Deposit any amount in an account (referred to as site restoration account)
opened by the assessee in accordance with a scheme framed by the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
4. The aforesaid amount shall be deposited before the end of the previous year.
Amount of deduction:
The amount of deduction is lower of the following:
a. A sum equal to amounts “deposited in site restoration account” as
mentioned above: or
b. 20% of the profits of such business computed under the head “Profits and
gains of business or profession” before making any deduction under section
33ABA and before adjusting business forward business loss under section 72.

EXPENDITURE ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH [Sec. 35]:

The term “scientific research” means “any activity for the extension of knowledge in
the fields of natural or applied sciences including agriculture, animal husbandry or
fisheries”.
Following is the classification of such expenditures:
1. Revenue expenditure incurred by the assessee himself [Sec. 35(1)(i)]:
Deduction is allowed for such expenditure only if such research relates to the business.
Pre-commencement period expenses:
Revenue expenses (other than expenditure on providing perquisites to
employees) incurred before the commencement of business (but within 3
years immediately before commencement of business) on scientific research
related to the business are deductible in the previous year in which the business
in commenced. However, the deduction is limited to the extent it is certified by
the prescribed authority. Such expenses may be the expenditure on
 purchasing materials used in scientific research, salary paid to employees (not
being a perquisite).
2. Contribution made to outsiders [Sec. 35 (ii)/ (iii)]:
Deduction is allowed for any sum paid to a scientific research association or to a
university, college or other institution if:
a. the payment is made to an approved scientific research
association which has, as its object, undertaking of scientific
research related or unrelated to the business of assessee, deduction
allowed is 175% of actual expenditure [Sec. 35(1)(ii)].
b. the payment to an approved university, college or other
institution* for the use of scientific research related or unrelated to the
business of assessee, deduction allowed is 175% of actual expenditure
[Sec. 35(1)(ii)].
c. the payment is made to an approved university, college or other
institution* for the use of research for social science or
statistical research related or unrelated to the business of the assessee,
deduction allowed is 125% of actual expenditure [Sec. 35(1)(iii)].
3. Capital expenditure incurred by an assessee himself [Sec. 35(2)]:
Deduction is allowed for such expenditure, if such research relates to the
business. However, the following points must be noted in this regard:
a. Such expense may be on plant or equipment for research
or constructing building (excluding cost of land) for research or
expenses of capital nature connected with research like expenses on
purchase of buses to transport research personnel.
b. Where any capital expenditure has been incurred on scientific research
related to business before the commencement of business, the amount of
such expenditure incurred within 3 years immediately preceding the
commencement of the business, is deductible in the previous year in which
the business is commenced.
c. Deduction is available even if the relevant asset is not put to use for
research and development purposes during the previous year in which the
expenditure is incurred.
4. Contribution to national laboratory [Sec. 35 (2AA)]:
“National Laboratory” for this purpose means a scientific laboratory functioning
at national level under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),
the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) or the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), the Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO), the Department of Electronics, the Department of Bio Technology or
the Department of Atomic Energy.
Deduction allowed is 1.75 times of actual payment made to a “National Laboratory” or
a University or IIT or a specified person. However, the above payment must be used by
the aforesaid person for undertaking scientific research programme approved by the
prescribed authority.
5. Expenditure on in-house research and development expenses [Sec.
35(2AB)]: Deduction allowed is2 times of the expenditure incurred if all the given
below conditions are satisfied:
a. The taxpayer is a company.
b. The company should be engaged in the business of manufacture or
production of any article or thing except those specified in the Eleventh
Schedule.
c. It incurs any expenditure on scientific research and such expenditure is
of capital nature or revenue nature (not being expenditure in the nature
of cost of any land or building). The expenditure on scientific research in
relation to drugs and pharmaceuticals shall include expenditure incurred on
clinical drug trial, regulatory approval and filling an application for a patent.
d. The above expenditure is incurred on in-house research and development
facility up to March 31, 2012.
e. The research and development facility is approved by the prescribed
authority.
f. The taxpayer has entered into an agreement with the prescribed authority
for co-operation in such research and development facility and for audit of
the accounts maintained for that facility.
However, if the aforesaid conditions are not satisfied, then deduction may be
claimed as per the rules mentioned in point (1) and point (3) above relating to
revenue expenses and capital expenses respectively.
6. Contribution to a company to be used by such company for scientific
research [Sec. 35(1)(iia)]:
The taxpayer can claim a deduction of 1.25 times of the amount paid to the payee-
company if all the given below conditions are satisfied:
 a. The taxpayer is any person (may be an individual, HUF, firm, company or
any other person).
b. The taxpayer has paid any sum to a company (hereinafter referred to as
“payee-company”) to be used by the payee for scientific research.
c. The scientific research may or may not be related to the business of the
tax payer.
d. The payee-company is registered in India which has, as its main object,
scientific research and development.
e. The payee-company is for the time being approved by the prescribed
authority.
f. The payee-company fulfils such other conditions as may be prescribed.
Point to be noted: If on account of inadequacy or absence of profits of the
business, deduction on account of capital expenditure on scientific research cannot
be allowed, fully or partly, the deficiency so arising is to be carried forward as if it is
an unabsorbed depreciation.
AMORTIZATION OF TELECOM LICENCE FEES [Sec. 35 ABB]:
Following conditions should be satisfied to claim deduction under this section:
1. The expenditure is capital in nature.
2. It is incurred for acquiring any right to operate telecommunication services.
3. The expenditure is incurred either before the commencement of
business or thereafter at any time during any previous year.
4. The payment for the above has actually been made to obtain license.
If all the above conditions are satisfied, then deduction can be claimed under this
section.
If the above conditions are not satisfied, then one may claim deduction in respect of
revenue expenditure under section 37(1).
Amount of deduction:
The payment will be allowed as deduction in equal installments over the
period starting from the year in which such payment has been made and ending in the
year in which the license comes to an end.
It may be noted that the deduction starts from the year in which actual payment
of expenditure is made irrespective of the previous year in which the liability for the
expenditure is incurred according to the method of accounting regularly employed by
the assessee.
In case where the license fee is actually paid before the commencement of the
business to operate communication services, then deduction is available for the previous
years beginning with the previous year in which such business is commenced and
ending with the previous year in which the license comes to an end.
Where a deduction is claimed and allowed under section 35ABB, no deduction
will be available in respect of the same expenditure under section 32.

PAYMENT TO ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES [Sec. 35CCA]:
This section provides deductions of sums paid by any assessee to:
1. Any association or institution to be used for carrying out any programme of rural
development approved before March 1, 1983;

2. An association or institution which has its object the training of persons for
implementation of a rural development programme approved before March 1, 1983;

3. The National Fund for Rural Development set up by the Government; and

4. the National Urban Poverty Eradication Fund set up and notified by the Central
Government.

AMORTIZATION OF PRELIMINARY EXPENSES [Sec. 35D]:

Deduction is available in case of an Indian company or a resident non-
corporate assessee. A foreign company even if it is resident in India, cannot claim any
deduction under section 35D.
Amount of deduction:
One-fifth of the qualifying expenditure is allowable as deduction in each of
the 5 successive years beginning with the year in which the business commences, or
as the case may be, the previous year in which extension of the undertaking is completed
or the new unit commences production or operation.
Qualifying expenditure includes:
1. The work should be carried on by the assessee itself or by a concern
approved by the Board:
Expenditure in connection with preparation of feasibility report, preparation of
project report, conducting a market survey (or any other survey necessary for the
business of the assessee), or engineering services relating to the business of the
assessee, provided the work is carried on by the assessee himself or by a concern
which is for the time being approved in this behalf by the board.
2. The work can be carried on by the assessee itself or by any concern
(approved or not approved):
i. Legal charges for drafting any agreement between the assessee and any
other person relating to the setting up of the business of the assessee.
ii. Legal charges for drafting the memorandum and articles of association, if
the taxpayer is a company.
iii. Printing expenses of the memorandum and articles of association, if the
taxpayer is a company.
iv. Registration fee of a company under the provisions of the Companies
Act.
v. Expenses in connection with the public issue of shares or debentures of a
company, underwriting commission, brokerage and charges for drafting,
typing, printing and advertisement of the prospectus.
vi. Expenses on incorporation.

Maximum ceiling of qualifying expenditure:

The amount qualified as deduction must never exceed the following limits:
1. In the case of a corporate assessee:
5% of the cost of project or 5% of capital employed, whichever is more.
2. In the case of a non-corporate assessee: 5% of the cost of project.

Capital employed:
It means the aggregate of the issued share capital (sum total of share capital and
amount outstanding as share premium account), debentures and long-term borrowings
(repayable for not less than 7 years) as on the last day of the previous year in which
the business of the company commences.

Cost of the project:

It means the actual cost (or additional cost incurred after commencement of
business in connection with extension or setting up an undertaking) of fixed assets,
namely, land, buildings, leaseholds, plant, machinery, furniture, fittings and railway
sidings (including expenditure on development of land and buildings), which are shown
in the books of the assessee on the last day of the previous year in which the business
of the assessee commences.

AMORTIZATION OF EXPENDITURE IN THE CASE OF AMALGAMATION/

DEMERGER [Sec. 35DD]:
1. The taxpayer is an Indian company or co-operative bank.
2. It incurs any expenditure for the purpose of amalgamation or demerger.
3. The expenditure is deductible in 5 equal annual installments and the first
installment starts from the previous year in which amalgamation or demerger takes
place.
4. No deduction shall be allowed in respect of the above expenditure under any other
provision of the Act.

AMORTIZATION OF EXPENDITURE UNDER VOLUNTARY RETIREMENT

SCHEME [Sec. 35DDA]:
1. An expenditure is incurred in any previous year by way of payment of any sum to
an employee in connection with his voluntary retirement under any scheme of voluntary
retirement.
2. The amount is deductible in 5 equal annual installments and the first installment
starts from the year in which the expenditure is incurred.
The following points should be noted in this regard:
1. The above rule is applicable even if the scheme of voluntary retirement has not
been framed in accordance with guidelines prescribed under section 10(10C).
2. Each part of the payment in connection with voluntary retirement is deductible in
5 years in 5 equal installments.
OTHER DEDUCTIONS [Sec. 36]:
1. Premia for insurance on health of employees:
An employer can claim deduction in respect of premia paid by him by any
mode other than cash for insurance on the health of his employees in accordance with
the scheme framed by the General Insurance Corporation (GIC) and approved by the
Central Government or any other insurer and approved by IRDA.
2. Bonus or commission to employees:
Bonus or commission paid to an employee is allowable as deduction subject to certain
conditions:
a. Amount payable to employees as bonus or commission should not
otherwise have been payable to them as profit or dividend.
b. Bonus or commission is allowed as deduction only where payment is made
during the previous year or on or before the due date of furnishing return of
income under section 139.
3. Interest on borrowed capital:
Interest on capital borrowed is allowed as deduction if the following conditions are
satisfied:
a. The assessee must have borrowed money.
b. The money so borrowed must be used for the purpose of business or
profession.
c. Interest is paid or payable on such borrowing.
4. Employer’s contribution to recognized provident fund and approved
superannuation fund [Sec.36(1)(iv)]:
Employer’s contribution towards a recognized provident fund or
an approved superannuation fund is allowable as deduction subject to the limits laid
down for the purpose of recognizing the provident fund or approving superannuation
fund [Fourth Schedule and rules 87 and 88] subject to the provisions of section 43B.

5. Employer’s contribution towards an approved gratuity fund [Sec.36(1)(v)]:

Employer’s contribution towards an approved gratuity fund created by him exclusively
for the benefit of his employees under an irrevocable trust is allowed
as deduction subject to the provisions of section 43B.
6. Employees’ contribution towards staff welfare Scheme [Sec. 36(1)(va)]:
Section 2(24) defines income. Clause (x) of section 2(24) provides that any sum
received by any taxpayer from his employees as contribution to provident fund or any
fund for the welfare of such employees shall be included in the taxpayer’s income.
Moreover, section 36(1)(va) provides that any sum received by the taxpayer as
contribution from his employees towards provident fund [whether RPF or UPF] or
any welfare fund of such employees shall be allowed asdeduction only if such sum is
credited by the taxpayer to the employee’s account in the relevant fund on or before the
due date. For this purpose, “due date” means the date by which the assessee is required
as an employer to credit such contribution to the employee’s account in the relevant
fund under the provisions of any law or term of contract of service or otherwise.

7. Bad debts [Sec. 36(1)(vii)]:

Amount of any debt or part is allowable as deduction subject to the following
conditions:
a. The debt has been taken into account in computing the income of the
assessee of that previous year or of an earlier previous year, or represents
money lent in the ordinary course of business of banking or money-lending
which is carried on by the assessee; and
b. It has been written off as irrecoverable in the accounts of the assessee for
that previous year.

8. Family Planning Expenditure [Sec. 36(1)(ix)]:

Any bonafide, expenditure incurred by a COMPANY for the purpose of promoting
family planning among its employees, is allowable as deduction. If, however, such
expenditure is of capital nature, then the amount is deductible in 5 equal annual
installments and the first installment starts from the year in which the expenditure
is incurred.

It is to be noted that any family planning expenditure which is not allowed as

deduction due to inadequacy of profits, shall be set-off and carry-forward as if it
is an unabsorbed depreciation.

9. Banking cash transaction tax and securities transaction tax [Sec. 36(1)(xv)]:
These taxes are deductible under section 36.
10. Advertisement expenses [Sec. 37(2B)]:
Deduction is not available in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee or
advertisement in any souvenir, brochure, tract, pamphlet or the like published by a
political party.

GENERAL DEDUCTIONS [Sec. 37 (1)]:

Section 37(1) is a residuary section. In order to claim deduction under this section, the
following conditions should be satisfied:
1. The expenditure should not be of the nature described under sections 30 to 36.

2. It should not be in the nature of capital expenditure.

3. It should not be assessee’s personal expenditure.

4. It should have been incurred in the previous year.

Note: If a business liability has definitely arisen in the previous year, the
deduction should be allowed although the liability may have to be quantified and
discharged at a future date. What should be certain is the incurring of the liability.

5. It should be in respect of business carried on by the assessee.

6. It should have been expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of
such business.

7. It should not have been incurred for any purpose which is an offence or
prohibited by any law.

SPECIFIC DISALLOWANCES:
The following expenses given by sections 40, 40A and 43B are expressly disallowed
by the Act while computing income chargeable under the head “Profits and gains of
business or profession”. Besides these expenses, no deduction is permissible under
sections 28 to 44D in respect of income referred to in sections 115A, 115AB, 115AC,
115AD, 115BBA and 115D.

AMOUNT NOT DEDUCTIBLE UNDER SECTION 40(a):

1. Fringe benefit tax:
FBT is not deductible while calculating business income.
2. Income-tax:
Any sum paid on account of income tax (i.e., any rate or tax levied on the
profits or gains of any business or profession) isnot deductible. Similarly, any
interest/ penalty/ fine for non-payment or late payment of income-tax is not
deductible.This rule is applicable whether income-tax is payable in India or
outside India. Any tax paid outside India and which is subject to relief under
section 90/ 90A/ 91 is not deductible.
3. Wealth-tax:
Any sum paid on account of wealth-tax under the Wealth-tax Act, 1957,
or tax of a similar nature chargeable under any law outside India
is not deductible.
4. Salary payable outside India without tax deduction [Sec. 40(a)(iii)]:
Section 40(a)(iii) is applicable if the following conditions are satisfied:
Condition 1: The payment is chargeable under the head “Salaries” in the
hands of the recipient.
Condition 2: It is payable (a) outside India (to any person resident or non-
resident); or (b) in India to a non-resident.
Condition 3: Tax has not been paid to the Government nor deducted at
source under the Income-tax Act, 1961.
If the aforesaid conditions are satisfied, then the payment is not allowed
as deduction.
5. Provident fund payment without tax deduction at source [Sec.
40(a)(iv)]:
Any payment to a provident fund (or other fund established for the benefit
of employees of the assessee) in respect of which the assessee has not made
effective arrangements to secure that tax shall be deducted at source from any
payment made from the fund which are taxable under the head “Salaries”.
AMOUNT NOT DEDUCTIBLE UNDER SECTION 40A:
In the case of any assessee, the following expenses are expressly disallowed under
section 40A:
1. Amount not deductible in respect of payment to relatives [Sec.40A(2)]:Any
expenditure incurred by an assessee in respect of which payment has been made to the
relatives is liable to be disallowed in computing business profits to the extent such
expenditure is considered to be excessive or unreasonable, having regard to the fair
market value of goods or services or facilities, etc.
Relative [Sec. 2(41]): Relative means the husband, wife, brother or sister or any
linear ascendant or descendant of that individual.
Substantial Interest: A person is deemed to have substantial interest in the
business or profession if such person is the beneficial owner of at least 20% of
equity capital (in case of a company) or if such person is entitled to 20% profits
of a concern (in any other case) at any time during the previous year.
2. Amount not deductible in respect of expenditure exceeding ` 20,000 (` 35,000
in case of payment made for plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages w.e.f.
October 1, 2009) [Sec.40A(3)]:
No deduction is allowed if the following conditions are satisfied:
a. The assessee incurs any expenditure which is otherwise deductible under
other provisions of the Act for computing business/ profession income (i.e.,
expenditure for purchase of raw material, trading goods, expenditure on
salary, etc.). The amount of expenditure exceeds ` 20,000.
b. A payment (or aggregate of payments made to a person in a day) in respect
of the above expenditure exceeds ` 20,000.
c. The above payment is made otherwise than by an account payee
cheque or an account payee demand draft.
The following points must be noted in this regard:
- If aggregate payment in a day (otherwise than by an account payee
cheque/ draft) to the same person in respect of an expenditure exceeds `
20,000*, it will be disallowed under section 40A(3), even if none of each
payment in a day exceeds ` 20,000*.
- Where the assessee makes payment over ` 20,000* at a time, partly by
an account payee cheque and partly in cash or bearer cheque or crossed
cheque to some parties but payment in cash (or by bearer cheque or
 crossed cheque) alone at one time does not exceed ` 20,000*, section
40A(3) is not attracted.
- Provision of section 40A(3) does not apply in respect of an
expenditure which is not to be claimed as deduction under sections 30 to
37.
3. Amount not deductible in respect of provision for unapproved gratuity fund
[Sec. 40A(7)]: Provision for gratuity fund (for meeting future liability) is deductible
only if such gratuity fund is an approved gratuity fund.

4. Amount not deductible in respect of contributions to non-statutory funds

[Sec. 40A(9), (10), (11)]:
Any sum paid by the assessee as an employer by way of contribution towards
recognized provident fund, or approved superannuation fund or an approved gratuity
fund is deductible to the extent it is required by any law.
If the following conditions are satisfied, then contribution or payment is not
deductible by section 40A(9):
a. The contribution/ payment is made by an assessee as an employer.
b. It is paid towards setting up (or formation of) any trust, company,
association of persons, body of individuals, society or it is paid by way of
contributions to any fund.
c. The contribution or payment is not required by any law.

AMOUNT NOT DEDUCTIBLE IN RESPECT OF UNPAID LIABILITY [Sec.

43B]: Sec 43B is applicable only if the taxpayer maintains books of account on the
basis of merchantile system of accounting. The following expenses (which are
otherwise deductible under the other provisions of the Income-tax Act) are deductible
on payment basis:
1. Any sum payable by way of tax, duty, cess or fee (by whatever name
called under any law for the time being in force);
2. Any sum payable by an employer by way of contribution to provident
fund or superannuation fund or any other fund for the welfare of employees;
3. Any sum payable as bonus or commission to employees for service
rendered;
 4. Any sum payable as interest on any loan or borrowing from a public
financial institution (i.e., ICICI, IFCI, IDBI, LIC and UTI) or a state financial
corporation or a state industrial investment corporation;
5. Interest on any loan or advance taken from a scheduled bank including
a co-operative bank; and
6. Any sum payable by an employer in lieu of leave at the credit of his
employee.
The above expenses are deductible in the year in which payment is actually made.
However, if the assessee maintains books of account on merchantile basis and
the given below two conditions are satisfied, then the expenditure is deductible on
“accrual” basis in the year in which the liability is incurred. The conditions are:
Condition 1: Payment in respect of the aforesaid expenses is actually made on
or before the due date of submission of return of income.

Condition 2: The evidence of such payment is submitted along with the return of
income. But no annexure is possible with the new Income-tax return forms; so
such evidence should be kept by the tax payer himself and it can be produced
before the Assessing Officer whenever he is required to produce it.

TIME FOR FILING RETURN OF INCOME [Sec. 139(1)]:

The due date for filling returns of incomes are given below:

Different situations Due date of submission of

return
Where the assessee is a company
- Where the company is required to furnish a November 30 of the assessment
report in Form No. 3CEB under section 92E year
pertaining to international transactions
- Any other company

September 30 of the assessment

year
 Where the assessee is a person other than a
company:
- In case where accounts of the assessee are
September 30 of the assessment
required to be audited under any law
year
- Where the assessee is a “working partner”
in a firm whose accounts are required to be
audited under any law September 30 of the assessment
year
- In any other case

July 31 of the assessment year

It is to be noted that where the last day of filling return of income or loss is a day
on which the office is closed, the assessee can file return on the next day afterwards on
which the office is open and, in such cases, the return will be considered to have been
filed within the specified time limit.

DEEMED PROFITS [Sec. 41]:

1. Recovery against any deduction [Sec. 41(1)]:
Recovery against any deduction is chargeable to tax in the previous year in which
the amount is received or recovered whether the business is in existence or not.
2. Sale of assets used for scientific research [Sec. 41(3)]:
Where any capital asset used in scientific research is sold without having been
used for other purposes and the sale proceeds, together with the amount of deduction
allowed under section 35, exceed the amount of capital expenditure incurred on
purchase of such asset, such surplus (i.e., sale price) or the amount of deduction
allowed, whichever is less, is chargeable to tax as business income in the year in which
the sale took place even if the business is not in existence.
3. Recovery of bad debts [Sec. 41(4)]:
Where any bad debt has been allowed as deduction under section 36(1)(vii) and
the amount subsequently recovered on such debt is greater than the difference between
the debt and the deduction so allowed, the excess realization is chargeable to tax as
business income of the year in which the debt is recovered even if the business is not in
existence.
4. Recovery after discontinuance of business or profession [Sec. 176(3A), (4)]:
Where any business or profession is discontinued by reason of retirement or
death of the person carrying on such business or profession, any sum received after the
discontinuance of the business or profession is deemed to be the income of the recipient
and charged to tax in the year of receipt.

TAXATION OF UNDISCLOSED INCOME/ INVESTMENTS:

The following are treated as income from undisclosed sources:
1. Cash credit [Sec. 68]:
Where any sum is found credited in the books of an assessee maintained for any
previous year and the assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source thereof
or the explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer,
satisfactory, the sum so credited may be charged to income-tax as the income of the
assessee of that previous year.
2. Unexplained investments [Sec. 69]:
Where in the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year, the
assessee has made investments which are not recorded in the books of account, if any,
maintained by him for any source of income and the assessee offers no explanation
about the nature and source of the investments or the explanation offered by him is not,
in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the value of the investments may
be deemed to be the income of the assessee of such financial year.
3. Unexplained money, etc. [Sec. 69A]:
Where in any financial year the assessee is found to be the owner of any money,
bullion, jewellery, or other valuable article and such money, bullion, jewellery, or other
valuable article is not recorded in the books of account, if any, maintained by him for
any source of income and the assess offers no explanation about the nature and scope
of acquisition of the money, bullion, jewellery or other valuable article, or the
explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory,
the money and the value of the bullion, jewellery or other valuable article may be
deemed to be the income of the assessee for such financial year.
4. Amount of investments, etc., not fully disclosed in books of account [Sec.
69B]:
Where in any financial year the assessee has made investments or is found to be the
owner of any bullion, jewellery, or other valuable article, and the Assessing Officer
finds that the amount expended on making such investments or in acquiring such
bullion, jewellery or other valuable article exceeds the amount recorded in this behalf
in the books of account maintained by the assessee for any source of income, and the
assessee offers no explanation about such excess amount or the explanation offered by
him is not, in the opinion of Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the excess amount may be
deemed to be the income of the assessing, for such financial year.
5. Unexplained expenditure, etc. [Sec. 69C]:
Where in any financial year an assessee has incurred any expenditure and he
offers no explanation about the source of such expenditure or part thereof, or the
explanation, if any, offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer,
satisfactory, the amount covered by such expenditure or part thereof, as the case may
be, deemed to be the income of the assessee for such financial year.
The proviso to section 69C provides that notwithstanding anything contained in
any other provisions of the Act, such unexplained expenditure which is deemed to be
the income of the assessee shall not be allowed as a deduction under any head of
income.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS:
Computation of income on ESTIMATED BASIS in case of taxpayers engaged in
the business of retail trading or civil construction or any other business [Section
44AD] :
This section will be applicable to any business (whether it is retail trading or civil
construction or any other business).

Section 44AD is applicable if all the following conditions are satisfied:

1. The assessee should be an eligible assessee. Eligible assessee for this purpose is
an individual, a Hindu undivided family or a partnership firm (not being a limited
liability firm).
2. The assessee should be engaged in any business except the business of plying,
hiring or leasing goods carriages referred to in section 44AE.
3. Total turnover/ gross receipt in the previous year of the eligible business should
not exceed ` 60 lakh.
Consequences if section 44AD is applicable:
1. The income from the eligible business is estimated at 8% of the gross
receipt or total turnover.
2. A taxpayer can voluntarily declare a higher income in his return.
3. All deductions under sections 30 to 38 (including depreciation and
unabsorbed depreciation) are deemed to have been already allowed and no
further deduction is allowed under these sections. However, in the case of a firm,
the normal deduction in respect of salary and interest to partners under sections
40 (b) shall be allowed. The written down value is calculated, where necessary,
as if depreciation as applicable has been allowed. Moreover, it will be assumed
that disallowance, if any, under sections 40, 40A and 43B has been considered
while calculating the estimated income @ 8% per cent.
4. An assessee opting for the above scheme shall be exempted from payment
of advance tax related to such business.
5. An assessee opting for the above scheme shall be exempted from
maintenance of books of account related to such business as required under
section 44AA.

Computation of income on estimated basis in the case of taxpayer engaged in the

business of PLYING, LEASING OR HIRING TRUCKS [Sec. 44AE]:
Section 44AE is applicable if all the following conditions are satisfied:
1. The taxpayer may be an individual, HUF, AOP, BOI, firm, company, co-operative
society or any other person. He or it may be resident or a non-resident.
2. The taxpayer is engaged in the business of plying, hiring or leasing goods
carriage.
3. The taxpayer owns not more than 10 goods carriages at any time during the
previous year. For this purpose, a taxpayer, who is in possession of a goods carriage,
whether taken on hire purchase or on installments and for which the whole or part of
the amount payable is still due, shall be deemed to be the owner of such goods carriage.
Consequences if section 44AE is applicable:
1. The income from each goods carriage being a “Heavy Goods Vehicle” is
estimated at ` 5,000 for every month (or part of a month) during which the goods
carriage is owned by the taxpayer.
 2. The income from each goods carriage “other than a heavy goods vehicle” is
estimated at ` 4,500 for every month (or part of a month) during which the goods
carriage is owned by the taxpayer.
3. However a taxpayer can voluntarily declare a higher income in his return.
4. No deduction under sections 30 to 38 (including depreciation and unabsorbed
depreciation) are further allowed. However, in the case of a firm, the normal deduction
in respect of salary and interest to partners under section 40(b) shall be allowed. The
WDV is calculated, where necessary, as if depreciation as applicable has been allowed.
Moreover, it will be assumed that disallowance, if any, under sections 40, 40A and 43B
has been considered while calculating the estimated income as per the above
provisions.
5. The brought forward business losses and other losses can be deducted according
to the normal provisions of the Income-tax Act.
6. “Goods carriage” means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted for use solely
for the carriage of goods, or any motor vehicle not so constructed or adapted when used
for the carriage of goods.
7. “Heavy goods vehicle” means any goods carriage the gross vehicle weight of
which, or a tractor or a road-roller the unladen weight of either of which exceeds 12,000
kilograms.
8. Income is calculated for the period during which the goods carriage is owned by
the taxpayer (not on the basis of the period during which the goods carriage is put to
use).

Computation of assessable profits/loss from business or profession

Net profit as per P&L account Xxx Xxx
Add: Amount debited to P&L
account in respect of the
following:
Losses of earlier years ………
Capital losses ………
Personal expenses(drawings) ………
Income tax, surtax, wealth tax, ………
gift tax, estate duty(penalty,
penal interest, fine etc)
Charity and ………
donations(deductible separately
u/s 80G)
Gifts and presents to others ………
(personal and for non-business
purposes)
All reserves (except depreciation
reserve to the extent permissible,
provisions for bad debts under ………
section 36(1) and transfer to
reserve by financial institutions
under section 36(1)
All expenses related to other ………
heads of income
Expenses not deductible u/s 40 ………
Expenses not deductible u/s40 A ………
Depreciation (taken separately) ……...
Other expenses, debited to P&L ………
a/c to the extent not admissible
under sections 30 to 40A
Add: Amount not credited to ………
P&L A/c:
a. In respect of deemed
income chargeable u/s41
b. Any other chargeable
profits ……….
Deduct: Income credited to P&L
a/c but not chargeable under the
head “Profits and Gains of ………
Business”

Salary income
Rental income ……….
Capital gain ……….
Dividend ……….
Income tax, wealth tax, gift tax, ……….
estate duty, surtax, CDS refunds ……….

Bad debts, excise duty recovered

Deduct: ………. …………
Expenses not debited to P&L a/c
but allaowable as deduction u/s ………
30 to 40A
Depreciation (u/s 32)
Income chargeable under the ………
head “Profits and Gains of
Business and Profession” …………..
 Illustrations:
1. From the following P/L ale of Mr. Vinod Mehta, compute the total income

Rs. Rs.
To salary 15,000 By Gross profit 1,60,000
To General expenses 15,000 By Bad debts recovered 2,000
(disallowed earlier)
Advertisements 4,000 Profit on sale of residentia l 3,25,000
house
Interest on capital 2,000 Rent received 3,000
Interest on bank loan 500 Dividend on Indian company 3,000
shares
Bad debts 2,000 Interest on POSB A/c 1000
Fire insurance 100
premium on LOP
Depreciation 4000
Reserves for Sales tax
Income tax 6,000
Donation to NDF 1,000
Local tax on LOP 500
Motor car expenses 1,000
Wealth tax 3,500
Net profit 4,29,400
494000 494000

Consider the following:

1. Salary includes Rs. 500 p.m. drawn by Vinod as salary.
2. Advertisement includes Rs. 1,200 being cost of one neon sign board.
3. General expenses include Rs. 1,200 being the fee paid to the CA in connection with income
tax appeal before Appellate Tribunal.
4. 1/4 of the car expenses relate to the personal use.
5. Depreciation is found to be in excess by Rs. 1,500.
6. Actual bad debts amounted to Rs. 1,000.
7. The residential house was purchased in 2001-02 for Rs.1 lakh. The CII for 2001-02: 100,
CII for 2018-19: 280.
2. Mrs. Vanishree Rao is a Registered medical practitioner. Here below is given her Income and
Expenditure a/c:
To Household expenses 10,000 By Consultation lees 4,25,000
General expensees 90,000 " Visiting fees 20,000
" Travelling expenses 4,000 " Gains on horse race
Charity and donations 1,000 " (Gross) 10,000
Income tax 2,000 " Proiit on sale of securities
Salaries 58,000 (short term) 25,000
Gift to daughter 7,000 " Dividend on shares (gross) 5,000
" Establishment expenses 1,000
" Surgical equipments 4,000 " Interest on Bank FD 3,000
Books (annual) 1,200 " Interest on FD with Cos 1,900
Life Insurance premium 2,000 " Gift from father 1,000
Wealth Tax 1,000
Interest on capital 1,000
Surplus 3,08,700
490900 490900

Other information:
1. General expenses include Rs. 20,000 spent in U.K. where she had gone to learn latest
techniques in surgery.
2. Mrs. Rao celebrated the marriage of her daughter by spending Rs. 2,00,000. But when
questioned by ITO she could account only for Rs. 1,00,000.

3. Mr. Vikram Varma is a practising accountant. He also took 40 lectures in a college at Rs.
100 per lecture. His receipts and payments a/c is given below

. Rs.
To bal. bid 9,500 By office expenses 25,000
" Audit fees 5,60,000 " Municipal taxes 500
Remuneration for lectures 4,000 " Personal expenses 5,000
Examiner’s fees 1,500 Membership fees 500
Interest on securities 1,550 LIC Premium 12,000
Rent from LOP 3,000 Car Purchased 4,24,500
Royalty on a book 15,000 Car expenses 12,000
Balance c/d 1,15,050
5,94,550 5,94,550
a) Office expenses include Rs. 500 paid as typing charges for preparing manuscript of his book.
b) 1/2 of the car expenses relate to personal use.
c) Car purchased on 1-6-of PY being P&M, depreciation is allowed @15%.
d) Interest of securities include Rs. 775 being interest on Tax Free Government Securities.
Compute his total income.

4. Given below is the income and expenditure ale of Sri Vadiraja Shetty, an Advocate and MP.

To House hold exp. 12,000 By Consultation fees 1,75,000

Office expenses 16,000 Fees for special
Donations to BJP 15,500 commisslons 18,000
Donation to NDF 5,000 Gifts from clients 2,000
Car purchased 1,25,000 Dividends 15,500
Car expenses 29,000 Int. on Bank FD 9,000
Local Taxes 2,000 1/2 share of profits
Net Income 55,200 from Firm 10,000
Directors fee 9,200
Rent Recovered 20,000
Int. on POSB ale 1,000
2,59,700 2,59,700
He used the car for private purpose also and claims a deduction of Rs. 16,750 towards car expenses
being used for professional purpose Rate of deprecation on car is 15%.
As a MP received Rs. 85,000 p.m. as salary and Rs. 1,00,000 as daily allowance. He claims Rs. 15,000
p.m. as deduction for expenses of his office maintained for conducting the parliamentary affairs.

5. Mr. Vittal Shenoy furnishes the particulars of his P/L ale for the PY. He commenced his business on 1st
April of the PY

Rs. Rs.
To Salaries 30,000 By G/p 1,50,000
Rent of business premises owned 6,000 Net loss 75,000
by assessee
Taxes and insurance for business 1,000
premises
Interest on loan 8,000
Commission for arranging loan 1,000
Provision for depreciation 6,000
Reserve for bad debts 5,000
 Bad debts 2,000
Preliminary expenses
incurred before 1st April 25,000

Loss of stock by fire 5,000

Gifts and presents 5,000
Embezzlement of cash by 4,000
cashier
Cost of patent rights 28,000
Postage & Stationer; 2,000
Establishment expenses 11,500
Entertainment expenses 20,000
Fines and penalties 4,000
Expenses on scientific research 30,000
Advertising 4,000
Compensation paid for 5,000
terminating disadvantageous
trade relationship
Legal expenses 5,000
Interest on capital 5,000
Life Insurance premium 2,500
General expenses 10,000

2,25,000 2,25,000

After considering the following items compute his income from business:
1) The cost of the project on the last day of the PY is Rs. 4,00,000.
2) Expenditure on scientific research includes Rs. 20,000 towards construction of a building
for this purpose.
3) Legal expenses include cost of litigation amounting to Rs. 4,000 for curing the defect in
the title of a business asset.
4) General expenses include –
a) Rs. 6,000 drawn by the assessee for persona/ use.
b) Rs. 1,000 robbed from an employee of the business who was asked to make some
purchases for the business.
5) Depreciation allowable as per income tax rules is Rs. 8,800 excluding on patent
rights.

6. Vatsalya Mahapatra furnishes the following particulars of his income.

Profit and loss ale for the year ending March 31.

Rs. Rs.
To Salary to staff 15,000 By Gross profit 17,200
Advertisements 8,000 Rent of house property 30,000
Repairs to house property 2,000 Dividends from an Indian company 12,500
Municipal Taxes of Property 3,000 Net Loss 16,600
Fire Insurance:
House Property 1,600
 Office & Godown 2,000
Office expenses 4,500
Life insurance premium 3.000
Depreciation:
House property 6,000
Business assets 13,400
Gift tax 2,000
Wealth tax 4,000
Interest on loan for business 3,800
Interest on loan for construction of 5,000
house property
Donation PMNRF 2,000

76,300 76,300
Mr. Mahapatra owns a house property. Fifty percent of the floor area is let-out to a tenant at Rs.
2,500 p.m. 25% is used for own residence and in the remaining 25% he carries on his business. Compute
his total income.
7. From the following Profit and Loss Account of Vineeth Salve ascertain the taxable profits from business
and the gross total income.
To Office Salaries 10,000 By Gross Profit 4,59,500
Proprietor's salary 5,000 Profit on sale of
2000 • Residential house 2,40,000
Interest on Capital
General expenses 5,000 Interest from Govt.
Bad debts 2,000 Securities 5,000
Advertisements 4,500 Dividends from agri-
Fire Insurance premium 2,000 cultural companies 2,500
Depreciation 4,000 (Entire income exempt)
Reserve for future losses 10,000 Bad debts recovered 5,000
Income tax on last
assessment 4,000
Advance I.T. paid 2,000
Donations to National
Laboratory 1,000
Legal charges for
defending suit for 5600
alleged breach of contract
Motor Car Expenses 1,000
Net Profit 6,59,000
7,12,000 7,12,000

General expenses include Rs. 1,000 paid as compensation to an old employee whose services were
terminated as his continuance in service was considered detrimental to the profitable conduct of the business
and Rs. 200 by way of help to poor university student. The depreciation is found to be in excess by Rs. 1,800.
The advertisement cost includes one wooden show case Rs. 1,000, calendars and diaries Rs. 1,500. Motor-car
expenses include Rs. 500 as Motor-car expenses for private use of car. The assesses has received demand notices
of sales tax amounting to Rs. 10,000 and he has not disputed this liability. Reserve for future losses is meant for
this liability. The net consideration received on the sale of residential house is Rs. 10,00,000. It was acquired in
2001-02 for Rs. 2,60,000. (CII for 2001-02: 100; 2018-19: 282).

8. Given below is the summary of cash transactions of Mr. Varun Patil, a practising chartered
Accountant (The books of account are maintained under cash system) :
Rs. Rs.
To Audit fees By Office expenses:
2016-17: 2,000 for 2016-17 1,000
2017-18: 5,56,000 for 2017-18 9,000
2018-19: 1,210 Office rent 4,500
Consultation fees 10,000 Salaries & Wages 1,12,550
App. Tribunal appearance 15,000 Subscription to journals 3,000
Miscellaneous 20,000 Books bought 6,300
Interest on Govt. securities 10,000 Travelling expenses 5,800
Interest on Govt. securities 10,000 Interest on bank loan 3,000
Presents from clients 9,050 Donation 5,000
Bad debts recovered previously 1,000 balance 4,82,110
disallowed
6,34,260 6,34,260

1. Outstanding stationery for this year is Rs. 200.

2. Loan from the bank was taken to construct the house in which the assessee resides.
3. Local taxes of the let out house (vacant for 2 months) is Rs. 800 p.a.
4. 1/4 of the travelling expenses relate to private purposes.
5. Books bought include annual publications Rs. 1,300.
Compute total income.
9. The following is the profit and loss Ale of the United Plastics for the PY:
Rs. Rs.
To Op. Stock 30,000 By Sales 6,10,000
Purchases 1,59,000 Dividends (gross) 6,000
Wages and salaries 50,000 Rent from staff quarters 7,000
Rent 20,000 Interest on Government securities 50,000
Reserve for bad debts 10,000 Cl. Stock 25,000
Advertisement 5,000 Income from Smuggling 10,000
Reserve for income tax 7,000 Dividend from Foreign Co. 2,000
Depreciation on 5,000
Machinery
Wealth tax 7,000
Interest 7,000
 GST due 15,000
Insurance 2,000
Donation 25,000
Loss on sale of old typewriters 3,000
Computer 45,000
Staff Welfare Fund 40,000
Net profit 2,80,000
7,10,000 7,10,000

You are required to compute taxable income after taking into account the following information: -
a) Stock undervalued 10%.
b) Bad debts amounted to Rs. 2000.
c) Purchases include Rs. 25,000 paid in cash.
d) Traced embezzlement by an employee in business Rs. 3,000.
e) Allowable depreciation amounted to Rs. 4,000, excluding computer.
f) Interest of Rs. 7,000 includes interest on loan taken to buy shares - Rs. 3,000.
g) GST due was paid on 30th July of AY.