INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT

ALL INDIA RADIO

DIBRUGARH

FROM: 01-07-209. TO: 2-07-2019

 CONTENTS

 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Safety Precuation
 Present Setup
 Studio Cum Receiver Section
 Studio Transmitter Link
 Antenna
 Transmitter Section
 ATU
 Working
 Conclusion
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with extreme respect that remembers the names of all who

had been a great help and guidance throughout our training
session. We express our immense gratitude to all the departments
of ALL INDIA RADIO, DIBRUGARH for arranging an
informative training. We offer our sincere thanks to Dr.Rajesh
Beldar, Deputy Director (Engg.) and for giving us opportunity to
undergo the training at AIR, Dibrugarh. We are also thankful to all
other staffs of AIR, Dibrugarh who helped us during the course of
training by sharing their valuable knowledge and ideas.We express
our gratitude to our TPO Mr.Imtiaz Alam for making all the
arrangements for the training programme.

Shri S.B. Gawande (AE)

Shri Sudhakar Singh (EA)
Shri A.K. Mishra (ADE)
Shri M.Gowala (EA)
Shri Badal Chowdhury (SEA)
Shri Ajay Anand
 INTRODUCTION
Radio Broadcasting was pioneered in India by the Madras
Presidency Club Radio in 1924. The Club worked a broadcasting
service for three years, but owing to financial difficulties gave it up
in 1927.

In the same year (1927) some enterprising businessmen in

Bombay started the Indian Broadcasting Company with stations at
Bombay and Calcutta. This company failed in 1930, in 1932 the
Government of India took over broadcasting. A separate
department known as Indian Broadcasting Service was opened.

The Service was later designated 'All India Radio' (AIR) and
was placed under a separate Ministry-the Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting. The AIR is controlled by a Director General,
who is assisted by several Deputy Directors and a Chief Engineer.

Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact,

constitutes the most powerful medium of mass communication in
India. Its importance, as a medium of information and education is
particularly great in a vast and developing country like India where
the reach of the printed word is not very wide or deep. While the
total circulation of all the newspapers in India, including both
English and Indian language papers, is around 8 million, there are,
according to a recent estimate, nearly 400 million (out of a total
population of 625 million) potential listeners to All India Radio.

Broadcasting in India is a national service, developed and

operated by the Government of India. All India Radio (also known
as Akashvani) operates this service, over a network of broadcasting
stations located all over the country.
 As a national service, catering to the complex needs of a vast
country. All India Radio seeks to represent in its national and
regional programmes, the attitudes, aspirations and attainments of
all Indian people and attempts to reflect, as fully and faithfully as
possible, the richness of the Indian scene and the reach of the
Indian mind.

AIR Network:

Starting with 6 broadcasting stations in 1947, the AIR today

has a network of 82 broadcasting stations. The 82 radio stations,
grouped into five zones, are the following: North Zone: Ajmer,
Allahabad, Aligarh, Bikancr, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Jaipur, Jodhpur,
Jullundur, Lucknow, Mathura, Rampur, Simla, Udaipur and
Varanasi: East Zone: Agartala, Aizawl, Bhagalpur, Calcutta,
Cuttack, Dibrugarh. Gauhati, Imphal, Jeypore, Kohima, Kurseong,
Ranchi, Pasighat, Patna, Sambalpur, Shillong, Silchar, Siliguri,
Tawang and Tezu ; West Zone : Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bhuj,
Bombay, Gwalior, Indore. Jabalpur, Nagpur, Panaji, Parbani, Pune,
Raipur, Rajkot and Sangli; South Zone: Alleppey, Bangalore,
Bhadravati, Calicut, Coimbatore, Cuddapah, Dharwar; Gulbarga,
Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Pondicherry, Port Blair,
Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Trichur, Trivandrum. Vijayawada and
Vishakhapatnam; and Kashmir Zone: Jammu, Leh and Srinagar.

In addition, there are three auxiliary studio centers at Vado-

dara, Darbhanga and Shantiniketan and two Vividh
Bharati/commercial centers, one at Chandigarh and the other at
Kanpur. These cover all the important cultural and linguistic
regions of the country.

The expansion of the broadcasting facility remained limited

till independence. In 1947 there were only six radio stations in the
country. Today there are as many as 82 AIR stations. With two
more stations that will start working soon, India's broadcasting
network would cover 89 per cent of the population.

Till the end of 1976 radio licenses had reached a colossal

figure of nearly 1.74 crores, which fetched revenue of Rs. 23.51
crores. Today the radio network has spread to the remote corners
of India. It is now possible to bring sense of unity not only political
but also cultural among the diverse traditions that enrich our land.

AIR's programme pattern combines three main elements: a

national channel providing programmes of countrywide interest
and significance, a zonal service from each of the four
metropolitan centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras); and
regional services from individual stations each catering to the
needs and interests of its respective area.

The principal ingredients of AIR's programme output are

Music, Spoken Word, Dramas, Features. News and Current
Affairs, Commentaries and Discussion, Vividh Bharati and its
Commercial Service, Farm and Home Broadcasts, Programmes for
Special Audiences (like Youth, Women, Children, Industrial
Workers and Tribal Population), and Programmes for Overseas
Listeners broadcast in the External Services.

To enable AIR to reach all sections of the Indian people, its

programmes in the Home Service are broadcast in 20 principal
languages. In addition, the External Services of AIR beam their
programmes to listeners all over the world in 24 languages.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
This section describes the safety precautions that should be taken
during operating and maintaining the equipment in radio
communication.
Example of hazard in radio communication:
There are two types of conductors used in AIR,Dibrugarh .They
are HT( High Tension) line and LT(Low Tension) line used
voltage upto 330KV and 1KV respectively.
In HT line we get shocked even we keep minimum distance
from the HT line. Because,HT lines are very high voltage capacity.
When a very high voltage applied to a HT line , it will radiates
very high frequency wave which breaks the molecules present in
air such as (Nitrogen,Water vapour, ) .As the force of
attraction of molecules becomes ionized which produce a
conducting path through which current may flow and we will get
shocked.
Introduction to first-aid:
In any moment someone around experience an injury or illness.
Using basic first – aid we may able to stop a minor mishap from
getting worse. In the case of a serious medical emergency, you
may even save a life. That is why it is so important to learn basic
first- aid skills. There are various first-aid process for different
injury as follows –

 First-aid for burns.

 First-aid for heartstoke.
 First-aid for bee sting.
 First-aid for nosebleed.
First-aid-kit list:
 Bandages.
 Absorbent compress dressings.
 Sterile gauge pads.
 Adhesive cloth tape.
 Triangular bandages.
 Antiseptic wipes.
 Aspirin.
 Antibiotic ointment.
 Calamine lotion.
 Safety pins.
 First –aid manual.
 Thermometer.
Outlook:
It is important to protect yourself from contagious illnesses and
other hazards when providing first-aid. To help protect yourself -
● always check for hazards that could put your safety at risk
before approaching a sick or injured person.
● avoid direct contact with blood ,vomit and other bodily
fluids.
● wear protective equipment , such as nitrile or vinyl gloves
when treating someone with an open wound or a breathing
barrier when performing rescue breathing.
● wash your hands with soap and water immediately after
providing first –aid care.
Earthing:
The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the
electrical energy to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire
is known as earthing. The electrical earthing is done by connecting
the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply
system to the ground.
Why Earthing is required?
The main intention of electrical earthing is to keep away from the
danger of electric shock due to overflow of current from ground
through the not preferred path as well as to make sure that the
potential of a conductor does not increase with respect to the
ground than its planned insulation.
Types:
There are basically two types of earthing-
(a)Pipe Earthing.
(b)Plate Earthing.
Pipe Earthing:
This is the most common and best system of earthing as compared
to other systems suitable for the same earth and moisture
conditions. In this method ,the galvanized steel and oerforated pipe
of approved length and diameter in place upright in a permanentely
wet soil as shown below .The size of the depends upon the current
to be carried and type of soil.
Normally , the size of the pipe uses for earthing is of diameter
40mm and 2.5meters of length. The depth at which the pipe must
be buried depends on moistures of the ground.
The pipe is placed at 3.75meters. the bottom of the pipe
is surrounded by small pieces of coke or charcoal at a distance of
about 15cm. Alternate layers of coke and salt are used to increase
the effective area of earth and to decrease the earth resistance
respectively.
Another pipe of 19mm diameter and minimum length of
1.25meters is connected at the top of GI pipe through reducing
socket. During summer the moisture of the soil decreases, which
causes an increase in earth resistance. So a cement concrete work
is done to keep the water arrangement accessible and in to have an
effective earth 3 or 4 buckets of water are put through funnel
connected to 19mm diameter pipe, which is further connected to
GI pipe.
The earth wire either GI or strip of GI wire of sufficient cross
section to carry faulty current safely is carried in a GI pipe of
diameter 12mm at a depth of about 60cm from the ground.
Plate Earthing:-
In the plate earhting an earthing plate either of copper of
dimension 60cm×60cm×3mm or galvanized iron of dimensions of
60cm×60cm×6mm is buried into the ground with its face vertical
depth of not less than 3meters from the ground level.
The earth plate is inserted into auxiliary layers of coke and salt
for minimum thickness of 15cm.The earth wire (GI or copper )is
tightly bolted to an earth plate with the help of nut or bolt.

The copper plate and copper wire are not usually employed
because of their higher cost.
 PRESENT SETUP

Currently there are two sections in All India Radio,Dibrugarh.They

are:
1. STUDIO CUM RECEIVER SECTION
2. TRANSMITTER SECTION

STUDIO CUM RECEIVER SECTION,

MALAKHUBASA
A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has been
specially designed and constructed to serve the purpose of
originating broadcasting programs. Whenever any musician sings
and we sit in front of a performing musician to listen to him, we
enjoy the program by virtue of the superb qualities of our sensory
organs namely ears.However, when we listen to the same program
over the broadcast chain at our home through domestic receivers,
the conditions are entirely different. These changes studio
complex. They are:

 MUSIC STUDIO
 TALK STUDIO
 PLAYBACK STUDIO
 DRAMA STUDIO
 DUBBING & EDITING STUDIO
 Music and talk studio are together known as RECORDING
STUDIO. A Recording studio is a facility for sound recording and
mixing. Ideally both the recording and the monitoring spaces are
specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic
properties (acoustic isolation or diffusion or absorption of reflected
sound that could otherwise interface with the sound heard by the
listener).
Recording studios may be used by recording musicians, voice
over dialogue replacement in film, television or animation, Foley
or to record their accompanying musical sound tracks.The typical
recording studio consists of a room called “Studio” or “Live
room”, where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the
“Control room”, where sound engineers operate professional
audio for analog or digital recording to route and manipulate the
sound.

Following equipment are generally provided in a

recording/dubbing room:
i) Console tape recorders
ii) Console tape decks
iii) Recording/dubbing panel having switches jacks and keys etc.

The above equipment can be used for the following purpose:

 For recording of programmes originating from any studio.

 For recording of programmes available in the switching.
 Consoles in control room.
 For dubbing of programmes available on cassette tape.
 For editing of programmes.
 For mixing and recording of programmes.
We can brief the studio arrangements at AIR-Dibrugarh as follows:

 MUSIC STUDIO

The MUSIC STUDIO is an acoustically treated room attached

to a control room. The studio consists of five microphones and
sufficient musical instruments. The control room consists of
workstations/computers and a control console for adjusting and
checking the quality of the program. These arrangements together
are used for producing musical programmes. Live musical
programmes can be also conducted here. SONYSOUND FORGE
is the software which is commonly used for processing the raw
version of the recorded program. The processed version of the
recording is saved to the server and then it is made available for
broadcasting by scheduling it to the program list using the software
VIRTUAL STUDIO.

 TALK STUDIO

The TALK STUDIO is similar to a music studio with an

acoustically treated LIVE ROOM and a CONTROL ROOM. The
live room consists of only two microphones. It is equipped with a
telephone connection which is a user friendly attribute for
recording Phone-in programs. The control room consists of an
additional Phone-in console for conducting Phone-in programs.
The acoustics of the talk studio is entirely different from a music
studio. It is constructed in such a way that the reverberation time is
minimised and no echo is experienced. The recording produced
and processed at the talk studio is then forwarded to the playback
studio for transmission. Talk studio can be also used to produce
live chat programs.
  PLAYBACK STUDIO

A PLAYBACK STUDIO is entirely different from all other

studios. It consists of transmission console, microphones, two
workstations/computers (Master & Standby). Its main function is
co-ordinating the programs, announcements and advertisements.
All the recorded programs will be available in the workstations
used and the programs are sent to the control room for
broadcasting as per the schedule. A GPS clock is used both in the
studio complex and transmitting section, to avoid time delays.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STUDIO

CONTROL
TALK STUDIO
ROOM

PLAYBACK DUBBING/EDIT
STUDIO
SWITCHER TING STUDIO

CONTROL
MUSIC STUDIO ROOM SERVER
 CONTROL ROOM STUDIO CONSOLE

The Studio console is the major equipment used in the

STUDIO CONTROL ROOM. It is with the help of this device the
different programmes that are produced and those that are received
from other stations routed to air. The various inputs to the console
are the programmes from various studios, the programmes that are
received using a C BAND receiver which is broadcasted from
Delhi and Guwahati. The Outputs from the console is taken
through two master amplifiers among which one is active at a time.
This output is directed to the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK
(STL).
CONTROL ROOM AUDIO CONSOLE INPUTS
AND OUTPUTS

TALK
DELHI (C- STUDIO MUSIC
BAND DISH STUDIO
OUTPUT)

CONTROL
ROOM AUDIO
CONSOLE

PLAYBACK
BSNL LINK TO STUDIO
MASTER
OTHER
STATIONS
AMPLIFIER
1 OR 2
 STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK

The programs produced at the Studios are not transmitted from the
same complex with intention of preventing the problems due to
interference and radiation. Instead, the programs are transmitted
from the transmission complex which is situated at LEPETKATA.
The high quality sound programmes from AIR studio centre are
normally transported to the AIR transmitting centre with the help
of a transmission link named as the STUDIO TRANSMITTER
LINK (STL).

AIR is having three types of STL called STL-01, STL-02 and STL-
05. The numbers 01, 02 and 05 describe the number of base band
(50Hz – 15 kHz) channels that could be transported. At
DIBRUGARH, we are using STL-01 since we are transmitting
only one base band channel
For quality transmission of the programmes, STL is realised using
four methods. They are :
1. A microwave link
2. 10KW FM transmitter link
3. ISDN link
4. BSNL dial up link
But in All India Radio,Dibrugarh only microwave STL is used.
1. MICROWAVE:
Radio and television broadcast companies originate their signals in
studios, but must get them to the transmitter site. In many cities, a
nearby hill or mountain holds most of the transmitters. A
microwave studio transmitter link (STL) delivers the signal
without wires. Positioned at a fixed location and using radio
waves, a microwave transmitter sends those waves across space to
be received by a microwave receiver at another fixed location.
Microwave is broadband, so it can transmit a substantial amount of
information from point to point, for use in cell phone and wireless
Internet service, with no need for any other equipment between the
two fixed locations.
The microwave STL system consists of a transmitting system
(STL-TX) housed in the studio premises and a receiving system
(STL-RX) housed in the AIR transmitting centre. A low loss cable
connects the STL TX/RX to the microwave dish antenna of
diameter 2m mounted on an approximately 50m tall self-
supporting tower at either end. In addition, a VHF service channel
in duplex mode is provided at both the ends for voice
communication between the AIR studio and transmitting end
through a multi-element yagi antenna mounted on the top of the
tower. The need for the service channel arises from the fact that
there is no RF monitoring facility of the transmitter sound program
at STL-TX.
The STL system is meant to operate unattended round the clock.
The microwave STL TX/RX is powered by an external power
supply unit kept adjacent to the STL rack with floating batteries.
This unit takes 230V, 50Hz AC and supplies 24V DC to STL
TX/RX. The service channel is energised by another external
power supply unit placed over that of STL TX/RX.

SERVICE CHANNEL (RT 33) (VHF Link)

The service channel is mounted at the top of the transmitter and

receiver racks. It IS a VHF 1613-88 MHz) trans-receiver. The
transmitter output power is 15 watts YAGI( antenna mounted at the
top of the towers on either end is used for the service channel This
antenna may be used both in horizontal and vertical polarizations
Normally vertical polarization is used The hand set with a press to
talk (PM switch is employed at either end for service
communication. Theseunits can be remised from the racks and kept
at any other convenient location at either end M/s Meltron has
developed an interface unit with which telephone facilities can
be extended to the transmitter sole with this service channel
without the use of land lanes.
 ANTENNAS
Antenna is usually a metallic device (a rod or a wire) used for
radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. The radio frequency
power developed in the final stage of a transmitter is delivered
through cables/feeders, without themselves consuming any power
to the transmitting antenna. The RF energy gets converted into
electromagnetic waves and travels in the free space at the speed of
light. The receiving antenna picks up the radio waves and delivers
useful signal at the input of a receiver for reception of signals. The
transmitting and receiving antennae are reciprocal in the sense, any
characteristics of the antenna in general applies equally to both.
Antennas play a vital role in AIR also since these are the
communication links between the various stations and the
transmitter complex as well. As the purpose differ the shape, size
and specifications varies in case of Antennas. In an AIR station we
can see a wide variety of Antenna systems. These include:

1. A C-band receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is

about 5m. This antenna receives signals from other stations
like DELHI.
2. A DTH receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about
1m.This antenna receives signals from station like
GUWAHATI.
3. Yagi antennas are mounted on the top of a mast of height
around 45 m. This is the transmitter antenna for the
microwave studio transmitter link. And a similar receiver
antenna is mounted on a mast of height about 50m. This
enables the line of sight communication between the studio
and the transmitter.
4. Similar to microwave transmitter antennas, FM transmitter
and receiver antennas are also mounted on the same masts at
the studio and transmitter complexes.
 5. Private FM channels have also installed their antennas on the
mast at the transmitter complex.
6. A self-radiating mast of height 100m which itself acts as the
antenna is present at the transmitter complex.
ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
It is an imaginary (non-existent) point (dimensionless) antenna
which radiates equally with unity gain in all direction in three
dimensional planes.

POWER GAIN OF ANTENNA

Unlike the isotropic antenna, any practical antenna has physical
dimension. The field at any point away from the antenna is the
vectorial sum of the individual fields received at that point from a
large number of elementary portions of the whole antenna.
Depending upon the path length of these individual waves they
may reinforce or cancel at such equidistance points around the
practical antenna and thus contribute different levels of field in
different directions, but at equal distances around the antenna.
What however actually happens is that instead of laying equal
field, field is accentuated in certain directions and suppressed in
other directions.

Extending this principle, very large power gain can be achieved in

any plane by stacking in a particular way, a number of antenna
elements in a particular plane.

The power gain in a given direction is the ratio of the power to be

fed to the isotropic antenna to actual of the antenna in question to
lay field at a given receiving point in that direction.

However in practice, the gain of the antenna is always with respect

to the dipole antenna. The dipole itself has a gain of 2.1 db (1.64
times) over the isotropic antenna.
RADIATION PATTERN (POLAR DIAGRAM)
Graphical representation of the directional radiation properties of
the antenna as a function of space coordinates in three dimensions
is called the radiation pattern. Such a representation will be usually
very complicated to interrupt. It is usual practice to represent the
same in two dimensions for both horizon talk and vertical planes.
The length of vector from the centre or the reference point is
proportional to the power gain in that direction.

HALF POWER (3 db) BEAM WIDTH

The angle between the two directions in which the radiation

intensity is one half (3 db below) the maximum value of the beam.

BANDWIDTH OF ANTENNA

The range of frequencies within which the performance of the

antenna with respect to certain characteristic (such as input
impedance, pattern, beam width, polarisation, side lobe level, beam
direction, gain ) conforms to a specified standard. More commonly
in broadcasting the characteristics of importance are gain and input
impedance.

POLARISATION

The plane containing the electric vector in the electro-magnetic

wave describes the polarisation of the radiated wave. Ideally
maximum signal is coupled if the antenna (both transmitting and
receiving) are oriented in the plane of polarisation of the electro-
magnetic wave. A vertical radiator radiates vertically polarised
wave, horizontal radiator radiates horizontally polarized wave.

There are number of well defined polarisations such as horizontal

(HP), vertical (VP), slant (±45º(SP), circular (left or
right)(LCP,RCP), DUAL(DP), mixed(MP), elliptical(left or
right)etc.

DUAL POLARISATION

In the circular polarisation if there is no definite control on the

phase relationship between vertical and horizontal components, the
polarisation is said to be dual. FM broadcasts of AIR employ dual
polarisation.

ELLIPTICAL POLARISATION

In this polarisation, the two components horizontal and vertical are

not and the phase relationship between them also is random.
The best example of elliptical polarisation is the shortwave signals
arriving on the ground after reflection from the ionosphere.

MIXED POLARISATION

Collective term for slant, circular or dual polarisations.

APRETURE OF AN ANTENNA ´A´

This term usually relates only to receiving antenna. Aperture(or

effective area) of a receiving antenna is the ratio of power
delivered to the load(connected to the antenna) to the incident
power density.

𝐺𝜆²
A =
4𝜋

Where, G is the gain with respect to the isotropic antenna.

 ANTENNA TUNING UNIT (ATU)

Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) is to match the feeder line impedance

to the mast impedance of MW Transmitters for maximum
transmission of power. So ATU is located between the mast base
and the feeder line and is very close to the mast base. Commonly
“Feeder Unit” which is located in the aerial field, houses the ATU.
Generally the mast impedance (aerial impedance) is obtained in a
complex form i.e. the real part (resistive) and the imaginary part
(reactive) component. When the mast impedance is expressed in
polar form then negative angle indicates the mast is capacitive and
positive angle indicates the mast is inductive. Whether the mast
impedance is inductive or capacitive depends on the height of the
mast in terms of wave length (). If the height is less than /4, it
will be capacitive and inductive if more than /4. This can be
measured with impedance bridges.
ATU can be designed in a number of ways. The method used may
be different in different conditions. Criteria depends on the
requirements. Especially when directional antenna system is
employed by splitting power to different antenna, the phase angle
of the network is the most important parameter. In other cases
mostly, simplicity and safety against lightning is important. One
of the methods adopted in the past was the reactive component of
the mast impedance is neutralised, by putting opposite reactive
component of same value in series at mast end side, to make the
mast impedance purely resistive (i.e. for inductive mast the series
reactance should be capacitive and vice versa). Then the resistive
part of the mast impedance can be matched to the feeder line
impedance by selecting a suitable matching network. This
matching network can be L, T or  network, and can be designed
as phase lag or phase lead type. In these cases if a capacitor is put
in series, there is every possibility of puncturing of capacitors due
to lightning. Hence this method is being discouraged.
The second method, which is most commonly used now, is first to
convert the antenna impedance into a parallel combination. Most
of the bridges used to measure the mast impedance measure it in
the series form.
The possibility for puncturing the capacitor bank is minimized by
installing a lightening arrest in the self-radiating mast. This will
keep the pi network arrangement intact from the threats of
lightening. The self-radiating mast is a part of the ATU. Its base is
separated from the ground using porcelain insulator. This prevents
the signal from earthing. The mast is held vertical using stay wires.
For a certain area, Copper bars are laid radiantly on the earth
surface for the sake of proper earthing.
 WORKING

AIR Dibrugarh has two separate sections Transmitter and

Studio.Both are located in different places.Transmitter is located at
Lepetkata and Studio is located at Malakhubasa,around 20KM
away from each other.All the official works,recording,receiving
outside programs,FM broadcasting etc. are done in the studio
section,so we will start from the studio section.
In the studio section there are several studios for recording
local programs,news etc. and all the studios are connected to the
control room with the console.There are several parabolic antennas
for receiving outside signals(Vivid bharti),FM transmitter antenna
and one antenna for the transmission of signal to the transmitter
section.There are three receivers present in the studio section,one
for Vivid Bharti,One for Guwahati program and other one is left
open and all these receivers are also connected to the control room
with the console.All the outside programs that are received through
the receiver are connected to the console as input.All the studios
are connected as input to the console.The console is the heart of
the control room.

Suppose one local program(live program/recorded program)

is to broadcast(Amplitude modulation) then it is taken as input
and console will fed the signal to the STL line which is connected
to the transmitter section.The STL line is in line-of-sight
communication with the transmitter section and its frequency range
is in microwave.At the transmitter the signal(signal coming
through STL line from receiver section) is demodulated and its
power is amplified to 300Kwatt.After power amplification the
signal is fed to the ATU through the feeder line.Impedence
matching circuit is present in the ATU which matchs the
impedence of the feeder line with the impedence of the
Antenna.After impedence matching signal is radiated through the
vertically polarized antenna.The transmitter present in the
transmitter section is a DRM transmitter,that can transmit both
digital and analog signals but in AIR Dibrugarh DRM is used only
for analog transmission.The AM transmitter antenna height is 100
meter and it can cover upto200-400Km radius.

In the studio section one FM transmitter is present which

broadcast programs in two radio frequencies 100.1MHz and
101.3MHz.Its range is about 10-20 Km and the FM transmitting
antenna is present in the Receiver section.

All the controls of transmission,receiving and recording are

controlled by the control room.For controlling this one controlling
device is used called Console and it is made by a company called
Studer.